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CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 1
CTI Sponsored Educational Program
Presented By:Tim Facius
Baltimore Aircoil
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 2
CTI Mission Statement
To advocate and promote the use of environmentally responsible Evaporative Heat Transfer Systems (EHTS) for the benefit of the
public by encouraging:� Education� Research� Standards Development and Verification� Government Relations� Technical Information Exchange
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 3
CTI Objectives
� Maintain and expand a broad base membership of individuals and organizations interested in Evaporative Heat Transfer Systems (EHTS).� Owner/Operators� Manufacturers� Suppliers
� Identify and address emerging and evolving issues concerning EHTS.
� Encourage and support educational programs in various formats to enhance the capabilities and competence of the industry to realize the maximum benefit of EHTS.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 4
CTI Objectives
� Encourage and support cooperative research to improve EHTS technology and efficiency for the long-term benefit of the environment.
� Assure acceptable minimum quality levels and performance of EHTS and their components by establishing standard specifications, guidelines, and certification programs.
� Establish standard testing and performance analysis systems and procedures for EHTS.
� Communicate with and influence governmental entities regarding the environmentally responsible technologies, benefits, and issues associated with EHTS.
� Encourage and support forums and methods for exchanging technical information on EHTS.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 5
CTI Certification Program
� STD-201� The standard sets forth a program whereby the Cooling
Technology Institute will certify that all models of a line of evaporative heat rejection equipment offered for sale by a specific Manufacturer will perform thermally in accordance with the Manufacturer’s published ratings.
� Applies to Mechanical Draft Evaporative Heat Rejection Equipment such as Cooling Towers, Closed Circuit Coolers (and Evaporative Refrigerant Condensers).
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 6
Please visit our website atwww.cti.org
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 7
Publication and Presentation Disclaimer 2011
The information contained in the following publication, paper orpresentation is intended for education by the author or presenter, however information given is in no way an
endorsement of the Cooling Technology Institute. The publication, paper or presentation has been reviewed by the
CTI staff and program committee for commercial content, however there may be differing opinions regarding the
content of information. The Cooling Technology Institute accepts no liability for its content.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 8
Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment
for Air-Conditioning Applications
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 9
Overview
� Climate Change Background� US Response� Climate Change and HVAC� Benefits of Water Cooled Equipment� Water Usage� Energy Savings Tips
� EPA� Others
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 10
U.S. Government commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions can have a significant impact on HVAC system design.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 11
Definition – Global Warming
Global warming is the average increase in the temperature of the atmosphere near the Earth's surface and in the troposphere, which can contribute to changes in global climate patterns.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 12
Definition – Global Warming
Global warming can occur from a variety of causes, both natural and human induced. In common usage, "global warming" often refers to the warming that can occur as a result of increased emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 13
U.S. Commitment Reduce Global Warming
For decades it has been clear that the way Americans produce and consume energy is not sustainable. Our addiction to foreign oil and fossil fuels puts our economy, our national security, and our environment at risk.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 14
U.S. Commitment Reduce Global Warming
� The Recovery Act was signed into law on February 17, 2009 and has invested $80M in the clean energy economy. � Development of renewable energy and
clean technologies� Smart electric grid and energy efficient
homes, offices, and appliances� High speed rail and advanced car
batteries
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 15
U.S. Commitment Reduce Global Warming
� Leadership in Sustainability� President Obama signed an Executive Order on
Federal Sustainability, committing the Federal Government to lead by example and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 28% by 2020, increase energy efficiency, and reduce fleet petroleum consumption.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 16
U.S. Commitment Reduce Global Warming
� Monitoring Emissions� For the first time, the U.S. will catalogue greenhouse
gas emissions from large emission sources – an important initial step toward measurable and transparent reductions.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 17
Global Warming
� Greenhouse gasses include:� Carbon Dioxide (CO2)� Methane (CH4)� Nitrous Acid (N20)� Hydrofluorocarbons (HFC’s)� Perflurocarbons (PFC’s)� Sulfur Hexafluorides (SF4)
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 18
U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Component, 2001
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 19
U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
� Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions account for approximately 85% of the U.S. greenhouse gas emissions.� Transportation� Heavy Industry� Utilities
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 20
Major CO2 Emission Sources Utility Industry
� Fossil Fuel Burning Power Plants� Produce 55% of U.S. electricity� Addition of exhaust gas scrubbers not economically
viable for most plants� Only 35% of Power Plants have exhaust scrubbers.
� Rather than upgrade the power plants, decision is to phase-out many of them.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 21
U.S. Government Plan to Reduce CO2Emissions from Power Plants
� Convert to less carbon intensive fuels or non-carbon fuels� Taxation of carbon fuels� Regulation of emissions for
new plants� More research and funding
for renewable energy
� Reduce energy demand� New energy-saving
technologies
� Improve efficiency of equipment and systems
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 22
Electricity and Air Conditioning
� About one-sixth of all the electricity generated in the U.S. is used to air-condition buildings.
� Air-conditioning systems drive many power plant peak loads and have been identified as an energy reduction opportunity.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 23
Basic Air-Conditioning System
� Large Buildings (> 300 tons)� Water cooled systems provide clear-cut economic and
environmental justification.
� Mid-size Buildings (100-300 tons)� Air cooled systems may offer first cost incentive to
sacrifice energy efficiencies of water cooled systems.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 24
Condenser
Evaporator
AHU - 1
AHU - 2
AHU - 3
Pump
Pump
Cooling Tower
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 25
Benefits of Water Cooled Systems
� Water-cooled systems� More energy-efficient than air-cooled systems –
approximately 35%� Reduced plan area� Reduced sound� Independently certified performance
� AHRI for chillers� CTI for cooling towers
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 26
Challenges of Water Cooled Systems
� Water-cooled systems� Higher installation cost� Water use
� Consider the water use at the cooling tower� Consider the water used at power plant to create energy
� Water treatment
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 27
Water Usage
� Water cooled systems recycle 95% of the total water.� The remaining 5% is lost to evaporation & bleed.� NO water is destroyed.� A small portion of the water is bled from the system to
control the build-up of impurities.
Bleed Rate = Evaporation RateCycles of Concentration -1
� Water use is proportional to load and time of day.� Trend toward using grey water for make up.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 28
Water Quality and Control Cost Considerations
� Water-cooled systems require treatment to control scale/corrosion and biological growths.� Chemical or NCD
� Water and chemical costs must be included in a cost analysis of water-cooled and air-cooled systems.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 29
Cooling Tower Industry Answer
� Hybrid technology� Optimizes water use and
energy use based on load, water availability
� Materials of Construction� Increase cycles of
concentration� Use grey water
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 30
Optimize Energy and Water Costs
� Market trends suggest that the demand for energy resources will rise dramatically over the next 25 years:� Global demand for all energy sources is forecast to grow
by 57% over the next 25 years. � U.S. demand for all types of energy is expected to
increase by 31% within 25 years. � By 2030, 56% of the world’s energy use will be in Asia. � Electricity demand in the U.S. will grow by at least 40% by
2032.
� Sources: Annual Energy Outlook (DOE/EIA-0383(2007)), International Energy Outlook 2007 (DOE/EIA-0484(2007), Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2005 (April 2007) (EPA 430-R-07-002)
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 31
U.S. Actions Impacting HVAC Systems and Equipment
� ASHRAE Standard 90.1 as basis for energy efficiency for commercial buildings
� New ASHRAE Standard 189� California Title 24
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 32
ASHRAE Standard 90.1
� Basis of energy efficiency for commercial buildings� Fan speed control on heat rejection equipment� Performance requirement
� Axial fan towers = 38.2 gpm/hp*� Centrifugal fan towers = 20.0 gpm/hp*� Axial fan closed circuit cooling towers = 14.0 gpm/hp*� Centrifugal fan closed circuit cooling towers = 7.0
gpm/hp*� Air cooled condensers = 176,000 BTU/h•hp
•Based on 95/85/75 for towers, and 102/90/75 for closed circuit cooling towers, and 125/190/15/95 for air cooled condensers
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 33
ASHRAE Standard 189
� Performance requirement� Increased from 4-14% above ASHRAE 90.1
requirements� Air Cooled condenser requirement removed and is
dependent on tonnage
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 34
ASHRAE Standard 189
� Once through cooling with potable water is prohibited.
� Cooling towers and evaporative condensers shall be equipped with make-up and blow down meters, conductivity controllers, and overflow alarms.
� Cooling towers shall be equipped with efficient drift eliminators:� 0.002% of recirculated water for counterflow� 0.005% of recirculated water for crossflow
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 35
California Title 24
� Basis for energy efficiency for commercial buildings� Same as ASHRAE 90.1� Flow turndown up to 33%�Updated to make the flow turndown 50%
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 36
California Title 24
� Limitations� Centrifugal Fan Towers
� 900 gpm or higher must meet efficiency requirements of axial fans
� Air Cooled Chillers� More than 300 tons of total capacity� Only 100 tons provided by air cooled
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 37
Energy Saving System Designs….
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 38
EPA Climate Wise Program – Wise Rules to Energy Efficiency
� Process Cooling Wise Rule 1. Installing energy efficient chillers and refrigeration systems can save 1.2% of a facility’s total energy use with an average simple payback of 23 months.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 39
EPA Climate Wise Program – Wise Rules to Energy Efficiency
� Process Cooling Wise Rule 2. Free cooling with cooling tower water can reduce a facility's total energy use by about 1% with an average simple pay back of 14 months.� Using cooling tower water in place of the chiller when the
outside temperature is low� Cooling tower is sized for winter capacity
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 40
EPA Climate Wise Program – Wise Rules to Energy Efficiency
� Process Cooling Wise Rule 3. Free cooling can reduce cooling system energy use by as much as 40% depending on location and load profile.
� Process Cooling Wise Rule 4. Increasing chilled water temperature by 1°F reduces chiller energy use by 0.6% to 2.5%.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 41
EPA Climate Wise Program – Wise Rules to Energy Efficiency
� Process Cooling Wise Rule 5. Reducing condenser pressure by 10 psi can decrease refrigeration system energy use per ton of refrigeration by about 6%.
� Process Cooling Wise Rule 6. For each 1°F degree decrease in condenser cooling water temperature, until optimal water temperature is reached, there is a decrease in chiller energy use by up to 3.5%.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 42
Energy Saving Tip
� Installing VFDs in place of constant speed systems can reduce cooling system energy use by 30% to 50%, depending on load profile.� Cooling tower fans� Chiller compressor
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 43
Single Speed BHP & VFD BHP Versus Wet Bulb
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
35404550556065707580
Wet Bulb
BH
P
VFD
Single Speed Motor
Assumes constant load with varying wet bulb temperatures
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 44
Energy Saving Tip
• Take advantage of ambient wet bulb temperatures
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 45
ASHRAE 0.4% Wet Bulb Temperatures
65°FDenver, CO
66°FSeattle, WA
70°FLos Angeles, CA
75°FBoston, MA
76°FNew York, NY
78°FBaltimore, MD
Wet BulbLocation
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 46
ASHRAE 0.4% Wet Bulb Temperatures
75.0°F
76.0°F
80.5°F
82.7°F
83.5°F
85°F
CWT
65°F
66°F
70°F
75°F
76°F
78°F
Wet Bulb
Denver, CO
Seattle, WA
Los Angeles, CA
Boston, MA
New York, NY
Baltimore, MD
Location
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 47
ASHRAE 0.4% Wet Bulb Temperatures
75.0°F
76.0°F
80.5°F
82.7°F
83.5°F
85°F
CWT
0.48 kW/TR
0.49 kW/TR
0.53 kW/TR
0.54 kW/TR
0.55 kW/TR
0.57 kW/TR
Energy
65°F
66°F
70°F
75°F
76°F
78°F
Wet Bulb
Denver, CO
Seattle, WA
Los Angeles, CA
Boston, MA
New York, NY
Baltimore, MD
Location
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 48
ASHRAE 0.4% Wet Bulb Temperatures
0.48 kW/TR
0.49 kW/TR
0.53 kW/TR
0.54 kW/TR
0.55 kW/TR
0.57 kW/TR
Energy
$9K
$6K
$4K
$3K
$2K
Base
Savings
75.0°F
76.0°F
80.5°F
82.7°F
83.5°F
85°F
CWT
65°F
66°F
70°F
75°F
76°F
78°F
Wet Bulb
Denver, CO
Seattle, WA
Los Angeles, CA
Boston, MA
New York, NY
Baltimore, MD
Location
Savings are based on 500 ton cooling tower with 10°F Range.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 49
Energy Saving Tips
� Tip #1 – Install energy efficient equipment.� Tip #2 – Evaluate additional free cooling hours.� Tip #3 – Increase chilled water temperature.� Tip #4 – Reduce condenser pressure.� Tip #5 – Lower the design condenser water
temperature.� Tip #6 – Install VFDs on constant speed fan
systems.� Tip #7 – Take advantage of low ambient wet
bulb temperatures.
CTI Sponsored Educational Program Benefits of Water Cooled vs Air Cooled Equipment in Air Conditioning Applications2011 AHR Expo – Las Vegas
January 31, 2011
Slide No.: 50
Conclusion
� Air-conditioning system evaluations should take the pending impact of environmental issues into consideration.
� Water cooled systems provide the most energy efficient systems and can help protect building owners and operators from uncertainties in electricity pricing.
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