basic civil engineering

Basic civil engineering

Ram Humbare

Introduction:- Transportation engineering deals with design ,development ,construction and maintenance of roadways , railways, airports, docks and harbours, tunnel , bridges etc. in other words, it deals with transport of man & materials , through different communication routes as land, water and air.

Transportation engineering

Transport:- The term transport is derived from the latin word ‘transportare’ . Trans means over &portare means carry i.e transportation means to carry from one place to another .

Transport

Transport can be divided into three types as follow: Land transport

Water transport

Air transport

Modes of transport

Major types :-

Roads

Railways

Land transport

Road network plays an important role in development of country & interior development of different areas of country.

Function:-to connect all cities, towns and villages.

roads

National Highway(N.H)

State Highway(S.H)

District Road

Village Road

Express Road

Types of road

It connect capital cities of state.

Width of road is 7 to 15 m.

Carries fast and heavy traffic.

Speed limit is @ 80kmph

Important road link to transport men and materials effectively.

National Highway

It connect national to district places in state.

Width of road is 7 to 10 m.

Carry medium to fast traffic.

Speed limit is @ 60 to 80kmph.

State Highway

It is two part:-(a)Major district road.(b)other district road. Width of road is 5 to 8 m.

Connects district places to taluka place.

Speed limit is @ 60kmph.

Carry moderate traffic

District highway

It connect village to district road

Width of road is <5 m.

Very high traffic is expected.

Speed is @ 40kmph.

Village road

Heavy and very fast traffic is expected.

No crossing are provided.

Two wheelers & three wheelers are not allowed.

Speed is @ 100kmph.

Express highway

Earthen roads.

Water bound machadam roads.

Bituminous or tar roads.

Cement roads

Road based on materials

It is also called kuchha roads.

Local earth is used in construction of these roads.

These roads are provided in village areas.

Earthen road

WBM roads are provided in village areas.

WMB also act as the compact base for the bituminous road and concrete road.

The large sized stones are laid in the bottom course.

Broken stone of 25 mm to 75 mm are laid in three layers on prepared subgrade.

Water bound mechadam roads

It is flexible pavement. Bitumen act as binder, holds all material together. First WBM surface prepared and then stone chips of 16

to 20 mm with bitumen are laid. Thickness of this layer is 30 to 40mm. Smooth wearing course provided at the top. Durability is less as compared to concrete road. Corrugations are developed.

Bituminous roads

It is Rigid pavement. It is more durable. Cement act as a binder. Corrugation are not developed. Less maintenance cost but repair difficult. It comprise of wearing surface on top, the base course

below and sub-base at the bottom.

Concrete road

There are two types of pavement.

(a) Flexible pavement.

(b) Rigid pavement.

Types of Pavement

These pavements acquire the shapes of underlying base course layers on application of load.

Strength and rigidity is less as compared to rigid pavements .

e.g. 1) Bituminous pavements 2) WBM roads 3) stabilized soil bases.

Flexible pavement

These pavements do not acquire the shape of underlying base course layers on application of load.

These pavements have good strength durability. They also have more stiffness and thickness e.g.1)concrete roads.

Rigid pavements

Railways play an important role in bulk transportation of men and material all over country.

Indian railway possesses largest rail network in Asia.

Delhi metro rail is one of the advance developments in Indian railways.

railways

Definition: “A clear distance between inner faces of rail.”

Two rails run parallel to each other and maintain gauge distance between them.

gauge

Gauge Distance between inner face of rail

1) Narrow gauge 0.765 m2) Meter gauge 1.000 m3) Broad gauge 1.676 m

Types of gauge

Central railways

western railways

Eastern railways

North-eastern railways

Southern railways

South central railways

South-eastern railways

North-western railways

North-east frontier zone

Zones

Roadways Railways1) Suitable for any distance. 1) Suitable for long distance only.

2) Maintenance cost is less. 2) Maintenance cost is more.

3) Suitable for steeper gradients. 3) Steeper gradients are avoided.

4) Problems of traffic jam, toll collection. 4) No such problems.

5) Frequency of accidents is more 5) Frequency of accidents is less.6)Load carrying capacity is less. 6) Load carrying capacity is more.

7)Door to door service is available. 7)Such service is not available.8)Speed achieved is 60-100 km/hr. 8) Speed achieved is 100-150 km/hr.

Definition:- “bridges can be defined as an over ground construction to cross over obstacles safely without disturbing the natural way below it.”

bridges

It connect town and cities.

In case of war destruction of bridges affect mobility of army and essential good.

Bridges engineering has special important in military engineering.

Importance of bridges

Culverts - up to 06 m

Minor bridges - 6 to 30 m

Major bridges - over 30 m

Types of bridges

Definition :- tunnel can be defined as , “ an artificial under ground passage to by pass obstacles safely without disturbing the overburden i.e. land above it , to carry freights, passengers sewage, water etc.

tunnels

Tunnel are more economical than open cuts beyond the certain depth.

In case of war, tunnels give the better protection. Tunnels prove cheaper than the bridges and open cuts to

carry gas, electrical lines. Etc Cost of road project is deceased because of shortening

of distance. Freedom for snow and iceberg hazard in cold countries.

Advantages of tunnels

Initial cost of construction is high.

Very heavy machinery, skilled labour is required for tunneling .

Time required for construction is more.

Disadvantages of tunnels

a) off-spur tunnels

b) saddle or base tunnels

c) slope tunnels

d) spiral tunnels

Classification of tunnels

a) conveyance tunnels

b) Traffics tunnels

Classification depends on purpose

a) Tunnels In hard rock .

b) Tunnels in soft material.

c) Tunnels underneath river bed.

Classification depends on soil

Type of water transport:-

a) Inland water transport

b) Ocean water transport

Water transport

It is in the term of: a) River b)canal River transportation is popular is in rivers like in Gangas.

Inland water transportation

Ocean transport is used for the trade and commerce.

Ocean transportation has no limitation and possesses high flexibility.

For national defence navy is established.

Ocean water transportation

It provides the powerful defence in emergency of national security.

It is cheapest transportation. It is help to development of industry and international

trade. Load carrying capacity is more. Cheap motive power is required for its works.

Advantages of w.t

It is slow and consume more time. Chances of attacks on naval ships by pirates. Chances of accident due to climate disasters such as

storms, cyclones etc. Specific water level should be maintained in canal

transportation.

Disadvantages of w.t

Definition:- “A haven or road stead of navigable waters well protected naturally or artificially from action winds ,waves and is located along sea shore or river estuary or lake or canal connected to sea.

Horbour is a place where ships, boats, and barges can seek shelter from stormy weather, or else are stored for future use.

harbours

a) Natural harbour.

b) semi-natural harbour.

c) Artificial harbour .

Classification depends on protection needed

a) military harbour.

b) harbours of Refuse.

c) fishery harbours.

d) commercial harbours.

e) marine harbours.

Classification depends on utility

a) Canal harbourss.

b) River or estuary harbour.

c) lake harbour.

d) sea or ocean harbour.

Classification on location

Definition:- “ an area of water for building or repairing or loading and unloading ships or ferries.”

For unloading and loading of cargo ship required of days.

It is used to avoid the inconvenience .

docks

1)Wet docks:- docks used for berthing of vessel for loading and unloading of cargo and passenger are called ‘wet docks’.

2)Dry docks:- docks used for repair of the vessels are called as ‘dry docks’.

Types of docks

Air transport is the fastest mode of transport, with speed more than 300kmph.

It is also three times speed of the sound

Air transport

It does not required any tracks as in case of roads and railways.

It is fast and speedy.

It is highly used in case of disasters i. e floods, cyclones etc.

Useful in national defence.

It can be also used for aerial photography.

Advantages of a.t

Flight rules have to be followed strictly for smooth working of air transport.

It is more costly.

Frequency of accident is less but damage is tremendous.

It can be affected by weather.

Disadvantages of a.t

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