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Benthic Macroinvertebrate Ecology & Identification
Susan F. CushmanHobart & William Smith Colleges
Geneva, NYcushman@hws.edu
315-‐781-‐3599
Outline
I. Reason to study, definition, identifying characteristics
II. Sampling protocolIII. Identification of major groupsIV. Tier 2 analysisV. Stream habitat for macroinvertebratesVI. Aquatic food webs
Outline
I. Reason to study, definition, identifying characteristics
II. Sampling protocolIII. Identification of major groupsIV. Tier 2 analysisV. Stream habitat for macroinvertebratesVI. Aquatic food webs
Why Macroinvertebrates?
• Provide an integrated picture of stream chemistry (water quality), physical habitat, and environmental change
• Easy to collect and identify to determine potential impact
• Inexpensive equipment• Assessment models are easy to understand• Great activity to get kids involved with!
Definition
A macroinvertebrate is the term used for invertebrate fauna that can be captured by a 500-‐ m net or sieve.
This includes arthropods (insects, mites, scuds and crayfish), molluscs (snails, limpets, mussels and clams), annelids (segmented worms), nematodes(roundworms), and platyhelminthes (flatworms).
(Hauer and Resh, 1996. Methods in Stream Ecology, Academic Press, San Diego, CA.)
BMI Lifecycles
• Larval aquatic forms– Spend most of their juvenile life underwater
• Live multiple years in water
Incomplete Metamorphosis Complete Metamorphosis
Basic Anatomy
Outline
I. Reason to study, definition, identifying characteristics
II. Sampling protocolIII. Identification of major groupsIV. Tier 2 analysisV. Stream habitat for macroinvertebratesVI. Aquatic food webs
Macroinvertebrate Protocol
• Take one benthic sample per visit– Disturb debris along diagonal transect for 5 mins– Place contents of net in pan for inspection
D-‐net sampling
Outline
I. Reason to study, definition, identifying characteristics
II. Sampling protocolIII. Identification of major groupsIV. Tier 2 analysisV. Stream habitat for macroinvertebratesVI. Aquatic food webs
Major Group Analysis
Major Group: EphemeropteraCommon name: Mayflies
Tier 2 – Major Group
Major Group: PlecopteraCommon name: Stoneflies
Tier 2 – Major Group
Major Group: TrichopteraCommon name: Caddisflies
Tier 2 – Major Group
Major Group: Diptera -‐ ChironomidaeCommon name: Midges
Tier 2 – Major Group
Major Group: ColeopteraCommon name: Beetles
Tier 2 – Major Group
Major Group: OligochaetaCommon name: Aquatic worms
Tier 2 – Major Group
Biotic Index Analysis
Tier 2 – Biotic Index
Net spinning Caddisflies
Non -‐ Net spinning Caddisflies
7 10
Tier Two – Biotic Index
Major Group: MegalopteraCommon name: Dobsonfly
Tier Two – Biotic Index
Major Group: ColeopteraMinor Group: ElmidaeCommon name: Riffle Beetle
Tier Two – Biotic Index
Major Group: ColeopteraMinor Group: PsephenidaeCommon name: Water Penny Beetle
Tier Two – Biotic Index
Major Group: ColeopteraCommon name: Other…
Tier Two – Biotic Index
Major Group: DipteraMinor Group: TipulidaeCommon name: Crane Fly
Tier Two – Biotic Index
Major Group: GastropodaCommon name: Gilled Snail
Major Group: GastropodaCommon name: Lunged Snail
Tier Two – Biotic Index
Major Group: AmphipodaCommon name: Scud
Tier Two – Biotic Index
Major Group: MegalopteraCommon name: Alderfly
Tier Two – Biotic Index
Major Group: OdonataCommon name: Damselfy
Dragonfly
Tier Two – Biotic Index
Major Group: DipteraMinor Group: SimuliidaeCommon name: Black Fly
Tier Two – Biotic Index
Major Group: IsopodaCommon name: Sow Bug
Outline
I. Reason to study, definition, identifying characteristics
II. Sampling protocolIII. Identification of major groupsIV. Tier 2 analysis -‐ PMAV. Stream habitat for macroinvertebratesVI. Aquatic food webs
PMA
PMA
41
03
28
19
06
03
00
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
41%
0%
28%
19%
6%
3%
3%
Outline
I. Reason to study, definition, identifying characteristics
II. Sampling protocolIII. Identification of major groupsIV. Tier 2 analysisV. Stream habitat for macroinvertebratesVI. Aquatic food webs
Hierarchical classification of stream habitats
Habitat is made more complex by: Organic matter• Large woody debris• Rootwads• Leaf packs/debris jamsChannel morphology• Geologic formations• Forces of erosion (undercutting)• Slope of the stream• Pools, riffles, runs, glides
Landscape influences• Slope of the land adjacent to stream• Landuse near the stream• Low extent of upstream environmental impacts
Habitat Complexity
Large woody debris
-‐Non-‐living logs that are found near, hangingover, or in the stream channel
Rootwads
-‐Living trees that line the streambank, whichprovide streambank stability and habitat forfish and macroinvertebrates
Undercut and eroded banks
Undercut banks are stabilized by roots and provide habitat for fish and macroinvertebrates, while eroded banks have exposed, bare soil that are susceptible to future erosion from storm events and will release sediment into the stream channel.
Pool/Riffle System-Depth-Sediment size-Flow rate
BMI HabitatPreferred habitat varies• Lithophilous taxa: stony
substrates– Ex. Water penny
(Psephenidae)• Sammophilous taxa:
sandy substrate– Ex. Tube-‐building
caddisflies(hydropsychidae)
• Burrowing taxa:– Ex. Amelytidae mayflies
• Xylophilous taxa: wood dwelling – Ex. Some beetle larvae
• Phytophilous taxa: aquatic plants– Ex. Rhyacophila caddisflies
(free-‐living)
Outline
I. Reason to study, definition, identifying characteristics
II. Sampling protocolIII. Identification of major groupsIV. Tier 2 analysisV. Stream habitat for macroinvertebratesVI. Aquatic food webs
Invertebrate consumers
Feeding Role• Shredders
• Suspension– Filter– Collector
• Deposit – Gatherer
• Grazer
• Predator
Food Resources, Examples• Non-‐woody CPOM, leaves, fungi, microbiota
– Trichoptera, plecoptera, crustacea• FPOM, bacteria, sloghed periphyton
– Net spinning trich, simuliidae (diptera), ephemeroptera
• FPOM, bacteria– Ephemeroptera, chironomidae (diptera)
• Periphyton, diatoms, biofilms– Many ephem, trich; some diptera,
coleoptera• Animal prey
– Odonata, megaloptera, some Plec, Trich, Dip, Colep
Vertebrate inhabitants of stream ecosystems
Leopard Frog
Green Frog
No. Water snake
Box Turtle
No. two linedsalamander
BlacknoseDace
CreekChub
Rosyside Dace
White Sucker
GreenSunfish
BluegillSunfish
Stream fish: minnows, sunfish, suckers, sculpins
Mottled Sculpin
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