bacterial genetics
Post on 30-Dec-2015
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Dr. Rashad Shawgi BabikerM.Sc. (Microbiology)
(UMST)M.Sc. Stud. (Immunology )Institute of Tropical Medicine.
(SAS)
Microbial Genetics
Basic Molecular GeneticsCentral DogmaGene Expression
Genetic VariabilityMutationsRecombinationPlasmids
Genetic EngineeringTerminology and TechnologyProducts and Benefits
2
Introduction
DNA is arranged as a single molecule with no histones present, and with no dominance or recessiveness in the genes.
Bacterial chromosome is located in the nucleoid.
In E. coli there are 4000 genes spread over 1.5mm of DNA in less than 1 micrometer of space
Loop domain structure allows for compaction of DNA
F. Control of protein synthesis
Microbial Genetics Basic Molecular Genetics
Central Dogma
Genotype and Phenotype
Genetic Variability-Mutations -Recombinations: Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction
-Plasmids: Conjugative, Resistance, Toxigenic, Metabolic
Genetic Engineering
Terminology and Technology
Products & Benefits of Genetic Engineering12
Mutations
Types of mutations
SpontaneousInduced
Spontaneous mutations
1 mutation in every billion
bacteria
Example: Neisseria gonorrhoeae
penicillin resistance original
mutation was spontaneous
Induced mutations
Chemical or Physical agents
enhance mutation rate
Mutagens
Ultraviolet light—mechanism
of action
Chemicals
Mutation Type
Point (substitution) (leu) (ser) (arg)
Normal AAT AGT GCC
(leu) (cyst) (arg)
Mutant AAT TGT GCC
Mutation Type
Frameshift (deletion) (leu) (ser) (arg)
Normal AAT AGT GCC
(leu) (val) (pro)
Mutant AAT AGT GCC A
Mutation Type
Frameshift (insertion) (leu) (ser) (arg)
Normal AAT AGT GCC
(leu) (glut) (cyst)
Mutant AAT CAGT GCC
Repair Mechanisms
DNA repair enzymesMany enzymesConstantly checking for errors
Repair mechanismsMismatch repair “proofreads”Damage repair
Excision repairDimer repair (UV light)
Mismatch Repair
Excision Repair
Transformation
Conjugation
Male and female cells
Role of F factors (plasmids)
High frequency of
recombination strains
Mechanism of Hfr conjugation
Sexduction
Simple Conjugation
Hfr Conjugation
Transduction
Role of the bacteriophage
The lytic cycle
Lysogeny
Generalized transduction
Lysogeny
Plasmids
Fragments of DNA in the cytoplasm
R Factors - confer drug resistance
Bacteriocins -proteins toxic to other
bacteria and human cell
Many plasmids are found in Gram-
Negative bacteria
Microbial Genetics
Basic Molecular Genetics Central Dogma
Gene Expression Genetic Variability
Mutations, Recombinations, Plasmids
Genetic Engineering-Terminology: Genetic engineering, Gene cloning,
Recombinant DNA technology, Restriction endonucleases, Vectors
-Products of Genetic Engineering: Proteins, Genetically modified organisms, Genes therapy
-Process of Genetic Engineering: Gene cloning, Gene characterization, Gene expression 32
Transposable genetic elementsInsertion sequences
Small DNA segments Provide no genetic informationLocated at several places on the chromosome
TransposonsLarger than Insertion sequencesProvide information for protein synthesis
Sections A & B repeating but reversed “palindrome”
The ‘Benefits’ of Genetic EngineeringGenetically engineered proteins:
Hormones (e.g.interferons, erythropoietin, insulin, growth factors), Vaccines (e.g.Hep B), others
Genetically modified organisms:
Genetically modified foods,
herbicide and pesticide resistant plants
Genetically engineered genes:
Genes for therapy
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