baseline data outdoor : 10-2009 to 06-2011 indoor: 11-2009 to 10-2010

Baseline Data outdoor : 10-2009 to 06-2011

Indoor : 11-2009 to 10-2010Technology Testing : 06-2010 to 07-2010Deployment of ForcedDraft Stoves : 02-2010 to 06-2010

PILOT PHASE(10-2009 to Present)

10 km10 km

Pilot Phase

Experiment Concept

Village Center Observatory

Traffic-Sample site

NASA-AERONET

SURYA

MISRMODIS

 A Grand Climate and Health Intervention Experiment

Technology assessment, dissemination and documentation of emission reduction in the pilot phase

The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi, India

Cooking technology options

Focus: Biomass based IC• Even in 2030, 632 million people in

India will depend on biomass for

energy

• In-situ production and consumption

– No expensive LPG like supply

chains

Natural Draft

– Mostly single burner

– Enhanced “free convection”- grates,

design

– Mostly gasification through air pores

– Price: 1100-2500

Forced draft

– Only single burner

– Air “forced” into stove chamber using fan

SMF battery power pack,

Gasification

– Top loading- Processed Fuel, Pellets,

rice: $60-80

Model/ parameter

Thermal efficiency (%-age)

Reduction in PM2.5 (%-age)

Reduction in CO (%-age)

Reduction in Black Carbon (%-age)

Natural draft

20 - 28 20-39 26-34 22-55

Forced draft

30-40 42-55 31-48 49-85Strengths•10% – 25% increase in thermal efficiency•PM 2.5 emissions reduction by a factor of 2-4

Weakness• Field Vs Lab: Performance differential• None of the commercial stoves meet WHO stipulated

PM2.5 levels

Mud Stove Improved Cookstove

Surya dovetailed an ongoing TERI DST Project which

Tested 11 cookstove models Established the advantages of

Forced Draft Stoves Reduced cost by 40%

Surya dovetailed an ongoing TERI DST Project which

Identified and trained village volunteers

Optimized the right mix of fuels for production of pellets

Facilitated the setting up of entrepreneurship based pelletization and stove dissemination

Surya

Energy for a Sustainable Future the Secretary-General’s Advisory Group On Energy And Climate Change (AGECC) Summary Report And Recommendations, 28 April 2010, New York

Desired Outputs Resources needed(RN)

Activities undertaken till date

Contribution of activities undertaken to outputs

Resources mobilized and spent(RM& S)

Additional resources required(ARR)

Technology

Identification of appropriate technology options for meeting cooking energy needs

Customized forced draft stove-single pot

Customized forced draft stove- two pot

Dissemination of 10 000 forced draft stoves

Pilot testing of different cook stoves models in the Lab

Pilot testing of different cook stoves in the field

Comparative assessment of biomass stove technologies focusing both on emission and thermal efficiency characteristics

Dissemination of close to 500 forced draft stoves

In forced draft stoves emission reduction ranges 60-80%

For Natural draft stoves it is substantially less

Thermal efficiency and fuel savings are much higher in forced draft stoves

Surya-Pilot phase

Baseline monitoring : Cooking a major source of high BC Concentrations

Baseline monitoring : BC Indoor concentrations drive outdoor

concentrations

TERI Stove development under DST Project

• Patented Model

• Cost- 2000

– 50% lesser price than comparable

commercial model

• Dual Charging facility- Grid+ Solar

• Separate Power pack

• Dissemination to 50 households

Problems with existing single pot models

• Requirement of processed wood- • Expensive pellets , Manual chopping

• Men non inclined, Physically stressful for women

• Continuous feeding

• Single pot stove- insufficient for big family

• Traditional Roti baking

• Fuel incompatibility- inability to use non monetized biomass

• Hence development of a twin pot forced draft model

TERI Stove development under DST (Indian Government) Project

Surya : Stove dissemination and capacity building

• Close to 500 stoves –village saturation

• Another 500 stoves under the DST project– Full Subsidy– Partial Subsidy– Full Cost

• Training and awareness campaign

Forced draft better than natural draft

Conclusions

 A Grand Climate and Health Intervention Experiment

Wireless System for High Spatial Resolution Data Collection

N. RamanathanUCLA & NexLeaf

18

Monitoring Stove BC Emissions Using Mobile Phones

Filter, placed on reference template

25 mm

Results sent back via SMS

Picture sent to server

Micro-Pump and Filter

N Ramanathan, et al, Atm Environment, 2011

Innovations

• $500 per unit, ultra low power.

• Low-tech: works with any camera cellphone.

• Real-time reporting.

Deployment in India for Surya Pilot Phase

20

Validation with four independent gold standard instruments: Error < 10%

Cookstove samples collected in India, urabn samples in California (n=80), comparison with Thermal-optical and Aethalometer

Cookstove samples collected by the EPA (n=600), comparison with Thermal-optical reflectance and transmittance methods.

Global BC Monitoring Network Using Mobile Phones

•Will deploy 500 - 1000 cellphones in Surya Demonstration phase to better understand spatial variability of BC

•Use this data in conjunction with fine-resolution aerosol models (Prof. Carmichael), to compute BC emissions, and improve uncertainty in emissions inventories.

 A Grand Climate and Health Intervention Experiment

Department of Environmental Health Engineering Center for Advanced Research on Environmental Health, (ICMR, Govt. of India)World Health Organisation Collaborating Center for Occupational HealthSri Ramachandra UniversityChennai, India

Exposure Implications for Health Impacts from InterventionsResults from Preliminary Comparative Assessments of

“Improved” and “Traditional” Biomass Cook Stoves in India

K. Balakrishnan

• Large base of information on concentrations/exposures in solid fuel using households in India, but primarily from traditional (mud) stove users

• Previous intervention efforts have been directed at distribution of “Improved Cook Stoves”, without explicit exposure benchmarks for defining improvement

• Multiple market based models now being purchased by households

• Few efforts to compare “improvements” as compared to traditional cook-stoves and across multiple “ improved“ stoves

BACKGROUND

Study design (Paired comparisons)

ICS1FRC

ICS 2FRC

ICS3FRC

ICS 4FRC

ICS 5FC

ICS 6FOFC

Indoor Kitchens Using Wood (72 HH; 2 states)

6 sub-groups ; 12 HH in each sub-group24 hr PM 2.5, CO; HH Questionnaire

24 hr PM 2.5, CO (Similar meal); HH Questionnaire

6 models of ICS distributed with training (1-2 months)

10% HHs sampled 6 months after ICS provision

HH-Household ; TC-Traditional cook stove; ICS- “Improved Cook-stove”; FRC-Free convection ; FC-Forced convection; FOFC : Fuel optimized forced convection

Distribution of 24 hr kitchen concentrations

TC-Traditional cook stove; FRC-Free convection cook stove; FC-Forced convection; FOFC : Fuel optimized forced convection

Comparisons of levels “ before” and “after”

PM2.5(µg/m3)Stove Type Levels N Median IQR % Difference p(Wilcox)

TotalBase 65 300 533

46.33 0.002Post 68 161 261

Free ConvectionBase 44 329 524.5

43.16 0.009Post 47 187 257.5

Forced Convection and Optimised fuelBase 10 142.5 231.25

25.96 0.770Post 10 105.5 158.5

Forced Convection Base 11 302 1347.5

67.22 0.032Post 11 99 139.5

CO(ppm)Stove Type Levels N Median IQR % Difference p-value(Wilcox)

TotalBase 66 5.88 8.70

42.25 0.0001Post 68 3.40 5.69

Free ConvectionBase 45 6.63 9.10

41.93 0.004Post 47 3.85 5.73

Forced Convection and Optimised fuelBase 10 2.79 5.36

13.37 0.193Post 10 2.42 2.10

Forced Convection Base 11 6.12 9.41

78.46 0.007Post 11 1.32 3.89

Summary• Both free and forced convection models showed significant reductions as

compared to traditional cook-stoves (ranging between 43- 67%) for both PM 2.5 and CO.

• Our sample could not distinguish across improved stove models; detect a significant difference with the fuel optimized free convection model; or detect differences across states

• The lowest concentrations measured were however still much higher than the recommended WHO air quality guideline values for PM 2.5 (WHO AQG, Global Update 2005)

• Several HH determinants would need to be addressed for longitudinal exposure reconstructions in ICS studies

– Stove use/number of meals (frequency) /cooking duration (length)

– Stove location, change in fuel, ventilation (magnitude)

– Other sources of exposure (confounding)

• Role of ambient concentrations would need to be defined

Integrated matrices for emissions, exposures and stove use: Implications for sustainability

TC

FRC

FOFC ?

Exposures

Emis

sion

s

Ease

of u

se

FC

TC-Traditional cook stove; FRC-Free convection cook stove; FC-Forced convection; FOFC : Fuel optimized forced convection Note: The chosen guideline is arbitrary on this scale as are the relative positions of the stoves. It is shown to merely illustrate the need to

integrate multiple inputs for choosing a technology to confer a required degree of exposure reduction

Guideline (Choice)

Guideline (Choice)

 A Grand Climate and Health Intervention Experiment

Climate Change Science

V. Ramanathan On behalf of the Climate Change Team

Diurnal variation of seasonal mean BC concentration at SVI_1 village centre (VC).

Seasonal and Diurnal Variation in BC Concentrations: Surya Village Center

Diurnal variation of seasonal mean BC concentration at SVI_1 village centre (VC).

Seasonal Variation in BC Concentrations: Comparison with Climate Models

SimulatedGanguly etAl, 2010

SimulatedMenon et al, 2010

Monthly mean LIDAR extinction profiles (532 nm) from CALIPSO for the grid (26–27N and 80–82E) for post-monsoon, dry and pre-monsoon seasons, respectively. SVI_1 is located within this grid.

How Deep Does the Soot aerosols Penetrate?NASA-CALIPSO Data

DEC to FEBOCT to NOV March to May

Ab

sorp

tio

n C

oef

ft

Detection of Brown Carbon Absorption

Brown Carbon ?

Relevance to LargerScale

CorrelationBetween SuryaVillage and Indo-GangeticPlains

Atmospheric Heating by Aerosols:(About 60% or more is due to biomass burning)

Potential Signal Strength of the Intervention

๏Cooking drives local outdoor BC concentrations.

๏Forced draft stoves are best from a BC mitigation perspective.

๏We can measure surface BC emissions with unprecedented spatial resolution.

๏We will be able to measure the BC hole from Surface Based measurements and Generalize to Regional Scales

• Should be able to Detect it from Space; But a great Challenge;

But NASA is upto it ( Dr. R. Kahn, Goddard)

Wrap-up for Findings from the Surya Pilot Phase

 A Grand Climate and Health Intervention Experiment

Subhrendu Pattanayak Duke University

Sustainability: Affordability and Acceptable Adoption

Meta Analysis of Stove Adoption

• 11 Analyses (8 papers)• SES, Income, Credit, substitute prices matter!• Similar findings for meta-analysis (140 analyses from

25 studies) of switching to clean fuels

Scaling up: Some Findings!I. Who adopts clean fuels and improved cook stoves? (Lewis & Pattanayak)

– SES, education, prices, urban – matter– credit, information campaigns, social marketing – not studied

II. What factors explain PCIA program location and stove sales? (Colvin, Pattanayak, Sasser, Vergnano)

– sales impacted by institution (government, location) & product (price, testing) characteristics

– providers currently in countries with problems (biomass burning, ARI) and prospects (already spending on health programs)

III. Will cook stove programs be cost-beneficial is a wide variety of settings? (Jeuland & Pattanayak)

– cost-beneficial stove programs exist, but – substantial heterogeneity of NPV for different stove types