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The Berar General Education Society’s
NAAC Reaccredited ‘A’ Grade with CGPA 3.12
Shri R.L.T. College of Science, Akola
InfoSCIENCE
Patrons Dr. Rajkumar B. Heda President
Shri Vijaykumar Toshniwal Sr. Vice President
Dr. Ravindra Jain Jr. Vice President
Adv. Motisingh G. Mohta Hon. Secretary
Shri Sharad Chaware Jt. Secretary
The Berar General Education Society, Akola
---------------------
Advisors Dr. Vijay D. Nanoty Principal
Shri R.L.T. College of Science, Akola
Dr. Rajendra L. Rahatgaonkar Co-ordinator IQAC
Shri R.L.T. College of Science, Akola
---------------------
Editors Dr. Sushil M. Nagrale Assistant Professor and Head
Department of Zoology
Shri R.L.T. College of Science, Akola
Mobile - 9370322456
Dr. Pradip P. Deohate Assistant Professor
Department of Chemistry
Shri R.L.T. College of Science, Akola
Mobile - 9890770318
Dr. (Mrs.) Anjali A. Sangole Assistant Professor
Department of Botany
Shri R.L.T. College of Science, Akola
Mobile - 8550979012
---------------------
Volume-01, No.-01 (2019)
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
Contents
Research Articles
1. Relative Study of Biodiesel Preparation from Virgin and Waste Vegetable Oils 01
Ms. Vasundhara N. Dutonde and Dr. Pradip P. Deohate
2. A Study of Solid Waste Management 04
Ms. Kanchan N. Mangtani and Dr. Harish S. Malpani
3. Ginger Oil - The Herbal Solution 08
Ms. Apurva R. Shah and Dr. Poonam T. Agrawal
4. Effect of Spraying Fermented Extract Amaranthus spinosus on Growth of 10
Green Gram (Vigna radiata) - Pot Study
Ms. Krashna R. Laddha and Prof. Sonali N. Gawande
5. Dust Settler - An Economic Homemade Instrument, A Noble Approach to 13
Reduce the Rate of Pollution Level in the Atmosphere
Ms. Yoshita K. Veera and Prof. Shailesh R. Jaiswal
6. Assessment of Ground Water Quality of Some Villages in Akola District for 15
Irrigation Purpose
Mr. Balraj B. Khurania and Dr. Pradip P. Deohate
7. Production of Handmade Paper from Cotton Rags 18
Mr. Akhilesh A. Puranik, Dr. Sudhir R. Kohchale and Dr. Sushil M. Nagrale
8. Microcontroller Based TechEye System for Obstacle Detection and Ranging 20
to Assist Blind Person
Mr. Yash D. Vidyasagar and Prof. Ram G. Chavan
9. Arduino UNO Based Accident Avoiding System in Mountainous Area 21
Across U-Turn
Prof. Dattaraj S. Vidyasagar and Prof. Rajesh D. Chaudhari
Scientific Articles
10. Proficiency Test of OPCW and Role of Chemical Weapons Convention in the 23
World of Humanity
Prof. Vinod D. Deotale
11. Significance of Pollen Study 27
Dr. Anjali A. Sangole
12. Insect World - Diversity of Insects Thrips 29
Dr. Sushil M. Nagrale
13. Microwave Synthesis - A Potential Tool for Green Chemistry 32
Dr. Ashish G. Sarap
14. Acacia Arabica (Lamk.), Rarely Used Medicinal Plant Against Various Diseases 35
Dr. Pramod M. Khadse
15. Light Pollution - Effects on Health 38
Dr. Rajendra L. Rahatgaonkar
16. Cyber Security 40
Prof. Ram B. Ghayalkar
17. Nano-Spike Catalysts 44
Dr. Kavita M. Heda
18. The Mysterious Fruit - Hylocereus undatus (Dragon fruit) 46
Prof. Vaishali N. Badgujar
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
1
Relative Study of Biodiesel Preparation from Virgin and Waste
Vegetable Oils
Ms. Vasundhara N. Dutonde and Dr. Pradip P. Deohate
Department of Chemistry, Shri Radhakisan Laxminarayan Toshniwal College of Science, Akola,
444 001, INDIA
Biodiesel i.e. soybean oil methyl ester and rapeseed oil methyl ester are most common biodiesel blend.
Present work is related to preparation of biodiesel from soyabean, sunflower, groundnut virgin vegetable
oil and waste vegetable oil. Virgin vegetable oil biodiesel was compared with and waste vegetable oil
biodiesel on the basis of various parameters viz. yield, kinematic viscosity, density, acid number, cloud
point, pour point, flash point, fire point, pH, carbon residue.
Biodiesel is a cleaner burning
renewable alternative to diesel fuel made
from biological sources like vegetable oils,
animal fats and greases through a chemical
process. Modern biodiesel is made through
transesterification by converting vegetable
oils into fatty acid alkyl esters i.e. fatty acid
methyl esters (FAME) or fatty acid ethyl
esters (FAEE). Biodiesel offer carbon
neutral cycle. Concerns over environment,
global warming, energy security, use of
agro products brought the biodiesel to the
forefront. Biodiesel i.e. soybean oil methyl
ester (SOME) and rapeseed oil methyl ester
(ROME) are most common biodiesel blend.
In Asia, palm oil methyl ester (POME) is
most common biodiesel blend. In India,
biodiesel is exclusively prepared from non-
edible feedstock like jatropha, karanja,
neem, mahua, algae or waste cooking oil.
Biodiesel is renewable and energy
efficient. It reduces tailpipe emissions, air
toxics and prevents global warming. It is
nontoxic, biodegradable and suitable for
sensitive environments. It has higher flash
point than diesel. Biodiesel blends with
diesel are reported to reduce particulate,
HC and CO emissions. BD-10 is the most
common biodiesel blend.
Vegetable oil is a triglyceride
molecule. During transesterification, fatty
acids of triglyceride molecule are cleaved
and attach to alkyl group of alcohol to form
fatty acid alkyl esters in presence of
catalyst KOH/NaOH (Scheme-1). Waste
vegetable oil (WVO) is more acidic. Its
transesterification required more catalyst.
While frying the food in hot oil, some
water present in it reacts with triglyceride
molecule to form free fatty acid (FFA),
which consumes some KOH/NaOH to form
soap (Scheme-2).
In present work biodiesel was
prepared from soyabean, sunflower,
groundnut virgin vegetable oil (VVO) and
WVO. Virgin vegetable oil biodiesel
(VVOBD) was compared with and waste
vegetable oil biodiesel (WVOBD) on the
basis of various parameters viz. yield,
kinematic viscosity, density, acid number,
cloud point, pour point, flash point, fire
point, pH, carbon residue.
Biodiesel preparation
VVO of standard brands and WVO
of soyabean, sunflower, groundnut were
used. Chemicals i.e. KOH, methanol used
were of AR grade. Instruments used were
Ostwald’s viscometer, Redwood’s
viscometer, Pensky-Marten’s flash/fire
point apparatus, cloud/pour point
apparatus, Pyknometer.
Initially 100 gm of VVO was heated
to 600C. Separately, potassium methoxide
was prepared by stirring 1 gm of KOH with
20 ml of methanol. It was transferred to
preheated VVO and stirred for 1 hour
maintaining temperature at 600C. Two
layers of above reaction mixture were
allowed to separate in separating funnel
for 15 minute. Lower layer of glycerol was
CH2-O-CO
CH-O-CO
CH2-O-CO
CH2-O-CO-R
CH-O-CO-R
CH2-O-CO-R
C
C
C
+ H2O
discarded. Upper layer of cr
was washed with distilled wate
for about 1 minute to dissolv
methanol, traces of glycerol
soap. Again two layers were
separate for 30 minute. Lowe
discarded and upper layer of p
was transferred in bottle. This
extended to synthesize WVOBD
by adding additional KOH
predetermined FFA value (Figur
The results showed th
WVOBD was found to be som
than VVOBD but other param
quite promising. Almost all pa
soyabean, sunflower and
VVOBD and WVOBD were f
within the limits of BIS specifica
100 and comparable with AST
of diesel. The 10% blend so
Table 1 : Study of
InfoSCIENCE, Volume
O-R
O-R
O-R
CH2-OH
CH-OH
CH2-OH
+ 3 R'-OHKOH / NaOH
+ 3 R-CO-O-R
(Biodiesel
Scheme-1
CH2-OH
CH-O-CO-R
CH2-O-CO-R
+ R-CO-OH
(Soap)
KOH / NaOHR-CO-OK /
Scheme-2
f crude VVOBD
ater by swirling
solve unwanted
erol, KOH and
ere allowed to
ower layer was
of pure VVOBD
his method was
OBD from WVO
H as per the
Figure-1).
d that, yield of
somewhat less
arameters were
ll parameters of
nd groundnut
e found to be
cifications of BD-
ASTM standards
soyabean and
sunflower VVOBD and WVOB
to be most suitable and acce
In 10% blend groundnut WV
density, acid number, flash
were not within the l
specifications of BD-10 (Tab
Average biodiesel cost is arou
litre and would result in about
cost reduction.
Figure 1 : Schematic diagram o
biodiesel
y of parameters of 100% pure biodiesel : BD-10
me-01, No.-01, 2019
2
O-O-R'
esel)
p)
/ Na + H2O
VOBD were found
acceptable as fuel.
WVOBD; values of
lash and fire point
e limits of BIS
(Table-1) (Table-2).
around Rs. 20/- per
bout 50 to 60% fuel
m of preparation of
100
Table 2 : Stud
Conclusion - WVOBD can be
fuel and it is as good as VVO
performance, emission be
cost. Let’s use “Biodiesel”.
References 1. V. N. Ariharan, V. N. M
P. N. Prasad, Asian J. Ph
9(1), 123 (2016).
2. G. Vicente and M. M
Fuels, 20, 394 (2006).
3. S. P. Singh D. D. Singh,
InfoSCIENCE, Volum
tudy of parameters of 10% blend biodiesel : BD
n be used as blend
VVOBD with better
benefits and the
. Meena Devi and
J. Pharm. Clin. Res.,
. Martinez, Eng.
gh, Renewable and
Sustanable Eng. Review
4. U. Rashida, Biomass B
(2008).
5. A. George, Z. Ypatia,
K. Stamatis, Eng., 2, 3
6. D. Bajpai and V. K. T
55(10), 487 (2006).
7. A. K. Goswami and G.
Innov. Res. Sci. Engg
16287 (2014).
8. G. Antolin, F. Tinaut
Bioresour Tech., 83(2)
olume-01, No.-01, 2019
3
: BD-10
eviews, 14, 200 (2009).
ass Bioeng., 32, 1202
atia, S. Stamoulis and
2, 362 (2009).
K. Tyagi, J. Oleo Sci.,
d G. A. Usmani, Int. J.
Engg. & Tech., 3(9),
aut and A. Ramirez,
3(2), 111 (2002).
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
4
A Study of Solid Waste Management
Ms. Kanchan N. Mangtani and Dr. Harish S. Malpani
Department of Microbiology, Shri Radhakisan Laxminarayan Toshniwal College of Science, Akola,
444 001, INDIA
Solid waste management involves all the activities and actions required to manage waste from its
inception to its final disposal. Generally waste is of two major types i.e. biodegradable and non-
biodegradable. Some of the techniques like landfill, incineration are adopted for waste management but
these techniques have certain drawbacks like it can pollute environment. It can cause harmful diseases to
the peoples living in that area. The aim of this study is to protect health, well-being and the environment
by providing solutions. For the pilot study, survey was taken of 100 peoples and data was obtained that
peoples are facing problem regarding waste management. Some eco-friendly methods can be used for
proper management of waste like biogas plant should be installed. As we know plastic is used at many
places, spoon made from wheat rice and jowar flour can be used as great alternative. More awareness
regarding classification of garbage should be given to citizens. A nodal government agency should be
established that can properly check whether garbage is properly separated or not.
Waste management or waste
disposal are all the activities and actions
required to manage waste from its
inception to its final disposal. This includes
amongst other things collection, transport,
treatment and disposal of waste together
with monitoring and regulation. Waste can
take any form that is solid, liquid, or gas
and each have different methods of
disposal and management. Waste
management normally deals with all types
of waste whether it was created in forms
that are industrial, biological, household,
and special cases where it may pose a
threat to human health.
Types of waste - Our planet continues to
relentlessly grow in population. A
corresponding growth in waste products
also occurs. The two major categories of
waste are biodegradable and non-
biodegradable waste. Biodegradable
materials viz. human waste, animal waste,
plant products, wood, paper, food waste,
leaves, grass clippings, remains from death
of living creatures can be decomposed by
microorganisms. The materials having
properties that do not breakdown or decay
are called as non-biodegradable material.
Examples include glass, metals, plastics,
electronic devices, medical waste etc.
Current methods adopted for waste
management
Landfill - In this process, waste that cannot
be reused or recycled separated out and
spread as thin layer in some low-lying areas
across the city. A layer of soil added after
each layer of garbage. Once this process is
complete, this area declared unfit for
building construction for next 20 years
Incineration - Incineration is the process of
controlled combustion of garbage to
reduce it to incombustible matter; ash,
waste gas, and heat. The waste gasses thus
generated are then treated and released
into the environment. This process reduced
the volume of waste by 90 %. It is also
known as landfill in the sky. It release
dioxin gas which is very harmful, that can
cause cancer, skin disease and in children it
can affect the developing endocrine system,
nervous system and reproductive functions.
Drawbacks of current methods
• Landfill can pollute air, water and soil.
• Many insects, rodents are attracted to
landfills and result in dangerous disease.
• It can cause communicable diseases and illness in communities around landfill.
• Incineration pollutes the environment.
• Ash waste from incineration plant can
potentially harm people and the
environment.
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
5
Eco-friendly methods
Biogas plant - Biogas refers to a mixture of
different gases produced by breakdown of
organic matter in absence of oxygen.
Biogas can be produced from raw materials
such as agricultural waste, manure,
municipal waste, plant material, green
waste or food waste, sewage. In a biogas
process, large organic molecules viz.
proteins, sugars and fats are successively
broken down into methane and carbon
dioxide; a gas mixture called biogas.
Presence of several different microbial
communities is required for the biogas
process to work. In order to form biogas as
end product, these active microorganisms
also have to work together (Zinder 1986).
Eat with it and then eat it
Plastic is the most commonly used
cutlery in many gatherings. It contains
toxins and some of them being
carcinogenic. Toxins can leach into food,
which is dangerous to health. Scientific
research has given a good reason to think
carefully about the use of plastic. Be it the
pet bottles that store water at home or the
cutlery often used by street vendors,
plastic is everywhere and even in your
food. For cutlery, one of the following may
be used - cheap plastic, food grade plastic,
biodegradable plastic or coated plastic.
Food & Drug Administration (FDA) requires
that plastics used in food packaging be of
greater purity than plastics used for other
purposes. This is commonly referred to as
food grade plastic. According to Indian
guidelines, food grade plastic where
leaching of chemicals is less than 60 ppm is
considered safe. But, why should we
expose ourselves to even 1 ppm of
chemicals being leached into our food? If
we were to go by numbers, India uses
about 120 billion pieces of disposable
cutlery every year. We’ve used them at
birthday parties or many other events and
mostly at street stalls. Ironically, some
places may not even dispose the cutlery,
simply wash and reuse it promoting the
risk of bacterial contamination.
Jowar is rich in calcium, iron,
phosphorus, protein, vitamin and fibre
making it perfect snacks for people,
especially diabetics and it’s a good source
of energy for people of all ages. You may
think they’re fragile but jowar gives them a
hard and crisp texture. The material is
tough enough to retain most foods and
sauces, and is also easily digestible. When
immersed in liquid (hot or cold)
completely, they’d last for 10 minutes.
Kept sealed in air-tight containers, they’ll
stay fresh close to three months. Spoons
decompose naturally within 3 to7 weeks
and if eaten by insects or animals they do
not disrupt the food chain.
Most chopsticks are used in Japan
but produced in China. Since they’re made
of bamboo, there was mass deforestation
to create land for bamboo cultivation. On
other hand, it’s a Japanese ritual to burn
chopsticks after use. Forests are depleting
and carbon emissions are on a rise. With
edible and biodegradable chopsticks, we
can take a small step towards the
conservation of biodiversity. Edible cutlery
is an initiative to promote environment
friendly habits. Edible cutlery made out of
jowar is free of chemicals. Spoons do not
turn soggy when dipped into curries.
Advantages and disadvantages
Plastic Edible cutlery
• Durable for long
time.
• Harmful for
Environment.
• Chemical risk.
• Choking hazard.
• Bag degrades in
50 years.
• Harmful when
consumed by
animals.
• It remains fresh for
3 months.
• It is Eco-friendly.
• No chemical risk.
• No choking hazard.
• Bag decomposed
within 3 to 7 days.
• Easily digestible by
animals.
Clean India mission
Swachh Bharat Abh
or Swachh Bharat Mission
nation-wide campaign in Ind
period of 2014 to 2019 that a
up the streets, roads and infra
India's cities, smaller towns
areas. Swachh Bharat Ab
launched on 2nd October 2014
Jayanti. Swachh Bharat Mis
mobile app is being used by
government organizations for a
goals of Swachh Bharat Miss
government of India is bringin
to the people through advertise
The aim of this study
health, well-being and the env
providing solutions with objec
out which type of problems
waste management are fac
peoples.
Data collection - For data co
constructed a series of questio
topic which includes 10 questio
Population - Random 100 pe
taken as population for this res
Questionnaire - Following qu
included in questionnaire.
1. Do you separate dry and w
your home?
2. Are you aware about clas
garbage?
3. Do you think that, burnin
only solution?
4. Does garbage is collected
your area?
5. Are you satisfied with y
waste collection service?
6. Do you know, how your ser
disposes your collected wa
7. Do you mix bioh
pharmaceutical waste w
garbage?
8. Has anyone in your hou
from disease due to mism
of waste?
InfoSCIENCE, Volume
Abhiyan (SBA)
(SBM) is a
India for the
at aims to clean
infrastructure of
wns, and rural
Abhiyan was
2014 on Gandhi
Mission (SBM)
by people and
for achieving the
Mission. For this
nging awareness
rtisements.
dy is to protect
environment by
bjective to find
lems related to
faced by the
a collection, we
stions related to
estions.
0 peoples were
research work.
g questions are
nd wet waste at
classification of
rning garbage is
cted regularly in
th your current
r service provider
waste?
biohazard or
e with routine
house suffered
mismanagement
9. Do you think, waste man
environmental problem?
10. Do you want clean envir
clean India?
Data analysis - Following dat
from the analysis of above m
Questions
Do you separate dry and
wet waste at your home?
Are you aware about
classification of garbage?
Do you think that, burning
garbage is only solution?
Does garbage is collected
regularly in your area?
Are you satisfied with
your current waste
collection service?
Do you know, how your
service provider disposes
your collected waste?
Do you mix biohazard or
pharmaceutical waste
with routine garbage?
Has anyone in your house
suffered from disease
due to mismanagement
of waste?
Do you think, waste
management is an
environmental problem?
Do you want clean
environment and a clean
India?
me-01, No.-01, 2019
6
management is an
lem?
environment and a
data was obtained
e method.
Respond in %
Yes No Don’t
Know
59 37 4
63 33 4
38 50 12
68 28 4
56 32 12
32 68 0
56 30 14
se 27 54 19
77 17 6
92 8 0
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
7
The data regarding the solid waste
collection, storage, transportation and
disposal reveals that, in the study area the
system employed for the solid waste
management is inadequate.
Conclusion - Solid waste was not disposed
scientifically and till citizens are facing the
problems of solid waste. Open dumping of
garbage facilitates the breeding for disease
vectors such as flies, mosquitoes,
cockroaches, rats and other pests. The
lacks of knowledge, awareness and
cooperation have been identified. In the
study area, system employed for solid
waste management is inadequate
Recommendations - More awareness
regarding classification of garbage should
be given to citizens. A nodal government
agency should be established that can
properly check whether garbage is properly
separated or not. Some strict rules and
regulations should be framed and
implemented for separation of garbage
and reutilization should be properly done.
References 1. S. A. Toshniwal, Int. J. Innov. Res. Sci.
Engg. Tech., 6(2), 2513 (2017).
2. Science Direct, 33(1), 220 (2013).
3. The Hindu - Today’s Paper, Andhra
Pradesh, 12th May (2009).
4. P. V. Khandve and R. K. Rai, Int. J. Eng.
Sci., 2(2), 235 (2011).
5. S. A. Patil, Int. J. Engg. Adv. Tech., 4(1),
125 (2014).
6. S. Goel, J. Env. Sci. Engg., 50, 319 (2008).
7. http://epaperlokmat.in/archive/sub-
editions/hello%20akola%20gramin/20
18-12-11/1.
Ginger Oil - The Herbal
Ms. Apurva R. Shah and Dr. PoDepartment of Chemistry, Shri R
444 001, INDIA
Herbal formulation always has att
comparatively lesser or nil side effec
oil using ginger and neem and its eva
Dandruff is a com
condition that occurs when d
shade producing irritating whit
possibly an itchy scalp. Al
dandruff is associated with scal
may also appear on face, sho
eyebrows etc. Market is pro
range of chemical solution e
herbal cosmetics and hair ca
are now-a-days widely use by t
people because of lesser side
better safety.
Role of the herbs used i
Ginger - It has been proved
treatment of many disease
dandruff. It contains many phy
viz. gingerol, phellandrene,
gingerdiols, shogaols,
dihydroparadols etc. having
values as follows.
Neem - It has been proved be
for the skin diseases. Antif
inflammatory, antibacterial p
neem have been proved. Phy
present in neem are nimbin
InfoSCIENCE, Volume
bal Solution
. Poonam T. Agrawal
hri Radhakisan Laxminarayan Toshniwal College of
attracted considerable attention because of their g
effects. The objective of present study involves preparat
s evaluation for activity against dandruff.
common scalp
en dead skin is
white flakes and
Although the
scalp; the flakes
shoulder, nose,
providing wide
n even though
r care products
by the common
side effects with
sed is as follows.
ed effective for
eases including
phytochemicals
e, zingiberene,
, paradols,
ving medicinal
best treatment
ntifungal, anti-
l properties of
Phytochemicals
bin, quercetin,
salanin, gedunin, nimbidi
lemonoids etc.
In present study th
hair oil was evaluated an
parameters were checked.
Collection of plant part
preparation of hair oil fresh
and ginger were collected w
available.
Base ingredient - The pure o
oil was selected and use
ingredient.
Formulation of hair oil -
used in the formulation were
accurately weighed. These t
were added to the hot
separately in ratio of 1:2
ginger respectively. Once the
get cooled, were mixed and
were done.
Evaluation of the product
hair oil was subjected to
biological test as follows.
Sensitivity test - The prepar
applied to 1 cm of skin
exposed to sunlight for 4-5 m
me-01, No.-01, 2019
8
e of Science, Akola,
ir good activity and
aration of herbal hair
bidin, nimbolide,
y the formulated
and the various
part - For the
fresh neem leaves
d which are easily
re organic coconut
used as a base
The two herbs
were collected and
se two ingredients
hot coconut oil
1:2 as neem and
the two solutions
and further tests
- The prepared
to physical and
pared hair oil was
kin of hand and
5 min.
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
9
Color and odor - The product appear pale
yellow in color with a pleasant smell.
Test for pH value - The pH value of the
solution was measured by pH meter.
Saponification test - 0.5 N KOH solution
was prepared by dissolving the KOH pallets
in 95% of ethanol in stoppered volumetric
flask. Solution was kept overnight, filtered
it and standardized against 0.1 N oxalic
acid solution using phenolphthalein
indicator. In a 100 ml R.B. flask 0.5 to 0.7
gm of oil was accurately weighed and then
50 ml of standardized 0.5 N alcoholic KOH
was added. The mixture was refluxed on
water bath till solution becomes clear (2 to
3 hours). The reaction mixture was cooled
and diluted to 250 ml in a volumetric flask
using distilled water. 25 ml of this diluted
solution/mixture was titrated against 0.1 N
oxalic acid solution using phenolphthalein
as an indicator.
Saponification value of oil is defined
as the number of milligrams of KOH
required to hydrolyse (saponify) 1 gm of an
oil or fat completely. It is an indication of
the average molecular weight of the oil or
fat and of the length of carbon chain of
fatty acid. When fat or oil is heated with
excess of KOH (alkali) it gets hydrolyses to
glycerol and potassium salt of fatty acid.
The prepared formulation is pale
yellow in color with a pleasant smell of the
ingredients. Biological testing of the oil did
not show any erythema or edema, allergic
reaction which conforms that the oil is
non-irritant to human skin. Results of the
further physical test are noted in the table
given below.
Parameters Inference
Color Pale yellow
Odor pleasant
pH 7.65
Saponification test 291.33
Sensitivity test No irritation
Irritation test No irritation
The results obtained for evaluation
tests are under specified limits and for
physical parameters like specific gravity,
pH, acid value, saponification values are
according to standard values. In biological
evaluation the test on human skin did not
show any allergy.
Conclusion - Prepared formulation of
herbal hair oil using ginger and neem was
found to have good activity against
dandruff without any type of skin irritation
or allergy.
References 1. C. Singla, S. Drabu and M. Ali,
International Res. J. Pharm., 2(3), 16
(2011).
2. P. S. Banerjee, M. Sharma and R. K.
Nema, J. Chem. and Pharm. Res., 1(1),
261 (2009).
3. T. U. K. Reddy, G. Sindhu, S. Rajesh,
and K. S. Sandhya Rani, Indo American
J. Pharm. Sci., 4(6), 1540 (2017).
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
10
Effect of Spraying Fermented Extract Amaranthus spinosus on
Growth of Green Gram ( Vigna radiata) - Pot Study
Ms. Krashna R. Laddha and Prof. Sonali N. Gawande
Department of Microbiology, Shri Radhakisan Laxminarayan Toshniwal College of Science, Akola,
444 001, INDIA
Pot culture evaluation revealed that there was significant increase in growth parameters of green gram
due to spraying with Amaranthus spinosus fermented extract (AFE) when compared with unfermented as
well as naturally fermented extracts. Cow urine and lactic acid bacteria used for the fermentation.
Amaranthus extract with cow urine resulted in highest value of parameters. Its spraying twice was the
best treatment resulting in highest values. Spraying green gram seedlings with AFE significantly increased
the plant height and number of plant leaves. The highest plant leaves and plant height was obtained by
spraying twice with Amaranthus extracts. Thus, present investigation brought out the potential of AFE in
augmenting the growth attributes in green gram.
Amaranthus spinosus is a very
common Indian plant known for its
medicinal properties and commonly known
as “Spiny Amaranth” or “Pig Weed”
cultivated throughout India, Sri Lanka and
distributed throughout the tropics and
warm temperate regions of Asia from
Japan to Indonesia, pacific islands and
Australia as a weed in cultivated as well as
fallow lands. It is known as the rich source
of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides,
phenolic acids, steroids, amino acids,
terpenoids, lipids, saponin, batalain,
β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, linoleic acid,
rutin, catechuic, tannins and cartenoids.
The juice of A. spinosus is used by tribal of
Kerala, India to prevent swelling around
stomach while the leaves are boiled
without salt and consumed for 2-3 days to
cure jaundice. It is used as anti-
inflammatory, antimalarial, antibacterial,
antimicrobial, antidiuretic, antiviral and
hepatic disorders. Amaranthus spinosus
plant is useful in juvenile hormone of
insects. So we are seeing that it is useful
for plants or not.
Cow urine has been used in ancient
times for curing many ailments of human
beings. It is important and essential part of
“Panchgavya Chikitsa”. Cow urine in
combination with the plant extracts is
used to prepare disinfectant which is
biodegradable and eco-friendly with good
antibacterial action. Majority of people in
India use cow urine to get rid of various
diseases due to its therapeutic values. Cow
urine has several biological activities such
as antioxidant, antidiabetic, antitumor and
antiprotozoal.
Green gram (Vigna radiata) is one
of the main pulse crops in India. United
Nations has declared 2016 as the
international year of pulses (IYP-2016).
Fermentation with microorganisms
is known to yield high value products from
raw or low grade substrates. Fermentation
breaks down or converts the undesirable
substrates into compatible components
mediated by microbial enzymes, thereby
improving the substrates via production
and enrichment of bioactive compound.
Fermentation was carried out using
Lactobacillus sporogenes.
Hence, an attempt was made to
ferment Amaranthus spinosus using lactic
acid bacterial (LAB) isolates and to study
effect of fermented products on growth
and yield of green gram under pot cultures.
The materials used in present pot
study include Amaranthus spinosus
explants, fresh cow urine, pots, soil, green
gram, distilled water etc. and the steps
involved were as follows.
• Collection of plant Amaranthus spinosus
from market.
• Washing of plant Amara
with distilled water (three ti
• Extraction of the plant lea
• 30% fermentation of ext
cow urine (five Days).
• Spraying of extract
concentrations (5, 10, 15 ml
• Observation of effect
growth of green gram.
The Amaranthus sp
(30%) was prepared and
fermentation with cow ur
selected lactic acid bacteria
separately for five days and
Treatment
AFE fermented extract
AFE fermented extract
AFE fermented extract
NFE fermented extract
NFE fermented extract
NFE fermented extract
Amaranthus extract fresh
Amaranthus extract fresh
Amaranthus extract fresh
Cow urine fresh
Cow urine fresh
Cow urine fresh
Control pot
Conclusion - Amaranthus
effect on the growth of pla
useful to treat various disea
inflammatory, antidiabetic a
InfoSCIENCE, Volum
aranthus spinosus
e times).
t leaves.
extract with 70 ml
act of different
5 ml)
ct of extract on
s spinosus extract
and subjected to
urine using two
terial (LAB) isolates
and the fermented
extract filtrate were use
the pot. On first and seco
8 days of sowing) follow
observed.
Quantity
(ml)
Plant height after
1st
/2nd
spraying (cm)
No. of
after
1st
2nd
1st
5 6 6 75
10 7.5 7.5 80
15 9 9 85
5 5 5 68
10 6 6 72
15 8 8 85
5 5 5 83
10 6.5 6.5 82
15 7.5 7.5 85
5 5 5 70
10 7.5 7.5 85
15 9 9 90
--- 8.5 8.7 70
plants have its
f plants. These are
iseases. It has anti-
tic and antioxidant
properties. Study of Am
plays an important role in
of plant growth promoter
olume-01, No.-01, 2019
11
used for spraying in
econd spraying (after
llowing results were
. of leaves per plant
fter 1st
/2nd
spraying st
2nd
75 80
80 82
85 88
68 71
72 75
85 75
83 85
82 90
85 88
70 85
85 84
90 87
70 75
Amaranthus plant
le in the development
oter.
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
12
References 1. A. Sharma, R. A. Sharma and H. Singh,
Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 20(1), 120
(2013).
2. M. L. Pathak and A. Kumar, Sachitra
Ayurveda, 5, 56 (2003).
3. K. Sharma, R. Rajesh, R. S. Chauhan
and T. Simmi, Int. J. Cow Sci., 1, 1
(2005).
4. R. P. Kumar, Int. J. Res. Pharm. Chem.,
4(3), 643 (2014).
5. A. O. Olumyaokun, R. O. Babatunde
and O. E. Temitope, Pharm. Bio., 42(7),
521 (2004).
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
13
Dust Settler - An Economic Homemade Instrument, A Noble Approach
to Reduce the Rate of Pollution Level in the Atmosphere
Ms. Yoshita K. Veera and Prof. Shailesh R. Jaiswal
Department of Physics, Shri Radhakisan Laxminarayan Toshniwal College of Science, Akola,
444 001, INDIA
Though the market is providing a great range of cleansing gadgets e.g. anti-smog guns, air purifier,
pollution absorb tower etc. but all the above gadgets cost minimum 20 to 25 lakhs. Everyone cannot
afford such devices in their societies or surroundings. This study is about a device i.e. dust settler which
can actually control the pollution rate to a greater extent. Dust settler is the best and cost effective
solution for increased pollution rate.
To reduce smog level in the
atmosphere, dust settler can be used. A
high pressure steam is created in the dust
settler system, which when released with
maintained pressure settles down the dust
and the pollution level can be reduced. The
same device can be used with some
modifications in various applications such
as steam cleaning, steam humidification,
steam baths etc.
We all are quite aware of the
pollution at Delhi and many other polluted
cities like Mumbai, Pune etc. These cities
are suffering from smog and smoke
problems. In winter days, due to pollution
smog and smoke are created on a high
level. To reduce this smog, big anti-smog
guns are being used. But it covers very less
radius of only 50 meters. Everyone cannot
afford it. Its minimum cost is about 20 to
25 lakh. Dust settler is most beneficial
device to solve this problem and its costing
is just about 5 hundred.
Most powerful source of energy on
the earth is steam energy. It is used for the
domestic purposes, electricity generation,
cleaning, concrete treatment, agriculture
etc. Dust settler works on the principle of
the steam power.
The materials used were coal
burner, cooker, pressure cork, excess
pressure release cork and pipe etc.
In this system of a dust settler, a
coal burner was used to provide heat
energy to the system. At maintained
temperature, a high pressure steam was
generated and then fine droplets of water
in the form of steam were released to
settle down the dust.
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
14
Dust settler was found to be used to
settle the dust, as steam guns, as steam
baths, for steam cleaning, steam
humidification, steam moisturization,
generation of electricity or as motive fluid
and propulsion/drive. It is home-made,
portable and cost effective. It saves the
electricity and can be best used in winters.
Conclusion - To reduce the increasing
pollution level dust settler device will be
most beneficial. It is cost effective and
portable.
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
15
Assessment of Ground Water Quality of Some Villages in Akola
District for Irrigation Purpose
Mr. Balraj B. Khurania and Dr. Pradip P. Deohate
Department of Chemistry, Shri Radhakisan Laxminarayan Toshniwal College of Science, Akola,
444 001, INDIA
Assessment of ground water quality of Gram Kharap, Kapshi, Keliveli, Shivar and Bhourad of Akola district
of Maharashtra, India for irrigation purpose was carried out to determine the factors that regulate
ground water quality. In the month of September-2018, five ground water samples from open wells were
assessed for parameters i.e. temperature, colour, pH, EC, alkalinity, chloride, sulphate, calcium,
magnesium, sodium, potassium, TDS, COD, DO and BOD. Using SSP and SAR criteria, sodium hazard
associated with the irrigation water was evaluated. Results were compared with Bureau of Indian
Standards (BIS) limits. Based on the irrigation quality parameters, most of the samples were found to be
suitable for irrigation.
Water is the most essential and
prime necessity of life. Ground water
makes up about 20% of the world’s fresh
water supply. Water is the major source for
irrigation in India. Quality of irrigation
water is a crucial factor for long term soil
productivity. Good quality water has
potential to cause maximum yield whereas
poor can develop various soil and cropping
problems. Poor quality water may affect
irrigated crops by causing accumulation of
salts in root zone, by causing loss of
permeability of soil due to excess Na and
Ca leaching or by containing pathogens and
contaminants which are directly toxic to
plants or to consumers. Contaminants in
irrigation water may accumulate in the soil
and after a period of years render the soil
unfit for agriculture. Sources of ground
water are infiltration galleries/wells,
springs, open/dug/tube wells etc.
Quality of irrigation water is mostly
judged by some determining factors such
as soluble sodium percentage (SSP) and
sodium absorption ratio (SAR). It also
depends upon temperature, colour,
hydrogen ion concentration (pH), electrical
conductivity (EC), alkalinity (HCO32-, CO3
2-,
OH-), chloride (Cl-), sulphate (SO42-),
calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), sodium
(Na+), potassium (K+) present in water.
Total dissolved solids (TDS), chemical
oxygen demand (COD), dissolved oxygen
(DO) and biological oxygen demand (BOD)
also affects the quality of water.
SSP = [Na+]
[Ca2++Mg2++Na++K+]x 100
SAR = [Na+]
[Ca2++Mg2+] / 2
In present work assessment of
ground water quality of some villages in
Akola district for irrigation purpose was
carried out in the month of September-
2018. Instruments used were conductivity
meter, flame photometer,
spectrophotometer, colorimeter, pH-
meter, digital thermometer, hot air oven,
incubator etc. All weighings were done on
electronic balance. Reagents and chemicals
used were of AR grade.
Study area - Ground water of agricultural
land of Gram Kharap, Kapshi, Keliveli,
Shivar and Bhourad, Akola district,
Vidarbha, Maharashtra, India.
Collection of irrigation water samples -
Glass bottles with leak proof cap were
thoroughly cleaned before sampling. Water
samples from wells were collected directly
from pump discharge after pumps have
been run for 20 to 30 min. Bottles were
properly marked, labelled and brought to
laboratory. Few parameters like
temperature, colour etc. were measured at
the spot.
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
16
Methods - Titrimetric and instrumental.
Parameters like temperature, EC,
alkalinity, chloride, sulphate, calcium,
magnesium, sodium, potassium, COD, DO
and BOD of all samples were found to be in
desirable and permissible limit. Chlorides
and TDS of water sample W-01 were found
to be much more. Most of the water
samples were found to be acidic in nature
(Table-1 to 5).
Almost all water samples were
found to be suitable for irrigation purpose.
Table 1 : Assessment of ground water quality of irrigation water samples W-01 to W-05
Table 2: Water classes based on EC (US Salinity Laboratory)
Table 3: Water classes based on concentration of chloride
Parameters Ions BIS limits Results
W-01 W-02 W-03 W-04 W-05
Temperature --- 400C 26.2 28.1 29.0 29.1 27.8
Colour --- --- ----- Colourless and Transparent -----
pH --- 6.5 to 8.5 6.87 6.93 6.60 6.73 6.99
EC (Soluble salts) --- 3000 μS/cm 1580 750 960 1240 850
Alkalinity HCO3
2-, CO
3
2-, OH
- 40 meq/lit 9.44 6.00 9.52 7.48 7.04
Chloride Cl- 6 meq/lit 11.21 5.62 2.20 5.91 2.30
Sulphate SO4
2- 3.5 meq/lit 0.12 0.04 0.02 0.08 0.06
Calcium Ca2+
5 meq/lit 5.0 3.1 3.9 4.8 4.1
Magnesium Mg2+
4 meq/lit 4.0 1.5 2.3 3.1 1.3
Sodium Na+ 8.5 meq/lit 1.00 1.17 0.69 0.60 1.30
SSP Excellent, <20 9.98 20.10 10.01 7.05 19.40
SAR Excellent, <10 0.47 0.77 0.39 0.30 0.79
Potassium K+ 2.5 meq/lit 0.02 0.05 --- --- ---
TDS --- 600 mg/lit 1400 500 400 600 300
COD --- 250 mg/lit 132 116 144 96 148
DO --- 10 mg/lit 2.28 1.84 2.60 2.80 2.56
BOD --- 30 mg/lit 0.52 0.72 1.20 0.24 0.40
Class Water Quality EC (μS/cm) Suitability
C1
C2
C3
C4
Low salinity
Medium salinity
High salinity
Very high
salinity
< 250
250 to 750
750 to 2250
> 2250
Suitable for most soil
Suitable for moderate drainage soil
Unsuitable for restricted drainage soil
Unsuitable for irrigation under average conditions
Class Water Quality Chloride (meq/lit) Sulphate (meq/lit)
C1
C2
C3
Excellent
Good to injurious
Injurious to unsuitable
< 2
2 to 6
> 6
< 4
4 to 12
> 12
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
17
Table 4: Water classes based on SSP (US Salinity Laboratory)
Table 5: Water classes based on SAR (US Salinity Laboratory)
References 1. O. P. Verma, B. Khanan and S. Shukla,
J. Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 3(3), 1531 (2012). 2. P. Gupta and M. Vishwakarma, Int. J.
Theor. & Appl. Sci., 1(2), 27 (2009).
3. T. B. Bhattacharya and N. Tuck, Int.
Res. J. Env. Sci., 19(1), 28 (2012).
4. S. M. Shah and N. J. Mistry, J. World
Acad. Sci. Engg. & Tech., 7(7), 1902
(2013).
5. P. Joshi and K. M. Kulkarni, J. Ecobio.,
24(4), 313 (2009).
6. A. J. Dhembare, J. Arch. Appl. Sci. Res.,
4(1), 348 (2012).
7. P. K. Chhonkar, S. P. Datta and H.
Pathak, J. Sci. & Ind. Res., 59, 350 (2000).
8. R. P. Jangir and B. S. Yadav, J. Sci. &
Ind. Res., 70, 622 (2011).
9. Z. Zouyban, J. Engg. Tech. & Appl. Sci.,
2(1), 7 (2012).
10. S. Susheela and K. Jagadish, J. Earth
Sci. & Geotech. Engg., 4(2), 91 (2014).
11. S. K. Pund and S. Tiwari, J. Nature &
Sci., 7(1), 1545 (2009).
Class Water Quality SSP
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
Excellent
Good
Permissible
Doubtful
Unsuitable
< 20
20 to 40
40 to 60
60 to 80
> 80
Class Water Quality SAR Suitability
S1
S2
S3
S4
Low sodium
Medium sodium
High sodium
Very high sodium
< 10
10 to 18
18 to 26
> 26
Suitable for most soil
Suitable for coarse soil
Unsuitable for coarse soil
Unsuitable for most soil
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
18
Production of Handmade Paper from Cotton Rags
Mr. Akhilesh A. Puranik, Dr. Sudhir R. Kohchale and Dr. Sushil M. Nagrale
Department of Zoology, Shri Radhakisan Laxminarayan Toshniwal College of Science, Akola,
444 001, INDIA
Production of handmade paper from cotton rags by developing appropriate pulping and paper making
techniques can be used to reduce the amount of paper waste generated by offices, reduce the demand
for paper made from virgin wood fiber, to save our planet earth from global warming, greenhouse effect,
to stop deforestation and to save our forest reserves. Recycling one ton of paper can save 17 trees, 26497
litre of water, 1438 litre of oil, 3.3 cubic yards of landfill space and 4000 KW of energy.
The raw material i.e. cotton rags
can be used for the production of
handmade paper by developing
appropriate techniques of pulping and
paper making. These techniques can be
used for minimizing the paper waste
generated in offices, to reduce the demand
for paper which is made from virgin wood
fiber, to prevent the earth from global
warming, greenhouse effect and also to
stop the deforestation and to save forest
reserves.
The recycling of paper conserves
natural resources as well as save energy. It
reduces greenhouse gas emissions and
keeps landfill space free for other types of
trash that can’t be recycled. Recycling of
one ton of paper can be used to save the
17 trees, 26497 litre of water, 1438 litre of
oil, 3.3 cubic yards of landfill space and
4000 KW of energy which is enough to
power the average Indian home for about
4 months and reduce greenhouse gas
emissions by 1 metric ton of carbon
equivalent.
Benefits of paper recycling
• Use of non wood materials.
• Save trees.
• Pollution free method.
• Use of solar energy.
• Acid free technique.
• Higher tensile, bursting, tearing and
double fold strength as compared to
mill made paper.
• Fine and elegant quality of paper.
Steps involved in paper making
The steps involved in paper making
are rags sorting, rags cutting, pulping,
paper making, paper drying, paper cutting.
Rags sorting - Basic raw material for paper
making is cotton rags. Cotton rags are
waste material from hosiery mills. In rags
sorting unwanted material like button,
hooks, elastic, plastic is removed manually
and only good quality rags are used for
next process.
Rags cutting - Cotton hosiery which comes
from mills is not available in uniform length
so to avoid electric consumption these rags
are chopped into small pieces.
Pulping - In this process pulp is made by
using grinder. Required quality of pulp with
chemicals is made by using this process.
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
19
Paper making - In this process paper is
made by hand by using vat machine with
teak wood frame and screen.
Paper drying - In this process wet papers
are put for drying using wire ropes and
clips under roof.
Paper cutting - In this process paper is cut
in required size using paper cutting
machine.
Seed paper - Plantable paper is a
biodegradable eco-paper that is made with
post-consumer materials (no trees harmed
for this paper) and embedded with seeds.
When the paper is planted in a pot of soil,
the seeds grow and the paper composts
away. All that is left behind is flowers,
herbs or vegetables and no waste. The
seeds themselves can still germinate after
the papermaking process and they can
sprout when the paper is planted in soil.
Microcontroller Based
Ranging to Assist Blind
Mr. Yash D. Vidyasagar and ProDepartment of Electronics, Shri R
444 001, INDIA
Science is such a field of research wh
it makes our life easy. But what abo
project because this makes life of
Technology Eye enables the blind
accordingly. TechEye will prove to be
Currently blind people
huge problem when they are
place. They have stick in their
helps them a bit. But I modifie
and installed ultrasonic sensor
necessary hardware in it. Whi
blind person more efficiently a
sense the surrounding up to a
meters (which can be extende
need) and the device has pr
best assistant for the blind pe
the real time survey in blind sch
The TechEye enables
person the sense the surround
accordingly. Ones he/she sta
Block diagram of TechEye syst
Working of the system
The system works as giv
• So to help socially I
microcontroller based system.
uses Ultrasonic Waves to dete
around the blind person.
• When there is any kind of
front of the blind person
TechEye, the Ultrasonic Senso
the presence of the obstacle o
Then it calculates the relative d
the help of internal codin
produce different types of au
InfoSCIENCE, Volume
ed TechEye System for Obstacle De
ind Person
Prof. Ram G. Chavan
hri Radhakisan Laxminarayan Toshniwal College of
h which tends to make life of a human comfortable and
about these physically impaired people? I particularly c
of a blind person more efficient. My device TechEye
ind person to get known to his/her surroundings an
to be the best artificial assistant to that blind person.
ple are facing a
are in a public
heir hand which
dified that stick
nsors along with
Which helps the
tly and lets him
to a radius of 2
nded as per the
s proven as the
d person as per
d schools.
bles the blind
ounding and act
starts using it,
they feel no need of human
My first objective is
easy way of detecting obst
people, while walking. Seco
design a low cost i.e
instrument for the blind
they could afford. The d
instrument should be simp
and easy to use for the blin
instrument must give fairly a
while detecting the ob
instrument must work for a
the portable and rechargeab
lastly, the instrument must
and to the fullest possible ut
system for obstacle detection and ranging to assist
s given below.
I designed a
em. The system
detect obstacles
d of obstacle in
on holding the
nsor will detect
le or any object.
ive distance with
oding and will
f audio tones to
give audible alarm to the blin
• In this way a blind perso
system very accurately and e
References
1. D. Gadre, “Program
Customizing the AVR Micro
2. D. J. Pack, “Atmel AVR M
Primer: Programming and
3. “Introduction to AVR M
Atmega8, Atmega16, Atme
4. https://www.microchip.co
website, Atmel Corporatio
me-01, No.-01, 2019
20
Detection and
e of Science, Akola,
and less complicated,
rly came up with this
Eye which stands for
and he/she can act
an assistance.
e is to provide an
obstacles to blind
Secondly I had to
i.e. economical
nd people, which
e design of the
simple to operate
blind people. The
rly accurate results
obstacles. The
or a long time on
eable battery. And
ust work long life
e utility.
sist blind person
blind person.
erson can use this
nd effectively.
gramming and
Microcontroller”.
VR Microcontroller
and Interfacing”.
R Microcontrollers,
tmega32 (eBook)”.
ip.com/-dedicated
ration.
Arduino UNO Based A
Across U-Turn
Prof. Dattaraj S. Vidyasagar
Department of Electronics, Sh
444 001, INDIA
Where there is a U-turn either o
to accidents, particularly if the sp
horn and/light while taking the U
avoided using “Accident Avoiding
the typical use of Arduino UNO d
lamp driver circuits and two read
The setup of this s
understood with the help
diagram. Here consider on
mountainous area. The traff
both sides of the road an
disciplined system of traffi
traffic.
Suppose one ve
approaching from bottom
the U-turn and another
approaching from top roa
U-turn simultaneously. Ther
Ultrasonic
Sensor-Bsens
interfac
trigger pulse
echo
pulse
Ultrasonic
Sensor-ASens
interfac
trigger
pulse
echopulse
Block diagram of Arduino UNO
InfoSCIENCE, Volum
d Accident Avoiding System in Mou
gar and Prof. Rajesh D. Chaudhari
s, Shri Radhakisan Laxminarayan Toshniwal College
er on a ground level road or in mountainous area, the p
e speed of vehicles is more, banking of the road is mor
he U-turn on such places. However, the road accidents o
iding System in Mountainous Area Across U-Turn”. The s
NO dev. board along with two ultrasonic sensors, senso
read lamp posts on opposite sides of the U-turn area on
is system can be
help of following
r one U-turn in a
traffic may be from
d and there is no
raffic like one-way
vehicle (A) is
tom road towards
er vehicle (B) is
road towards the
There are two RED
lamp posts fixed at the
U-turn, as shown abov
controlled by sensor-A and
controlled by sensor-B.
vehicles will pass in-fron
the sensor system will
respective Redpost-1 or R
For example, sup
detected by sensor-A, the
the Redpost-1, i.e. th
opposite side of U-turn.
visual alarm to the vehic
other side of the mount
way, vehicle-B will be det
and it will switch on the R
lamppost on opposite sid
This will give a visual alarm
coming from other side of
sensor
nterface-B
Arduino UNO
Dev.Board
A0
an
alo
g
inp
ut
Sensor nterface-A
Lamp Post
DriverCircuit-B
Lamp Post
DriverCircuit-A
D0
dig
ita
l o
utp
ut
A1
an
alo
g
inp
ut
D1
dig
ital
ou
tpu
t
UNO based accident avoiding system in mountainous
olume-01, No.-01, 2019
21
ountainous Area
llege of Science, Akola,
the place becomes prone
more or non-signalling of
nts on such places can be
he suggested system use
ensor interfacing circuits,
on such places.
the starting points of
above. Redpost-1 is
and the Redpost-2 is
B. Whenever the
front of the sensors,
will switch ON the
or Redpost-2.
suppose vehicle-A is
, then it will switch on
the lamppost on
urn. This will give a
ehicle-B coming from
ountain. In the same
detected by sensor-B
the Redpost-2 i.e. the
e side of the U-turn.
alarm to the vehicle-A
e of the mountain.
Redpost-1
Redpost-2
ous area across U-turn
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
22
Brief working of the system
The working of the system can be
understood by considering two possible
conditions.
1. Only vehicle-A is approaching: In this
case, the US sensor-A will detect the
presence of the vehicle. It will send an
echo pulse to the sensor interface circuit-A.
Then the detected signal will be processed
inside the Arduino UNO dev. board as per
the stored code of the system and will
trigger the Lamp Post Driver Circuit-A. This
will switch on the Redpost-1 to give a visual
alarm on the other side of the mountain.
2. Only vehicle-B is approaching: In this
case, the US sensor-B will detect the
presence of the vehicle. It will send an
echo pulse to the sensor interface circuit-B.
Then the detected signal will be processed
inside the Arduino as per the stored code
of the system and it will trigger the Lamp
Post Driver Circuit-B. So the Redpost-1 will
be switched on to give a visual alarm on
the other side of the mountain.
References
1. J. Blum, “Exploring Arduino: Tools and
Techniques for Engineering Wizardry”,
Wiley Publishers, CA, USA.
2. R. Anderson and D. Cervo, “Pro Arduino:
Arduino Expert Topics and Techniques”,
A press Publishers, NY 10013, USA.
3. S. Panchal, “Mastering Arduino from
Beginners to Core Advance: Learning the
Concept of Physical Computing and
Embedded System”, Kindle Edition,
Amazon.com.
4. www.arduino.cc - dedicated website,
Arduino Inc. Creative Commons.
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
23
Proficiency Test of OPCW and Role of Chemical Weapons Convention
in the World of Humanity
Prof. Vinod D. Deotale
Department of Chemistry, Shri Radhakisan Laxminarayan Toshniwal College of Science, Akola,
444 001, INDIA
The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which came into force in 1997, prohibits the development,
production, stockpiling and use of chemical weapons, it plays important role in international safety and
security, in present scenario CWC as a tool for combating chemical terrorism. Organization of Prohibition
of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is technical part of CWC, which technically empowered to the laboratories.
Laboratory gets OPCW designation after accreditation from their respective national body. Getting and
maintaining the designation status of the laboratory and thus will help the country to have a designated
lab for OPCW activities. Safe multistep synthetic capability, analytical skill and advanced sophisticated
spectroscopic instruments makes capable to the laboratory to recognize by OPCW.
Chemical weapons are not new to
mankind and use of poisons is known since
ancient and medieval times. In 1675 of
French-German agreement decided not to
use poisons bullets in war. However, with
development of science, large-scale
production of toxic industrial chemicals
had become feasible. The Brussels
convention on the law and customs of war
(1874) prohibited the employment of
poisons or poisoned weapons and this was
followed by an agreement at the
international peace conference held in The
Hague in 1899 not to use projectiles filled
with chemicals. However, in World War I,
nearly 100,000 tons of chemicals, such as
chlorine, mustard gas and phosgene, were
diploid to kill soldier and civilians, and this
resulted in about 90,000 deaths and over a
million causalities. The horrors of World
War I made every country to think
seriously about prohibiting the use toxic
chemicals in war and this led to the 1925
Geneva Protocol for the Prohibition of the
use of Asphyxiating, poisonous or other
gases and bacteriological methods of
warfare. However the Geneva Protocol
only bans the use of toxic chemicals in war
but does not prohibit the development,
production or possession of such
chemicals. Many states who had signed the
Geneva Protocol had the option of using
them still against countries who had not
signed the protocols. After the World War
II, the Biological Weapons Convention was
initiated and made available for ratification
in the year 1972 and came in to force in
1975. The signatories of the convention
also committed themselves to evolve a
treaty for the prohibition of chemical
weapons. The Chemical Weapons
Convention (CWC) treaty was finalized in
the year 1992 and it prohibits the
development, production, stockpiling and
use of chemical weapons. The CWC treaty
was made open to all the countries in the
following year and came in force in the
Figure 1 : Depiction of the soman
conjugate of acetylcholinesterase. Nerve agents like soman inhibit the normal
actions of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme
crucial to nervous systems (Protein Data Bank
Structure 2WFZ).
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
24
year 1997. Till 2016, all countries except
four have ratified this treaty. The state
parties who are signatories of the CWC
have to destroy all the stockpile of
chemical weapons by the year 2007. The
Organization for the Prohibition of
Chemical Weapons (OPCW) was
established at The Hague, The Netherlands
for the implementing the CWC. OPCW is an
international organization in area of arms
control and disarmaments dealing the
chemicals. It oversees the destruction of
stockpiles of chemical weapons and also
plays a major role in the case of alleged use
of toxic chemicals by any country.
Figure 2 : Old chemical munitions (Pierre
Bogaert, SID, Belgium)
One of the obligations of the OPCW
is to designate laboratories from the
member states for the off-site analysis of
chemical weapons and their degradation
products. In this context OPCW has
evolved Proficiency Testing (PT) schemes
with the help of many developed
countries. The purpose of the scheme is to
select, certify and train highly competent
laboratories for the analysis of chemicals
covered under CWC in different matrices at
trace levels. A brief summary of these test
in discussed here.
According to the CWC the potential
chemicals warfare agents and their
precursors have been classified into three
schedules of chemicals.
Schedule 1 includes chemicals that
are developed, produced, stockpiled or
used mainly for purposes other than
peaceful. They are highly toxic and some
examples are the nerve agents such as
Serine, Soman, Tabun, VX, and the blister
agents such as Sulphur Mustards, Nitrogen
Mustards and Lewisites. Schedule 1.A.1
includes approximately 24,000 compounds
and general formula is O-Alkyl (≤C10, incl.
cycloalkyl) alkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr)-
phosphonofluoridates. Schedule 1.A.2
includes approximately 60,000 chemical
compounds and general formula is O-Alkyl
(≤C10, incl. cycloalkyl) N,N-dialkyl (Me, Et,
n-Pr or i-Pr)-phosphoramidocyanidates.
Schedule 1.A.3 includes approximately
2400,000 chemical compounds and general
formula is O-Alkyl (H or ≤C10, incl.
cycloalkyl) S-2-dialkyl (Me, ET, n-Pr or i-Pr)-
aminoethyl alkyl (Me, ET, n-Pr or i-Pr)-
phosphonothiolates and corresponding
alkylated or protonated salts. Schedule
1.B.10 includes approximately 2400,000
chemical compounds and general formula
is O-Alkyl (H or ≤C10, incl. cycloalkyl) O-2-
dialkyl (Me, ET, n-Pr or i-Pr)-aminoethyl
alkyl alkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr or i-Pr)-
phosphonites and corresponding alkylated
or protonated salts.
Schedule 2 lists toxic chemicals that
are Amiton, PFIB and BZ, plus degradation
products and precursors of toxic chemicals
contained in Schedule 1 and 2. Schedule
2.B.4 compounds are millions. Chemicals
except for those listed in Schedule 1,
containing a phosphorous atom to which is
bonded one methyl, ethyl or propyl
(normal or iso) group but not further
carbon atoms such as methylphosphonyl
dichloride, dimethylphosphonate.
Schedule 3 lists four toxic chemicals
and thirteen precursors that are not listed
in the other two schedules and are
generally produced in large quantities for
purposes not prohibited under CWC such
as phosgene (COCl2), chloropicrin
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
25
(CCl3NO2), cyanogens chloride (ClCN) and
hydrogen cyanide (HCN).
Any laboratory who is seeking
designation status should be capable of
analyzing the above said compounds in
trace level (5-10 parts per million) and in
presence of various interfering matrices
such as mineral oil, sand, water, paints,
solvents, plastic materials, etc. The data
should be generated and reported within
15 calendar days as per the approved
guidelines and it should be unambiguous.
In order to fulfill these criteria and give
designation status to interested
laboratories, OPCW conducts two
proficiency test every year with the help of
designated laboratories, strictly following
the approved guidelines. Sample
preparation laboratory spikes the schedule
compounds, degradation products and
precursor in three different matrices at
1-10 nppm level. The spiking compounds
are selected based on the advice of OPCW.
In order to duplicate the scenario and also
to make the test more challenging,
masking chemicals such as diesel, poly
ethylene glycol and other similar chemicals
are also added in the matrices. Control
matrices with or without masking
chemicals for each matrices are also made
by the sample preparation laboratory. The
sample preparation laboratory also carries
out stability studies on the test samples. In
general three matrices are selected for
each test and different nature and number
of test chemicals are spiked. The number
and nature of test chemicals added to the
matrices are not known to the participating
laboratories. The day on which a
participating laboratory receives the
samples is taken as the starting day for the
corresponding laboratory. Each
participating laboratory has to complete
the analysis of the test samples within 15
days and send the report latest by 15th day
from the date of receipt of the samples.
The reports are evaluated by the
evaluating laboratory strictly following the
approved guidelines. A participating
laboratory gets ‘A’ grade when it identifies
all the spiked chemicals correctly with
sufficient analytical data. It gets ‘B’ grade
one of the spiking chemicals is not
identified. If two or upto less than half the
number of spiking chemicals are not
identified then the laboratory gets ‘C’
grade. If at least half of the chemicals are
not identified then the laboratory gets ‘D’
grade. ‘F’ grade is given to the laboratory
which reports an irrelevant chemical or a
false positive chemical or no report has
been submitted within the test timeline.
Sufficient analytical data is essential for
scoring. Identification compounds has to
be supported by at least two analytical
techniques such as, gas chromatography
(GC), high pressure liquid chromatography
(HPLC), mass spectrometry (MS), GC-EIMS,
GC-CIMS, NMR Spectroscopy, IR
spectroscopy, etc. Approved analytical data
provided by OPCW for different technique
can be used for comparison of the data
generated for the spiked chemical. If data
are not available then one has to
synthesize the suspect compound within
the test timeline and prove its structure
beyond doubt. A laboratory which receives
three consecutive ‘A’ grades or two ‘A’ and
one ‘B’ grade can apply for designation
status after getting accreditation from their
respective national body.
References
1. A. Verweij, C. E. A. M. Degenhardt and
H. L Boter, Chemosphere., 8, 115
(1979).
2. A. Kuksis and Vswakarma, Can. J.
Biochem. Physiol., 41, 2353 (1963).
3. L. Konopski, P. Liu, W. Wuryani and M.
Uliwakowski, The Scientific World J.,
542357, 25 (2014).
4. P. A. D’Agostino, J. R. Hancock and C. L.
Chenier, “Technical Report, DRDC
Suffield TR”, 097 (2005).
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
26
5. I. Jane and B. B. Wheals, J. Chromatogr.,
70, 151 (1972).
6. OPCW, The Hague, The Netherlands,
Fact sheet 4 (2017).
7. “Handbook - Chemical weapons
convention for Indian chemical
industry and chemical traders”,
Department of Chemicals and
Petrochemicals, Ministry of Chemicals
and Fertilizers, Govt. of India, New
Delhi (2010).
8. A. Lele “Challenges for the Chemical
Weapons Convention (CWC)”, Strategic
Analysis, 35(5), 752 (2011).
9. E. R. J. Wils and A. G. Hulst, J.
Chromatogr., 523, 151 (1990).
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
27
Significance of Pollen Study
Dr. Anjali A. Sangole
Department of Botany, Shri Radhakisan Laxminarayan Toshniwal College of Science, Akola,
444 001, INDIA
Pollen is the most known and remarkable subject of study. Through microscope, the individual grains of
pollen from different species can look like soccer balls, sponges, padded cushions, coffee beans or burr
balls from the sweetgum tree. Palynology is a useful tool for survey of atmospheric pollen and spore
production and dispersal, study of human allergies, archaeological excavation of shipwrecks and detailed
analysis of animal diets. Entomopalynology is the study of pollen found on the body or in the gut of
insects. Forensic palynology is used by Crime Scene Investigators around the world. The first time police
used pollen to solve a crime was in Austria in 1959.
Pollen is merely the best known
subject of study and the most remarkable.
Under a microscope, the individual grains
of pollen from different species can look
like soccer balls, sponges, padded cushions,
coffee beans or burr balls from the
sweetgum tree. Pollen surfaces are
covered with intricate geometric patterns,
all spikes, warts and reticulations. Pollen
has a sturdy, cuticular outer wall, called the
exine, and a delicate cellulose inner wall,
the intine. Both serve to protect the sperm
nucleus on the sometimes harrowing trip
by way of a bats nose or honey bees hind
end, from the male anther to the female
stigma (the spikes and the other surfaces
ornaments help the pollen hang on but
other kinds of pollen have wing like
structure for riding on the wind). The intine
soon decays. The exine not only survives this
trip, but if buried quickly, can last almost
forever, preserve in the fossil records.
The science of interpreting this
evidence is called palynology, from the
Greek meaning “the study of scattered
dust”. Because this branch of science also
encompasses spores, cysts and other
microscopic residues of ferns, fungi,
mosses, algae and even some animals. As
scientific evidence, pollen has the
advantage of being widely distributed,
produced in vast quantities “pollen rain”,
relatively easy for an expert to sort by
species and extraordinarily resistant to
decay.
Palynology is a useful tool in many
applications, including a survey of
atmospheric pollen and spore production
and dispersal (aerobiology), in the study of
human allergies, the archaeological
excavation of shipwrecks and detailed
analysis of animal diets. Entomopalynology
is the study of pollen found on the body or
in the gut of insects. It is useful for
determining insect feeding and migratory
habits, especially as it involves
economically important insects (as the boll
weevil or earwigs). Forensic palynology or
the use of pollen analysis in the solving of
crimes is used by Crime Scene Investigators
around the world.
The first time police used pollen to
solve a crime was in Austria in 1959. A
forensic scientist studying the mud on a
murder suspect’s boot found what turned
out to be a 20-million-year-old pollen grain
from a hickory tree. That species no longer
grew in Austria then but investigators were
able to locate a Miocene sediment outcrop
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
28
on the Danube River, from which such a
pollen grain could have become recycled
into the environment.
But for an impressive, if less
sensational, variety of purposes other than
forensics, pollen analysis has become a
standard tool. Government agencies
analyse the pollen content of fake Viagra
and other prescription drugs to determine
where they came from. Museums use
pollen to authenticate paintings by master
artists. Oil companies study fossil pollen to
locate hydrocarbon deposits.
Archaeologists study pollen to learn how
ancient human communities used plants,
and even the seasons at which they
occupied a particular site. Paleobotanists
study pollen evidence to reconstruct
former environments, thousands or even
millions of years into the past.
What studying pollen gives
scientists, in other words, is the means to
do what the poet William Blake once has
imagined -
To see a world in a grain of sand,
And a heaven in wild flower,
Hold infinity in the palm of your hand,
And eternity in an hour
Morning glory of Ipomea Sp.
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
29
Insect World - Diversity of Insects Thrips
Dr. Sushil M. Nagrale
Department of Zoology, Shri Radhakisan Laxminarayan Toshniwal College of Science, Akola,
444 001, INDIA
Thrips are minute insects which are usually a few millimeters long. It has fringed, banded wings as well as
asymmetrical sucking and piercing mouthparts in which only the left-hand side mandible is developed.
They enjoy a wide range of distribution, habits and ecological habitat most of them are phytophagous,
very few are predaceous feeding on mites, scales, pscoids and ericoccids respectively. While mycophagous
or fungus feeding thrips are more common. Order Thysanoptera divided into two suborders i.e.
Terebrantia and Tubulifera. The thrips shows many peculiarities in their behavior and life history.
Thrips are minute insects which are
usually a few millimeters long. In spite of
their small size, unattractive colouration
and obscure habit, thrips are endowed
with remarkable structural peculiarities
unobserved among the other insects. The
majority of the species has fringed, banded
wings as well as asymmetrical sucking and
piercing mouthparts in which only the left-
hand side mandible is developed.
They are distributed worldwide
predominating in tropical, subtropical, and
temperate regions. They enjoy a wide
range of distribution, habits and ecological
habitat. They occur on the tender,
succulent parts of the plants, or under the
barks of dead and drying twigs or among
decaying leaves of grass, feeding on fungus
spores and hypae. Some of them produce
and inhibit plant galls, while others are
inquilines living inside galls of thrips or
other insects. Though most of them are
phytophagous, very few are predaceous
feeding on mites, scales, pscoids and
ericoccids respectively. While mycophagous
or fungus feeding thrips are more
common. They feed on the spore of wheat
rust and coffee leaf rust and little other
plant infected fungus. A large number of
species are considered pest, because they
feed on plant with commercial value, while
some acts as a vectors of plants virus and
bacterial diseases. While some act as
predators of crop pests and also serve as
weed control agents.
In 1744, De Geer first described
these insects as Physapus, based on their
several unique and striking features, such
as nature of wing with long, fine fringes
along their margins, possessing
characteristic feeding apparatus, with a
striking asymmetry of component mouth
parts, vestigial right mandible, protrusible
bladder like structure at the end of tarsus
or physopoda, and the occurrence of a
prepupal stage during metamorphosis.
In 1836, Haliday ranked these
insects to the Order Thysanoptera, and
Linnaeus placed the species in a genus
called as Thrips. The species, however,
posses some common characteristics such
as fringed wings and bladder feet, which
have made them inclusion in the order
Thysanoptera, derived from the Greek
word meaning thysanos (fringe) and
pterons (wing). The common name thrips is
also derived from the Greek, meaning
wood louse. Other common names for
thrips include thunderflies, thunderbugs,
storm flies, thunderblight and corn lice.
Classification Diversity
Order Thysanoptera divided into two
suborders i.e. Terebrantia and Tubulifera.
Thrips belonging to Terebrantia posses a
distinct saw like ovipositor, fore wings
with a system of veins and sometime cross
veins, a distinct chaetotaxi and 2 to 8
segmented maxillary palp and the
maxillary stylate confined to the mouth
cone. Tubulifera are so called because the
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
30
10th abdominal segment is drawn into a
tube and in the species of this suborder the
ovipositor is internal and flexible structure.
The four wings without a system of veins,
cross veins and setae, the fringes nearly
straight, never wavy, maxillary palp always
two segmented and maxillary stylate always
retracted far back into head. Sigmoid setae
are also present on the abdominal tergites
to hold the wings while at rest.
The current list of the thrips in the
world contains about 7400 species and
1200 types are placed in a single order
Thysanoptera with nine families, eight of
these belonging to Terebrantia
(Uzelothripidae, Merothripidae,
Aeothripidae, Melanthripidae,
Adiheterothripiade, Faurillidae,
Heterothripidae, Thripidae) and Tubulifera
includes only a single family the
Phlaeothripidae. From India, more than
400 species of Thrips belonging to about
200 genera have so far been described by
various authors.
The suborder Tubulifera comprises
a single family, the Phlaeothripidae with
about 3500 described species, whereas the
suborder Terebrantia comprises about
2400 species in eight families.
Phlaeothripidae comprise two
subfamilies. The smaller subfamily,
Idolothripinae, includes fungal feeding
species which commonly exhibit
remarkable structural polymorphisms, both
within and between sexes, presumably
monophyletic, whereas Phlaeothripinae is
presumably paraphyletic with respect to
the larger group Species of Phlaeothripidae
are particularly diverse in their biologies. In
the Phlaeothripinae, are essentially fungus
feeders, presumably on fungal hyphae.
Whereas Idolothripinae are all considered
to feed on fungal spores having a
specialized spore-crushing device in foregut.
The morphosystematics of sub
family Idolothripinae comprise about 700
species in 160 genera, which have been
examined extensively. In contrast, the
relationships amongst the 2800 species
and 370 genera of sub family
Phlaeothripinae remain unclear.
Phlaeothripidae thrips shows various
stages of wing polymorphism.
Macropterous forms have long, fully
developed wings whereas micropterous
forms, which are rare, have shorter but
fully developed wings and brachypterous
forms always have wing pads representing
the fore wings but there may be no trace
left of the hind wings.
Morphological Diversity
In Thysanoptera, particularly in
Tubuliferan thrips oedymerism and
gynaecoidism types of structural variation
occur. Males tend to have a wider range of
atypical developmental variation than do
the females. Perhaps the female is less
subject to extraordinary body
development; in order that she may be
better able in disseminate eggs for the
assured continuance of the species.
Regardless of the reasons, females are
more often normal and winged. Individuals
are said to be minor forms if they are no
more developed than is the minimum for
the species. This is the normal form, the
gynaecoid form. A heavier, stouter-bodied
individual can be termed major form. In
particular the head, fore legs and
prothorax are greatly enlarged and
appendages or stout spines may develop
on various parts of the body including the
abdo men. These are the bizarre forms, the
oedymerous forms.
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
31
Behavioral and Life History
The thrips shows many peculiarities
in their behaviour and life history. These
thrips are found in leaf litter, on dead
branches, and on dead hanging leaves, and
the species on dead branches and in
bunches of dead leaves sometimes
produce colonies of hundreds of
individuals. Thrips are most diverse in
tropical areas, particularly the wet tropics,
and only a few species occur in temperate
parts of the world, and very few in arid
areas. Some of the larger species exhibit
sub-social behaviour, with males
competing with each other to protect
particular egg masses, and ovoviviparity
occurs in some species.
Most of the fungivorous thrips live
in aggregations. Eggs, young and adults
may be observed together, yet there does
not seem to be any social organization.
Perhaps in some of these groups
communication may be made by sounds
undetectable by the human ear. They are
very susceptible to environmental changes
and can survive only particular climatic or
microclimatic situation and requiring
proper conditions of the temperature and
humidity. Their abundance could be
correlated with types of plant formation
and food viability. Some time they undergo
hibernation or aestivation during their
developmental stages. Some species of
thrips also occurs on dead, decaying
vegetation and on the leaf litter surface.
Some species of thrips express a
specific matting behavior. In mating the
male grasps the female around the
pterothorax and mounts her. He then trails
his abdomen to one side. When in this
position both twist the terminal segments
of the abdomen sideways for copulation.
Except for a limited number of genera in
the Megathripinae (Idolothripinae), the
larvae hatch from deposited eggs. Few
genera related to Idolothripinae do not lay
eggs but give birth to active young.
References
1. T. N. Ananthakrishnan, Opusc.
Entomol. Suppl. 25, 1 (1964).
2. T. N. Anathakrishnan, Oriental Ins.,
2(1), 41 (1968).
3. T. N. Anathakrishnan, “Indian
Thysanoptera”, CSIR Zoological
Monograph No. 1 (1969).
4. T. N. Ananthakrishnan, “Bioecology of
Thrips”, Indira Publishing House, Oak
Park, Michigan (1984).
5. T. N. Anathakrishnan and S. Sen,
“Taxonomy of Indian Thysanoptera”,
Zoological Survey of India (Handbook
Series), 1, 1 (1980).
6. R. F. Chapman, “The Insects, Structure
and Functio”, University Press,
Cambride (1998).
7. S. Kumm, “Reproduction, Progenesis and
Embryogenesis of Thrips (Thysanoptera,
Insecta)”, Developmental Biology,
University of Halle-Wittenbreg, Halle
(2002).
8. T. Lewis, “Thrips as crop pests”, CAB
International, Owon, New York (1997).
9. L. A. Mound, “Biological Diversity. In:
Lewis, T. Thrips as Crop Pests”. CAB
International Oxon, New York (1997).
10. L. A. Mound, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 50,
247 (2005).
11. L. A. Mound, Zootaxa., 53, 1604 (2007).
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
32
Microwave Synthesis - A Potential Tool for Green Chemistry
Dr. Ashish G. Sarap
Department of Chemistry, Shri Radhakisan Laxminarayan Toshniwal College of Science, Akola,
444 001, INDIA
Ideally, the application of green chemistry principles and practices renders regulation, control, clean-up,
and remediation of the environment. Green chemistry can diminish the need for other approaches to
environmental protection. Basic principle behind the heating in a microwave oven resides to the
interaction of the charged particles of the reaction material with electromagnetic waves of particular
frequency. The phenomena of producing heat by electromagnetic irradiation are either by collision or by
conduction and sometimes even by both. All the wave energy changes its polarity from positive to
negative with each cycle of the wave. This causes a rapid orientation and reorientation of molecules,
resulting to heating by collision. Current microwave reactors are able to translate small scale microwave
chemistry from milligram or gram scale to multi-kilogram scale using batch or continuous-flow
processing. However, many of the benefits of small scale microwave chemistry are lost when the
processes performed in larger batch reactors.
Microwave irradiation (MWI) has
become an established tool in chemical
synthesis because of the rate
enhancements, higher yields and often
improved selectivity with respect to the
conventional reaction conditions. In recent
years, solvent free reactions using either
organic or inorganic solid supports have
received increasing attention. There are
several advantages of performing synthesis
in dry media, (1) short reaction times, (2)
increased safety, (3) economic advantages
due to the absence of solvent. In addition,
solvent free MWI processes are also clean
and efficient. Synthesis of new chemical
entities is a major bottleneck in drug
discovery. Conventional methods for
various chemical syntheses are very well
documented and practiced. The methods
for synthesis of chemical compounds have
continuously been modified throughout
the decades. Now a day’s the microwave
technique is considered as an important
approach toward green chemistry, because
this technique is more environment
friendly. This technology is still under-used
in the laboratory and has the potential to
have a large impact on the fields of
screening, combinatorial chemistry,
medicinal chemistry and drug
development. Due to its ability to couple
directly with the reaction molecule and
by-passing thermal conductivity leading to
a rapid rise in the temperature, microwave
irradiation has been used to improve many
organic syntheses.
The concepts of atom economy and
energy factors have eventually become
guiding 11 principles of green chemistry.
These are embodied in the “12 Principles
of Green chemistry” which are as follows -
• Prevention of waste
• Atom economy
• Less hazardous chemical syntheses
• Design safer chemicals
• Safer solvents and auxiliaries
• Design for energy efficiency
• Use renewable feedstocks
• Reduce derivatives
• Catalysis
• Design for degradation
• Real-time analysis for pollution
prevention
• Inherently safer chemistry for accident
prevention
Microwave heating and principle - The
basic principle behind the heating in a
microwave oven resides to the interaction
of the charged particles of the reaction
material with electromagnetic waves of
particular frequency. The phenomena of
producing heat by electromagnetic
irradiation are either by collision or by
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
33
conduction, sometimes even by both. All
the wave energy changes its polarity from
positive to negative with each cycle of the
wave. This causes a rapid orientation and
reorientation of molecules, resulting to
heating by collision. If the charged particles
of the material are free to travel through
the material (e.g. electron in a sample of
carbon), a current will be induced which
will travel in phase with the field. If the
charged particles are bound within regions
of the material, the electric field
component will cause them to move until
opposing force balances the electric force.
Microwave for synthesis - In 19th century
the Bunsen burner was later superseded by
the isomantle, oil bath or hot plate as a
source of applying heat to a chemical
reaction. In the past few years, heating
chemical reactions by microwave energy
has been an increasingly popular theme in
the scientific community. Since the first
published reports on the use of microwave
irradiation to carry out organic chemical
transformations by the groups of Gedye,
more than 5000 articles have been
published in this fast moving and exciting
field, today generally referred to as
microwave assisted organic synthesis. In
the early days of microwave synthesis,
experiments were typically carried out in
sealed Teflon or glass vessels in a domestic
household microwave oven without any
temperature or pressure measurements.
Kitchen microwave ovens are not designed
for the rigors of laboratory usage - acids
and solvents corrode the interiors quickly
and there are no safety controls. The
results were often violent explosions due
to the rapid uncontrolled heating of
organic solvents under closed vessel
conditions. In the 1990's several groups
started to experiment with solvent-free
microwave chemistry (so-called dry-media
reactions), which eliminated the danger of
explosions. Here, the reagents were pre
adsorbed onto either a more or less
microwave transparent inorganic support
(i.e., silica, alumina or clay) or a strongly
absorbing one (i.e., graphite) that
additionally may have been doped with a
catalyst or reagent. In many of the
published examples, microwave heating
has been shown to dramatically reduce
reaction times, increase product yields and
improve product purities by reducing
unwanted side reactions compared to
conventional heating methods. The
advantages of this enabling technology
have more recently, also been exploited in
the context of multistep total synthesis and
medicinal chemistry / drug discovery and
have additionally penetrated related fields
such as polymer synthesis, material
sciences, nanotechnology and biochemical
processes. The use of microwave
irradiation in chemistry has thus become
such a popular technique in the scientific
community that it might be assumed that,
in a few years, most chemists will probably
use microwave energy to heat chemical
reactions on a laboratory scale. The
statement that, in principle, any chemical
reaction that requires heat can be
performed under microwave conditions
has today been generally accepted as a fact
by the scientific community.
Perspectives - The term “Green Chemistry”
is defined as the invention, design and
application of chemical products and
processes to reduce or eliminate the use
and generation of hazardous substances.
Green chemistry can diminish the need for
other approaches to environmental
protection. Ideally, the application of green
chemistry principles and practices renders
regulation, control, clean-up, and
remediation of the environment. Thus its
benefits can be expressed in terms of
economic impact. Current microwave
reactors are able to translate small scale
microwave chemistry from milligram or
gram scale to multi-kilogram scale using
batch or continuous-flow processing.
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
34
However, many of the benefits of small
scale microwave chemistry are lost when
the processes performed in larger batch
reactors. The second disadvantage is
equipment cost. Although the cost of
microwave reactors have dramatically
reduced in recent years, the current price
range is still many times higher than that of
conventional heating equipment,
considerably limiting the uptake of this
valuable technology.
In the future, with lower costs,
microwave synthesizers will become an
integral part of and a standard technology
in most synthetic laboratories and will
continually make valuable impact on both
organic synthesis and drug discovery.
References 1. P. T. Anastas and J. C. Warner, “Green
Chemistry, Theory and Practices”,
Oxford University Press, Oxford (1998).
2. M. Lancaster, “Green Chemistry : An
Introductory Text”, The Royal Society
of Chemistry, London (2002).
3. A. K. Nagariya, A. K. Meena Kiran, A. K.
Yadav, U. S. Niranjan, A. K. Pathak, B.
Singh and M. M. Rao, J. Pharm. Res.,
3(3), 575 (2010).
4. F. Toda, Acc. Chem. Res., 28, 480 (1995).
5. M. Kidwai, R. Venkataraman and B.
Dave, Green Chem., 3, 278 (2001).
6. D. Stuerga and P. Gaillard., Tetrahedron,
52, 5505 (1996).
7. M. Kidwai and P. Sapra, Synthesis, 10,
1509 (2001).
8. M. Kidwai, Pure Appl. Chem., 73, 147
(2001).
9. M. Csiba, J. Cleophax, A. Loupy, J.
Malthete and S. D. Gero, Tetrahedron
Lett., 34, 1787 (1993).
10. R. S. Varma, R. K. Saini and R. Dahiya.,
Tetrahedron Lett., 38, 7823 (1997).
Acacia Arabica (Lam
Diseases
Dr. Pramod M. Khadse
Department of Botany, Shri
444 001, INDIA
Acacia is the most significant g
‘Babool’ in India and ethnomedi
and tooth problems. Its scienti
gomifera, babul, babul acacia, ar
acacia. Worldwide, there are rou
and rest of spread around tropi
genus were reported in India.
Acacia is the most si
of family : Leguminosae
described by Linnaeus in
estimated that there are
species of Acacia worldwid
third of them native to Austr
spread around tropical a
regions of the world (Mas
Gamble, (1918) have repor
40 species of this genus in In
of Madras Presidency'.
Acacia species a
known as ‘Babool’ in
ethnomedicinally have long
the treatment of skin, sexua
tooth problems. Acacia nil
syn. Acacia arabica
(Mimosaceae) commonly kn
InfoSCIENCE, Volum
amk.), Rarely Used Medicinal Plant Ag
hri Radhakisan Laxminarayan Toshniwal College
nt genus of family: Leguminosae. Acacia species are c
edicinally have long been used for the treatment of s
entific name is Acacia arabica (L.) Delile and commo
, arabic tree, Indian gum-arabic-tree, gum arabic tree, t
roughly 1380 species of Acacia, about two-third of the
ropical and subtropical regions of the world. More th
st significant genus
osae, first of all
s in 1773. It is
are roughly 1380
dwide, about two-
ustralia and rest of
l and subtropical
Maslin B.R. et al).
eported more than
in India in his 'Flora
are commonly
in India and
long been used for
exual, stomach and
a nilotica (L.) Del.
(Lam.) Willd.
ly known as babul,
kikar or Indian gum Arab
recognized worldwide as
tree. It is widely distribute
and semi-arid zones of t
arabica has been prov
medicine in treatment
throat (aerial part) and
(Chopra R.N. et al) have
fertility activity of A. arabic
The methanolic
arabica pods have been
HIV-PR (Hussein G. et a
group of researchers
antiplasmodial activity of
acetate extract ag
chloroquine resistant and
of Plasmodium falciparum
parts of this species have
be most active against He
is an important multipurp
been used extensively for
various diseases e.g. c
diarrhoea, dysentery, bilio
piles and leucoderma.
Scientific name : Acacia ar
Common names : Acacia
babul acacia, arabic tr
arabic-tree, gum arab
mimosa, thorny acacia.
Morphological description
or tree, 2.5-10 (-20) m tall
aspects. Branches - spre
dense flat or rounded cro
olume-01, No.-01, 2019
35
t Against Various
ege of Science, Akola,
re commonly known as
of skin, sexual, stomach
mon names are Acacia
e, thorn-mimosa, thorny
them native to Australia
e than 40 species of this
Arabic tree has been
e as a multipurpose
buted throughout arid
of the world. Acacia
proved as effective
nt of malaria; sore
and toothache (bark)
ave tested the anti-
rabica pods and nuts.
lic extracts of A.
een claimed against
t al). Currently, one
rs has tested the
y of A. nilotica ethyl
against different
and sensitive strains
arum. The fresh plant
ave been reported to
st Hepatitis C virus. It
purpose tree that has
y for the treatment of
g. colds, bronchitis,
biliousness, bleeding
ia arabica (L.) Delile
acia gomifera, babul,
tree, Indian gum-
rabic tree, thorn-
tion : Perennial shrub
tall, variable in many
spreading, forming a
d crown with dark to
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
36
black coloured stems; branchlets - purple-
brown, shortly or densely pubescent, with
lenticels. Bark - thin, rough, fissured, deep
red-brown. Spines (thorns) - thin, straight,
light-grey in axillary pairs, usually in 3-12
pairs, 5-7.5 cm long in young trees, mature
trees commonly without thorns. Leaves -
bipinnate 30-40 mm long, often with 1-2
petiolar glands and other glands between all
or only the uppermost pinnae; pinnae 2-11
(-17) pairs, with 7-25 pairs of leaflets (1.5-7
mm long) per pinnae. Peduncles clustered
at nodes of leafy and leafless branchlets.
Flowers - prolific, golden yellow, in globulus
heads 1.2-1.5 cm in diameter. Pods -
straight or slightly curved, 5-15 cm long on a
pedicel, 0.5-1.2 cm wide, with constrictions
between the seeds giving the appearance of
a string of pearls, fleshy when young,
indehiscent, becoming black and hard at
maturity. Seeds - deep blackish-brown,
smooth, sub-circular, compressed areole
6-7 mm long, 4.5-5 mm wide.
Ethnobotanical Studies : The part of the
tree finds use in diabetes, skin diseases and
leucorrhoea. These are also used as an
antidiarrhoeal, antidysenteric, antidiabetic.
The stem bark is astringent, demulcent
used in diarrhoea, dysentery, diabetes as
astringent, antihelmentic, in skin disease,
cough and bleeding piles, gonorrhoea and
as an antiasthmatic. The tender twigs are
used as toothbrushes while the thorns are
used for joints pains. The gum is used in
diarrhoea, dysentery and diabetes, dry
cough in amoebic dysentery, as a tonic,
antiasthmatic analgesic and in oral cavity
lesions. Pharmacologically, GA has been
claimed to act as an anti-oxidant, and to
protect against experimental hepatic, renal
and cardiac toxicities in rats. These reports
could not be confirmed by others (Tripathi
R. N. et al).
The flowers are reported to reduce
the body temperature. These are also used
in earache and as a tonic, antidiarrhoeal,
antidysentary. The fruits are found to be
useful in diarrhoea, dysentery and
diabetes. The pods are use for impotency,
urino-genital disorder and in dry cough.
Pharmacological and Biological Studies :
Acacia nilotica (Linn.) Willd. Ex Delile ssp.
Indica (Benth.) Breanan syn. A. arabica
sensu Baker (major part); A. arabica auct.
Antidiabetic : Wadood et al., demonstrated
that Acacia arabica seeds contained a
substance(s) which depressed the blood
glucose level in normoglycemic but not in
alloxan-diabetic rabbits, suggesting that
the mechanism of action involved release
of insulin from pancreatic beta-cells. The
bark in the form of decoction (20 mg/kg) as
well as the standard drug talbutamide
produced a significant reduction in blood
glucose levels in mild alloxonised diabetic
rabbits fasted for 18 hr. The A. nilotica ssp.
Indica fed for one week were found to
exhibit hypoglycaemic effect (blood sugar
lowered by 25.05%,) in normal rats, but did
not show any significant hypoglycaemic
effect in alloxanised diabetic rats (blood
sugar lowered by 2.14%). The
hypoglycaemic effect of the legumes was
due to its direct or indirect stimulation of
β-cells of islets of langerhans to secrete
more insulin (Singh K.N. et al).
Antimutagenic : The methanolic extract of
the bark decreased the UV-induced
mutagenicity using the Escherichia coli
WP-2 in a dose of 5 mg/plate. This
decrease might be due to some enzymatic
action which reverted the formation of
pyrimidine dimmers (Jain A.K. et al).
Antifertility : The aqueous extract of the
flowers shoed 11.5 % abortifacient activity
in rats. It was further screened for
teratological abnormalities in failure cases
(where pregnancy was not prevented) in
pregnant rats. The foetuses showed gross
external morphological and skeletal defects.
Extract of stem bark at 2% concentration
revealed semen coagulant activity in a
preliminary screening (Bhatt B.P. et al).
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
37
Nutritional Value : Leaves contain 2.2-2.6%
N, 16.9-20.0% NDF, 13.3-14.1% ADF, 7.2-
8.7 MJ/kg energy, 10-21% crude fibre and
6-9% condensed tannins. Pod and seed
contain 1.6-2.2% N, 10 MJ/kg energy, 12-
18% crude fibre and 4-7% condensed
tannins. Pods alone contain 2% N, 25%
NDF, 17% ADF. In digestibility trials
conducted in Zimbabwe, of several species
browse species tested, intake of A. nilotica
was the lowest. Nutritional value of the
refined seed oils is done by rat bioassay
and using peanut oil as control. The
animals fed on 10 % seed oil diet showed
poor growth performance and low feed
efficiency ratio (Maity et al).
Abortifacient Activity : Aqueous or 90 %
ethanol extracts of the plants of interest
were studied in rats orally dosed for 10
days after insemination with special
reference to effects on foetal
development. Leaf extracts of Moringa
oleifera and Adhatoda vasica were 100%
abortive at doses equivalent to 175 mg/kg
of starting dry material. Only the flowers of
Acacia arabica and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
appeared to lack teratologic potential at
the doses tested (Nath D. et al).
References 3. B. R. Maslin, J. T. Miller and D. S.
Seigle, Australian Sys. Bot., 16(1), 1
(2003).
2. R. N. Chopra, S. L. Nayar and I. C.
Chopra, “Glossary of Indian medicinal
plants”, CSIR, New Delhi, 1999, 2
(1956).
3. R. N. Tripathi, D. K. Pandey, N. N.
Tripathi and S. N. Dixit, Indian
Phytopathol., 35, 346 (1982).
4. K. N. Singh, V. Chandra and K. C.
Barthwal, Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol.,
19, 167 (1975).
5. A. K. Jain, K. Shimoi, Y. Nakamura, T.
Kada and I. Tomita, Curr. Sci., 56, 1266
(1987).
6. B. P. Bhatt and M. S. Panwar, J. Econ.
Phytochem., 1, 33 (1990).
7. D. Nath, N. Sethi, R. K. Singh and A. K.
Jain, J. Ethnopharmaco., 36, 147
(1992).
Light Pollution - Effects
Dr. Rajendra L. RahatgaonkarDepartment of Zoology, Shri Ra
444 001, INDIA
Our bodies act according to a very
bodies sleep and produce various ch
fighting chemical that is best produc
levels of melatonin appear to redu
cancer. It is time to take action ag
ourselves, our loved ones and our en
Humans tend to think
health-giving and, to a very gre
is. However, humans have a lo
living in darkness at night, a f
human body has adapted t
millions of years we have b
planet. It is only within the
that humans have begun to
environment that has seen
amount of light at night, an inc
period of time for our bodies
this new nighttime’s enviro
bodies act according to a very a
known as the circadian rhythm
which our bodies sleep an
various chemicals to help us s
such chemical is melatonin,
fighting chemical that is best
the darkness of night. Resear
that reductions in the levels o
appear to reduce the body’s ab
cancers such as breast and pros
InfoSCIENCE, Volume
cts on Health
kar
i Radhakisan Laxminarayan Toshniwal College of
ery ancient cycle known as the circadian rhythm, a c
s chemicals to help us survive. One such chemical is me
duced in the darkness of night. Research indicates that
reduce the body’s ability to fight cancers such as bre
n against the waste and trespass of nightlight and in
r environment from the danger in the light!
hink of light as
great degree, it
a long history of
, a fact that the
d to over the
e been on this
the last century
to live in an
seen increasing
incredibly short
dies to adjust to
vironment. Our
ery ancient cycle
ythm, a cycle in
and produce
us survive. One
nin, a cancer-
est produced in
search indicates
els of melatonin
’s ability to fight
prostate cancer,
both of which have seen
increases in industrialized na
night lights. CBC News has
Danish government has
compensate women who de
cancer after long spells of
shifts.
The American Medic
recently accepted a propos
light pollution policy an
unanimously. Resolution 5
American Medical Associa
advocate that all future outd
of energy efficient designs to
of energy and production
gasses that result from this
use; (2) support light pollu
efforts and glare reduction
the national and state level
support efforts to ensur
streetlights be of a fully shie
similar non-glare design to
safety of our roadways
especially vision impaired
drivers. (Dr. Mario Motta, M
According to Dr. Motta, num
over the past 15 years hav
researchers to conclude th
increases the incidence of c
most notably breast can
researchers now estimate t
of breast cancers may be d
night suppressing circadian
World Health Organizat
declared circadian-rhythm d
a class 2A carcinogen - pla
me-01, No.-01, 2019
38
of Science, Akola,
a cycle in which our
s melatonin, a cancer-
that reductions in the
breast and prostate
d in doing so protect
seen tremendous
d nations that use
has reported, the
has begun to
o developed breast
of working night
edical Association
posal for an anti-
and passed it
n 516 asked the
ociation to - (1)
outdoor lighting be
ns to reduce waste
ion of greenhouse
this wasted energy
ollution reduction
ion efforts at both
evels and (3) AMA
nsure all future
shielded design or
n to improve the
ays for all, but
aired and older
ta, MD - sponsor)
numerous papers
have led medical
e that night light
of certain cancers,
cancer. In fact,
te that up to 30%
be due to light at
dian rhythm. The
nization recently
m disruption to be
placing it on the
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
39
same level of severity as the effects of
tobacco smoke on lung cancer. Repeated
exposure to light at night markedly
suppresses melatonin production. Previous
research has shown that this hormone
helps the immune system suppress the
development of several types of cancers.
The Danger in the Light - Considering the
results of recent research, there appears to
be far more danger in the light that
trespasses on our properties than that
which lies in the darkness of night. As our
bodies need sunlight for health, so too do
they need the darkness to complete our
circadian rhythms.
2010 estimates from the Canadian
Cancer Society indicate 2,500 men will
contract prostate cancer, and 2,100
women will suffer from breast cancer in
Alberta. For Canada, the estimates are
23,300 breast cancers in women with 100
for men. 24,600 men will contract prostate
cancer. For 2010 it is also estimated that
440 men will die of prostate cancer while
420 women will die of breast cancer in
Alberta. In Canada the estimate is that
there will be 4,300 deaths from prostate
cancer while 5,300 women and 50-100
men will die of breast cancer. No costs are
available for the distress caused by the
other light-caused illnesses, but these costs
must run into the millions per year in
Alberta alone, not to mention losses due to
time off and secondary illnesses and their
treatments.
Light-Efficient Communities (LEC’s) - LEC’s
help to make our environment more
healthy by reducing the total amount of
light being wasted while placing the light
where it is needed, when it is needed by
efficient, effective light fixtures. Our
communities should become more healthy
if we are not bombarded by unwanted light
trespass and are not exposed to the degree
we were previously. This should reduce the
amount of breast and prostate cancer in
our society.
Light pollution affects each living
thing in our environment in a multitude of
ways. For human beings, the personal costs
may be extremely high. For the Alberta
government, cancer-care costs were
approximately $200 Million for 2007 and
steadily increasing. It is time to take action
against the waste and trespass of nightlight
and in doing so protect ourselves, our
loved ones and our environment from the
danger in the light!
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
40
Cyber Security
Prof. Ram B. Ghayalkar
Department of Computer Science, Shri Radhakisan Laxminarayan Toshniwal College of Science,
Akola, 444 001, INDIA
Cyber security is the body of technologies, processes and practices designed to protect networks,
computers (or any devices), programs and data from attack, damage or unauthorized access. The cyber
crime may happen against individuals, organizations and at social levels. 5P Mantra for cyber security
include precaution, prevention, protection, preservation and perseverance.
Cyber security is the body of
technologies, processes and practices
designed to protect networks, computers
(or any devices), programs and data from
attack, damage or unauthorized access.
Computer security, also known as
cyber security or IT security is the
protection of information systems from
theft or damage to the hardware the
software and to the information on them,
as well as from disruption or misdirection
of the services they provide. It includes
controlling physical access to the hardware
as well as protecting against harm that may
come via network access, data and code
injection and due to malpractice by
operators, whether intentional, accidental,
or due to them being tricked into deviating
from secure procedures.
This field is of growing importance
due to the increasing reliance on computer
systems in most societies and the growth
of "smart" devices including smartphones,
televisions and tiny devices as part of the
internet of things and of the internet and
wireless network such as Bluetooth and
the Wi-Fi.
There are three main aims for
computer security aspect when designing a
secure system application.
• Secrecy - Information should not be
disclosed to unauthorized users.
• Integrity - Only authorized users should
be allowed to modify data.
• Availability - Authorized users should
not be denied access.
What is a cyber crime?
Cyber crime encompasses any
criminal act dealing with computers and
networks (called hacking). Additionally,
cyber crime also includes traditional crimes
conducted through the internet. A major
attack vector of cyber crime is to exploit
broken software.
Reasons for cyber crime
• Capacity to store data in comparatively
small space
• Easy to access
• Complex
• Negligence
• Loss of evidence
Cyber criminals
The cyber criminals constitute of
various groups / category. This division
may be justified on the basis of the object
that they have in their mind. The following
are the category of cyber criminals.
• Children and adolescents between the
age group of 6 to 18 years
• Organised hackers
• Professional hackers / crackers
• Discontented employees
Classification of cyber crime
The subject of cyber crime may be
broadly classified under following 3 groups.
• Against individuals
� their person
� their property of an individual
• Against organization
� Government
� Firm, company, group of individuals.
• Against society at large
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
41
Following are the crimes which can
be committed against the followings group.
• Against individuals
� Harassment via e-mails
� Cyber-stalking
� Dissemination of obscene material
� Unauthorized control / access over
computer system
� Indecent exposure
� Email spoofing
� Cheating and fraud
• Against individual property
� Computer vandalism
� Transmitting virus
� Intellectual property crimes
� Internet time thefts
• Against organization
� Unauthorized control / access over
computer system
� Possession of unauthorized information
� Cyber terrorism against government
organization
� Distribution of pirated software etc.
• Against society at large
� Pornography (basically related to child)
� Polluting the youth through indecent
exposure
� Trafficking
� Financial crimes
� Sale of illegal articles
� Online gambling
� Forgery
Various techniques used for secure
system are as follows.
• Automated theorem proving and other
verification tools can enable critical
algorithms and code used in secure
systems to be mathematically proven to
meet their specifications.
• Thus simple microkernel’s can be
written so that we can be sure they don't
contain any bugs. eg. EROS and Coyotos.
• Cryptographic techniques can be used
to defend data in transit between systems,
reducing the probability that data
exchanged between systems can be
intercepted or modified.
• Strong authentication techniques can be
used to ensure that communication end-
points are who they say they are.
• Mandatory access control can be used
to ensure that privileged access is
withdrawn when privileges are revoked.
For example, deleting a user account
should also stop any processes that are
running with that user's privileges.
• Anti-virus software consists of computer
programs that attempt to identify, thwart
and eliminate computer viruses and other
malicious software (malware).
• Firewalls are systems which help protect
computers and computer networks from
attack and subsequent intrusion by
restricting the network traffic which can
pass through them, based on a set of
system administrator defined rules.
• Access authorization restricts access to
a computer to group of users through the
use of authentication systems. These
systems can protect either the whole
computer such as through an interactive
logon screen or individual services, such as
an FTP server. There are many methods for
identifying and authenticating users, such
as passwords, identification cards, and
more recently, smart cards and biometric
systems.
• Encryption is used to protect the
message from the eyes of others. It can be
done in several ways by switching the
characters around, replacing characters
with others, and even removing characters
from the message. These have to be used
in combination to make the encryption
secure enough that is to say, sufficiently
difficult to crack. Public key encryption is a
refined and practical way of doing
encryption. It allows for example anyone to
write a message for a list of recipients, and
only those recipients will be able to read
that message.
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
42
Precaution
It is always better to take certain
precaution while operating the net. One
should make them his part of cyber life.
Everyone should keep in mind the
following things.
• To prevent cyber stalking, avoid
disclosing any information pertaining to
one self. This is as good as disclosing your
identity to strangers in public place.
• Always avoid sending any photograph
online particularly to strangers and chat
friends as there have been incidents of
misuse of the photographs.
• Always use latest and up detente virus
software to guard against virus attacks.
• Always keep back up volumes so that
one may not suffer data loss in case of
virus contamination.
• Never send your credit card number to
any site that is not secured, to guard
against frauds.
• Always keep a watch on the sites that
your children are accessing to prevent any
kind of harassment or depravation in
children.
• It is better to use a security programme
that gives control over the cookies and
send information back to the site as leaving
the cookies unguarded might prove fatal.
• Web site owners should watch traffic
and check any irregularity on the site.
Putting host-based intrusion detection
devices on servers may do this.
• Use of firewalls may be beneficial.
• Web servers running public sites must
be physically separate protected from
internal corporate network.
Prevention
• Security efforts to assure confidentiality,
integrity and availability can be divided into
those oriented to prevention and those
focused on detection. The latter aims to
rapidly discover and correct for lapses that
could not be (or at least were not)
prevented.
• The balance between prevention and
detection for depends on the
circumstances, and the available security
technologies. For example, many homes
have easily defeated door and window
locks, but rely on a burglar alarm to detect
(and signal for help after) intrusions
through a compromised window or door.
• Most information systems employ a
range of intrusion prevention methods, of
which user-IDs and passwords are only one
part. They also employ detection methods
like audit trails to pick up suspicious
activity that may signal an intrusion.
Protection
A layered approach is best to
protect your security and privacy.
• Use personal firewall, anti-spyware,
anti-virus, anti-Trojan, anti-spam, anti-
phishing, and privacy software on your
desktop computer.
• Update and tighten Windows before
installing new security software.
• To avoid conflicts, do not use two
software firewalls or two anti-virus
products at the same time. Completely
uninstall one before installing another.
• After installing any security software,
immediately check for updates at the
vendor's website.
Preservation
• This is also the main feature of secure
system or computer security that it must to
kept the information preserve as it is.
Database security or data integrity this
feature is very important for keeping the
information or data to secure.
Perseverance
• The activity of cyber crime is going on
very fastly and it requires systems that
provide security from these insecurities. So
this security system requires that it must
be perseverance.
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
43
Capacity of human mind is
unfathomable. This is the reason for
originating cyber crime from the cyber
space. It is quite possible to check them.
History is the witness that no legislation
has succeeded in totally eliminating crime
from the globe. The only possible step is to
make people aware of their rights and
duties (to report crime as a collective duty
towards the society) and further making
the application of the laws more stringent
to check crime. Undoubtedly the Act is a
historical step in the cyber world. Further I
all together do not deny that there is a
need to bring changes in the Information
Technology Act to make it more effective
to combat cyber crime. I would conclude
with a word of caution for the pro-
legislation school that it should be kept in
mind that the provisions of the cyber law
are not made so stringent that it may
retard the growth of the industry and
prove to be counter-productive.
Prevention is always better than
cure. It is always better to take certain
precaution while operating the internet on
computer or mobiles. Following are the 7
tips and 5P mantras which will help to
cyber security.
• Seven tips for cyber safety.
� Install OS/software updates
� Run anti-virus software (updated)
� Prevent identity theft
� Turn on personal firewalls
� Avoid spyware / adware
� Protect passwords
� Backup important files
• 5P mantras for cyber security are
Precaution, Prevention, Protection,
Preservation and Perseverance.
Nano-Spike Catalysts
Dr. Kavita M. Heda
Department of Chemistry, Shri R
444 001, INDIA
Herein report a common element,
CO2 to ethanol with high Faradaic
temperature and pressure. The cata
carbon nanospike film.
A new chemical pro
carbon dioxide into eth
commonly-found catalysts and
Though carbon dioxide is a wa
of combustion, it can also be
feedstock for the production
commodity organic chemica
that an efficient means to c
useful organic synthons can be
Herein report a comm
nanostructured catalyst for
electrochemical conversion
ethanol with high Faradaic
(63 % at −1.2 V vs RHE) and hig
(84 %) that operates in wa
ambient temperature and
Lacking noble metals or oth
expensive materials, the
comprised of Cu nanoparticles
textured, N-doped carbon nan
Electrochemical analysis an
functional theory (DFT)
suggest a preliminary mechani
active sites on the Cu nanopart
carbon nanospikes work in
control the electrochemical r
carbon monoxide dimer to a
InfoSCIENCE, Volume
hri Radhakisan Laxminarayan Toshniwal College of
nt, nanostructured catalyst for the direct electrochem
efficiency and high selectivity that operates in wate
catalyst is comprised of Cu nanoparticles on a highly t
process turns
ethanol using
and electricity.
a waste product
be a potential
tion of fine and
icals provided
o convert it to
be developed.
mmon element,
for the direct
on of CO2 to
daic efficiency
high selectivity
water and at
and pressure.
other rare or
e catalyst is
icles on a highly
nanospike film.
and density
T) calculations
hanism in which
particles and the
in tandem to
al reduction of
to alcohol. In a
sense, they’ve figured out a
genie back in the bottle.
The alchemic process
greenhouse gases into usab
appealing means of bot
climate change and providi
sources of energy. Conv
dioxide into energy and
products has been done be
process isn’t efficient or che
implement at a large scale
from the Oak Ridge Nation
however, say that they h
chemical reaction tha
hydrocarbons using just
catalyst, and they say it’s qui
The key to their meth
copper is arranged. First, th
create a scaffold made fro
nitrogen. The surface is co
spikes, each about 50 nan
The researchers then de
particles on to the surface, w
catalyst for the reaction. Wh
run through the material, th
concentrated at the very tips
they say, providing the ener
carbon dioxide dissolved in w
apart and reform as ethanol
They liken to proces
combustion reaction, whe
broken up in the presence
create CO2 and othe
backwards. The reaction
efficiency of 63 percent w
ethanol, using a power sup
me-01, No.-01, 2019
44
e of Science, Akola,
emical conversion of
ater and at ambient
ly textured, N-doped
t a way to put the
cess of converting
sable energy is an
both addressing
viding sustainable
onverting carbon
nd other useful
before, but the
r cheap enough to
scale. Researchers
tional Laboratory,
y have found a
that produces
st copper as a
quite efficient.
method is how the
t, the researchers
from carbon and
is covered in tiny
nanometres high.
deposit copper
ce, which acts as a
When electricity is
l, the reactions are
tips of the spikes,
nergy required for
in water to break
nol.
cess to running a
where ethanol is
nce of oxygen to
ther molecules,
n achieved an
nt when creating
supply of just 1.2
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
45
volts at room temperature. Copper is a
common catalyst for these kinds of
reactions, but it was usually only able to
form lighter hydrocarbons, and the
reactions usually yielded more than one
product, making it difficult to use for large-
scale processes. The Oak Ridge
researchers’ process, however, yields
mostly ethanol, thanks to the unique
structure of their nanospikes. Still, it’s a
technique that’s far from industrial scaling.
Just a step
Turning carbon dioxide into ethanol
won’t solve global warming, of course.
When we burn the ethanol, it will turn into
carbon dioxide again, leaving us right back
where we started. Making our own ethanol
is better than pulling it out of the ground
though, and could help level off our net
carbon emissions. The researchers also
suggest that it could function as a kind of
battery for electrical grids. If a grid is
producing excess power at any time, the
extra electricity could be used to fuel this
process, creating ethanol. When power is
needed, the ethanol could be used as fuel
to again create electricity. Even such a
process still consumes electricity, though,
and the researchers say more work needs
to be done to further understand the
process and make it even more efficient. It
may not be nuclear fusion, but making our
own hydrocarbons is an important step
towards weaning us off the limited natural
stores of fossil fuels that currently power
our civilization.
The team used a catalyst made of
carbon, copper and nitrogen and applied
voltage to trigger a complicated chemical
reaction that essentially reverses the
combustion process. With the help of the
nanotechnology-based catalyst which
contains multiple reaction sites, the
solution of carbon dioxide dissolved in
water turned into ethanol with a yield of
63 percent. Typically, this type of
electrochemical reaction results in a mix of
several different products in small
amounts. Given the technique's reliance on
low-cost materials and an ability to operate
at room temperature in water, the
researchers believe the approach could be
scaled up for industrially relevant
applications. For instance, the process
could be used to store excess electricity
generated from variable power sources
such as wind and solar.
"A process like this would allow you
to consume extra electricity when it's
available to make and store as ethanol",
Rondinone said. "This could help to
balance a grid supplied by intermittent
renewable sources". The researchers plan
to refine their approach to improve the
overall production rate and further study
the catalyst's properties and behaviour.
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
46
The Mysterious Fruit - Hylocereus undatus (Dragon fruit)
Prof. Vaishali N. Badgujar
Department of Botany, Shri Radhakisan Laxminarayan Toshniwal College of Science, Akola,
444 001, INDIA
Dragon fruit is one of the tropical fruit which has low calories and filled with various nutritious elements,
vitamins and antioxidants. In India it is cultivated by farmers in areas of Karjat, Solapur, Pune of
Maharashtra and in certain places of Hyderabad. Consumer prefers chemical free products especially
when it is related to food consumption. The albedo powder of dragon fruit can be used for food colouring.
Natural source of food additives
plays important role in food industry and
health of humans. Sometimes due to lack
of knowledge the applications of these
additives are not widely used.
Pitahaya (Hylocereus undatus) is
commonly called as Dragon fruit or
strawberry pear. Dragon fruit colouring
powder named (DFCP) as a natural food
additive using dragon fruit albedo, which is
nothing but thin layer of drgon fruit peel.
The albedo of dragon fruit was dried using
conventional methods to colour various
food stuffs. Using DFCF as natural food
colourant is healthy for humans and also
ecofriendly to society.
Dragon fruit is one of the tropical
fruit which has low calories and filled with
various nutritious elements, vitamins and
antioxidants. Though the dragon fruit is
popular in several American and South
Asian countries but due to its delicious
taste and health benefits it is becoming
popular in India too.
In India the crop is cultivated by
farmers in areas like Karjat, Solapur, and
Pune in Maharashtra and even in certain
places of Hyderabad. Since this plant is
from cactus family it requires less water.
Traditionally people use natural
colour which obtained from nature. We
use turmeric, saffron, various flower petals,
paprika and beet extracts as yellow,
orange, red etc. colours into the various
food stuffs which plays vital role for the
human health.
In the beginning of 20th Century,
numerous synthetic food additives had
been produced, however only few
synthetic colours approved to be used
since the banned items have been
identified as being potential cancer -
causing chemicals. According to FDA, since
1955, the trend of synthetic food
consumption has been stronger. The
excessive increase is due to higher
consumer on processed food, such as soft
drinks, breakfast cereals, candies, snacks
food, baked food, frozen desert, pickles,
salad dressing. Where synthetic colours
being used on large scale. However, it is
challenge how we replace synthetic food
colouring with natural one.
To overcome such problem using
dragon fruit albedo namely Dragon fruit
colouring powder (DFCP). It is
tremendously healthy and attractive
especially for consumers. Developing DFCP
as the natural food colorants is not healthy
for human body but also eco-friendly to
society. It is estimated to cost effective as
it is sourced from the only disposable part
(peel) of the fruit. The DFCP has several
properties compared to the extracted flesh
from fruit, which is feasible to carry,
packing and less space for storing.
“Red pitaya” or dragon fruit has rich
sources of vitamins eg. B1, B2, B3 and C,
minerals eg. potassium sodium, calcium,
iron, phosphorous and nutrients eg. fat,
protein carbohydrate, flavonoids, crude
fiber, thiamin, phytoalbumin, niacin,
pyridoxine, glucose, betacyanins,
InfoSCIENCE, Volume-01, No.-01, 2019
47
phenolics, carotene and polyphenol . It has
relatively high antoxidant activity in
comparison with other subtropical fruits .
Betalins, for the first time extracted from
red beet (Beta vulgaris) and is used largely
for food colouring additives and the extract
includes red and yellow pigments namely
beta cyanins and betaxanthins respectively.
Due to unfavourable earthy flavour
of geosmin and pyrazine derivatives as
well as possibilities of carcinogenic
nitrosamines in red beet, there is a high
demand to replace this source ‘Betacyanin
is the main component (95%) of the red
pigment extract, in addition dragon fruit
peel includes betacyanin can make
contribution to produce beauty and health
products since dragon peel contains betalins
and lacks disadvantages of beet root, it can
be replaced as a new red dye. The flesh of
dargon fruit according to a study of Luders
and McMahon (2006), can be mixed with
milk, soft drink, ice used jellies.
Dragon fruit peel has a high
potential to be used as natural dye .The
inner layer of dragon fruit peel i.e. Albedo
can have high potential as a colour powder
and a natural food additive. A conventional
method was used to assess the albedo
powder as a food additive in a similar
process to Saffron as a food colouring.
The prepared solution of dragon
fruit albedo was then added to milk,
yogurt, pastry, juice and rice in order to
test dragon fruit albedo has ability to
change colour. DFCP is a natural food
additive by using dragon fruit albedo. In
the previous study it is found that the red
peel of dragon fruit contains varieties of
vitamins, minerals and nutrients with
remarkable amount to antioxidant
compounds compared to other subtropical
fruits. It has a source of functional
ingredients that provide nutrients to
prevent nutrition related diseases and
improvement and physical well-being of
the consumers.
Through a conventional method,
different parts of dragon fruit eg. outer
layer inner layer (albedo) and flesh were
used, however only the albedo part was
successful in the preparation of powder.
Concern study revealed that
consumer prefers chemical free products
especially when it is related to food
consumption. The process to prepare
dragon fruit powder is also believed to be
less time consuming. In the economics of
scale of the production, it is also expected
that they can produce with less time.
In conclusion, the albedo powder of
dragon fruit can be used for food
colouring. In order of mass production of
DFCP, where would be a need for future
research in wider perspective to introduce
this new product.
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