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Being Christian in Western Europe
Alan Cooperman
Director of Religion Research
Neha Sahgal
Associate Director
June 6, 2018 2
About the Pew Research Center
• Independent, nonprofit “fact tank” that informs the public about the issues,
attitudes and trends shaping the world.
• Conducts
• public opinion polling,
• demographic research,
• content analysis,
• other data-driven social science research.
• Committed to meeting the highest methodological standards — and to exploring
the newest frontiers of research.
• Generates a foundation of facts that enriches the public dialogue and supports
sound decision-making.
• Does not take policy positions.
• Primarily funded by The Pew Charitable Trusts, named after the Pew family.
June 6, 2018 3
About the survey
Secularization is evident in Western Europe
but most people still identify as Christian
Across 15 countries, median % who % who say they are Christian
91%
81
71
22
Baptized Raised
Christian
Currently
Christian
Attend
services
monthly or
more
Non-practicing Christians are the largest group in most countries
Christian identity in Europe remains a
marker of religious beliefs Across 15 countries surveyed, median % who
Believe in God as described in the Bible Believe in some other higher power or
spiritual force (non-biblical)
June 6, 2018 6
27%
64
24
1
General population
Church-attending
Christians
Non-practicing
Christians
Religiously
unaffiliated
38%
32
51
28
General population
Church-attending
Christians
Non-practicing
Christians
Religiously
unaffiliated
Christians in Europe more likely than religiously unaffiliated to express
negative views of immigrants Across 15 countries surveyed, median % who
Say number of immigrants coming to
country should be reduced Say immigrants from the Middle East
are NOT honest
June 6, 2018 7
38%
40
37
28
General population
Church-attending
Christians
Non-practicing
Christians
Religiously
unaffiliated
26%
26
29
18
General population
Church-attending
Christians
Non-practicing
Christians
Religiously
unaffiliated
Christians more likely than religiously unaffiliated adults to have
negative views of Islam/Muslims Across 15 countries, median % who
Say Islam is fundamentally
incompatible with national culture and
values
Are NOT willing to accept Muslims in
their family
June 6, 2018 8
42%
49
45
32
General population
Church-attending
Christians
Non-practicing
Christians
Religiously
unaffiliated
24%
29
30
11
General population
Church-attending
Christians
Non-practicing
Christians
Religiously
unaffiliated
ATTITUDES TOWARD RELIGIOUS MINORITIES
Being Christian in Western Europe
June 6, 2018 9
34%
34
42
40
43
44
44
31
42
41
40
37
48
53
62
52%
48
48
47
47
46
46
46
46
45
45
44
42
33
29
France
Sweden
Switzerland
Belgium
Denmark
Germany
Netherlands
Portugal
UK
Ireland
Norway
Spain
Austria
Italy
Finland
Region divided over whether Islam is compatible with national culture/values
Islam is fundamentally
incompatible with country
culture and values
There is no fundamental
contradiction between Islam
and national culture/values
Most people favor at least some restrictions on
Muslim women’s religious clothing % who favor
28%
14
23
24
30
24
22
19
19
22
24
22
14
16
12
51%
65
56
52
46
50
50
53
52
43
38
39
39
32
32
78%
80
79
76
76
73
72
71
71
65
62
61
53
48
44
Belgium
Netherlands
Switzerland
Austria
Italy
Germany
France
Norway
United Kingdom
Ireland
Spain
Denmark
Finland
Sweden
Portugal
No religious clothing Restrictions on clothing that covers the face
56%
49
58
60
58
62
61
66
70
67
73
75
73
65
69
41%
40
37
35
35
34
31
30
27
27
25
24
23
23
23
Belgium
Spain
Denmark
Italy
Norway
Netherlands
Finland
Austria
Germany
Ireland
Switzerland
UK
France
Portugal
Sweden
Most disagree:
“In their hearts, Muslims want to impose their religious law on everyone else in
[COUNTRY]”
Disagree Agree
55%
43
42
59
73
67
68
75
66
77
70
76
81
77
75
36%
33
30
28
22
22
21
21
19
18
17
17
16
15
11
Italy
Portugal
Spain
Belgium
Austria
Ireland
Norway
Switzerland
Finland
Germany
Denmark
France
UK
Netherlands
Sweden
Vast majorities disagree:
“Jews always overstate how much they have suffered”
Disagree Agree
Substantial minorities say they would NOT be willing
to accept Muslims in their family
43%
36
34
33
31
30
28
24
20
18
16
16
14
13
9
Italy
United Kingdom
Austria
Germany
Switzerland
Ireland
Finland
France
Portugal
Spain
Belgium
Denmark
Sweden
Norway
Netherlands
Fewer people say they would NOT be willing to
accept Jews in their family
25%
23
21
19
18
18
17
17
13
13
8
6
5
3
3
Italy
United Kingdom
Austria
Germany
Ireland
Portugal
Switzerland
France
Spain
Finland
Belgium
Denmark
Sweden
Norway
Netherlands
ATTITUDES TOWARD IMMIGRATION
Being Christian in Western Europe
June 6, 2018 16
In most countries, public opinion leans toward keeping
immigration levels steady % who say the number of immigrants coming into their country should be …
8%
7
10
6
9
12
15
21
17
13
16
11
5
9
13
58%
57
53
52
51
50
47
43
42
40
40
39
36
36
32
31%
32
30
39
38
35
31
30
29
42
39
45
52
48
39
Switzerland
UK
France
Austria
Germany
Finland
Ireland
Norway
Portugal
Netherlands
Sweden
Denmark
Italy
Belgium
Spain
Increased Remain the same Reduced
More people see immigrants from Eastern Europe than
Middle East as hardworking % who say immigrants from ___ are hardworking
Immigrants from Eastern Europe Immigrants from Middle East
82%
78
77
75
74
74
74
74
73
70
70
65
57
55
52
Norway
Netherlands
United Kingdom
Ireland
Belgium
Germany
Sweden
Switzerland
France
Austria
Denmark
Finland
Portugal
Italy
Spain
65%
61
61
58
57
53
51
45
45
41
41
39
38
35
34
Switzerland
France
United Kingdom
Germany
Sweden
Ireland
Austria
Italy
Spain
Finland
Netherlands
Norway
Belgium
Denmark
Portugal
NATIONALISM
Being Christian in Western Europe
June 6, 2018 19
Most people see respecting the country’s institutions and laws
and speaking national language as important to national identity
% Across 15 countries, median % who say ___ is important to truly be a
national of their country
94%
87
53
51
34
To respect country's institutions and
laws
To be able to speak the national
language
To have family background in the
country
To have been born in the country
To be a Christian
Nativist views of national identity
% who say being born in the country/having ancestry in the country is important to truly be a national of the country
Important to be born in the country Important to have family background
in the country
81%
68
66
59
58
57
53
51
49
48
48
41
41
36
22
Portugal
Italy
Spain
Ireland
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Austria
Finland
Belgium
France
Germany
Netherlands
Norway
Denmark
Sweden
80%
75
64
61
59
58
57
53
51
49
42
40
38
35
21
Portugal
Italy
Ireland
Switzerland
Spain
United Kingdom
Austria
France
Finland
Germany
Belgium
Norway
Netherlands
Denmark
Sweden
58%
50
49
47
47
47
46
45
44
42
36
31
26
23
20
38%
48
46
49
49
48
52
51
51
53
61
67
69
75
75
Norway
Switzerland
Finland
Austria
Italy
Portugal
United Kingdom
Germany
Denmark
Ireland
France
Netherlands
Sweden
Belgium
Spain
In many countries, people are split over whether their culture is superior to others
% who agree/disagree, “Our people are not perfect but our culture is superior to others”
Disagree Agree
NATIONALISM, ANTI-IMMIGRATION, ANTI-MINORITY VIEWS
(NIM)
Being Christian in Western Europe
June 6, 2018 23
Share in each country who score higher than 5 on the 10-point index
38%
29
25
25
25
25
23
22
20
19
19
18
17
16
8
Italy
Austria
Denmark
Germany
Ireland
Switzerland
Finland
United Kingdom
Belgium
France
Norway
Portugal
Spain
Netherlands
Sweden
Christians more likely than religiously unaffiliated adults to score
above 5 Across 15 countries surveyed, median % who score above 5 on the 10-point NIM
22%
26
24
14
General population
Church-attending
Christians
Non-practicing Christians
Religiously unaffiliated
Christians more likely than religiously unaffiliated adults to score
above 5 on the 10-point NIM
Churchgoing Christians Non-practicing Christians Religiously unaffiliated
49%
42
41
38
34
29
27
26
26
26
22
21
17
16
8
Italy
Austria
Germany
Ireland
Switzerland
France
UK
Belgium
Denmark
Finland
Spain
Portugal
Nethrlnds.
Norway
Sweden
38%
31
27
26
25
25
24
24
24
23
23
21
21
19
10
Italy
Denmark
Switzerland
Austria
Finland
Norway
Belgium
Germany
UK
France
Spain
Ireland
Nethrlnds.
Portugal
Sweden
18%
17
16
16
15
14
14
14
13
12
11
11
10
7
7
Germany
Austria
Italy
Norway
UK
Belgium
Denmark
Finland
Switzerland
Nethrlnds.
Ireland
Portugal
France
Spain
Sweden
Factors associated with scoring above 5 on the 10-point NIM
+35% pts.
+15
+15
+7
+6
+4
-2
-5
-7
-7
-15
-19
Right-wing political ideology
(vs. left)
Church-attending Christian
(vs. unaffiliated)
Non-practicing Christian
(vs. unaffiliated)
Male
All friends belong to same religion as
respondent
Know a great deal/some about Islam
Young (ages 18 to 34)
Personal economic situation good
Know a Jewish person
Satisfied with country's direction
College educated
(vs. less education)
Know a Muslim
June 6, 2018 28
www.pewresearch.org
Alan Cooperman Director of Religion Research
Neha Sahgal
Associate Director
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