background discussion & implications - brock u
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Discussion & Implications History of MHI did not differentially disrupt general cognitive performance, self-perceived behavioural tendencies, or overall decision-making
MHI group was capable of physiologically responding to the testing feedback environment, but only in a reactive way
MHI group is significantly less aroused when anticipating consequences13 indicating differential physiological input when making decisions
Exploratory analyses demonstrate potential differences in stability of emotional markers in maintenance of associative learning
MHI group is faster to commit to a decision and do not discriminate differentially on the basis of punishment magnitude when risk is more probable
Poor decision making could result from lack of anticipatory emotional markers, less stable learning patterns and faster response times in certain risky situations
Lack of anticipation could produce exaggerated reactivity to outcomes (i.e. unexpected), and with limited self-control, behaviour may be deemed socially incompatible
These results obtained in a university sample encourages accepting MHI on a continuum of brain injury severity given this neurophysiological profile emulates features of more traumatic cases
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Less Probable Punishment (Magnitude: Deck A > Deck C)
More Probable Punishment (Magnitude: Deck B > Deck D)
Response Time (ms)
Relative Risk of Punishment
IGT Response Time Background
Head trauma introduces affective, behavioural, and cognitive complications across the lifespan with approximately 57 million hospitalizations annually1
Mild Head Injury (MHI) producing an altered state of consciousness may be sufficient to produce neuropsychological dysfunction2, 3
MHI reports in university students are associated with limits in neuropsychological performance 4, 5
The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is highly susceptible to impact injury and mediates cause-effect/associative learning in decision-making, and controlling social behaviour 6, 7
Decision outcomes/consequences produce (physiological/somatic) reactions which, in turn, bias future decisions/choices (learning)
OFC injury interferes with this learning in terms of attenuated activation of somatic markers (“gut feeling”) when anticipating potential consequences8, self-control and regulation
Purpose: To investigate the relationship between
neuropsychological performance, physiological arousal, and decision-making in university students
with and without a history of MHI.
Hypotheses
1) There will be no difference in general cognitive performance between the MHI and non-MHI groups.
2) The MHI group will self-report a higher propensity of disinhibited and antisocial behaviours.
3) Decision-making performance will be significantly worse for those reporting a history of MHI.
4) Both groups are expected to physiologically respond to feedback/decision outcomes, but the MHI group is expected to present with significantly lower physiological arousal when anticipating future consequences.
Acknowledgments Katie Chiappetta, BSc (Hons.) Candidate, Brock University
Brock University/Neuropsychology Cognitive Research Lab (BUNCRL)
Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation (ONF)
McMaster University
References 1 Langlois, J. A., Rutland-Brown, W., & Wald, M. M. (2006). The epidemiology of traumatic brain injury: A brief overview. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 21, 375-378.2 Kay, T., Harrington, D. E., Adams, R., Anderson, T., Berrol, S., Cicerone, K, et al. (1993). Definition of mild traumatic brain injury. Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation, 8(3), 86-87. 3 Giza, C., & Hovda, D. A. (2001). The neurometabolic cascade of concussion. Journal of Athletic Training, 36, 228-235. 4 Segalowitz, S. & Lawson, S. (1995). Subtle symptoms associated with self reported mild head injury. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 28, 309-319. 5 DeBono, A., & Good, D. (2008). The social consequences of mild head injury and executive dysfunction. Master of Arts Thesis, Psychology. Brock University: St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. 6 Wallis, J. D. (2007). Orbitofrontal cortex and its contribution to decision-making. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 30, 31-56. 7 Wheeler, E.Z., & Fellows, L.K. (2008). The human ventromedial frontal lobe is critical for learning from negative feedback. Brain, 131, 1323-1331. 8 Bechara, A. (2004). The role of emotion in decision-making: Evidence from neurological patients with orbitofrontal damage. Brain and Cognition, 55, 30-40. 9 Delis, D. C., Kaplan, E., & Kramer, J. H. (2001), Delis Kaplan Executive Function System. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation. 10 Bechara, A. (2007). Iowa Gambling Task. Florida Avenue: Lutz, Florida: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. 11 Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., & Barratt, E. S. (1995). Facture structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 51(6), 768-774. 12 Paulhus, D. L., Hemphill, J. D., & Hare, R. D. (in press). Self-Report Psychopathy scale. Version III. Toronto: Multi-Health Systems. 13 Bechara, A., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A.R. (1996). Failure to respond autonomically to anticipated future outcomes following damage to prefrontal cortex. Cerenral Cortex, 6, 215-225.
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MHI Non-MHI
Accuracy (Error %)
Group
Design Fluency Error Accuracy Score
Hypothesis 3: Decision-Making
Hypothesis 4: Physiological Arousal
Exploratory Analyses: Maintenance of Learning
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10
20
30
MHI Non-MHI
Score
Group
Self-Report Antisocial Behaviour
Score
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MHI Non-MHI
Score
Group
Self-Report Disinhibition Score
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MHI Non-MHI
Percentile Rank
Group
IGT Final Percentile Rank
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0.05
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0.15
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Reward Punishment
EDR Amplitude
(Inches)
Type of Feedback
Average EDR Amplitude To Choice Feedback
MHI Non-MHI
Feedback: F (1, 35) = .01, p = .90, ns Feedback * MHI: F (1, 35) = .82, p = .37, ns
t(42) = 0.12, p = .91, ns
t(42) = 0.47, p = .64, ns t(42) = 1.23, p = .23, ns
t(41) = 0.15, p = .88
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
MHI Non-MHI
EDR Anticipation Amplitude
(inches)
Group
Average EDR Amplitude Prior To Choice Selection
t(32) = 1.53, p < .05, sig
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-2
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Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4 Block 5
Risky vs. Good
Decisions
IGT Blocks
IGT Learning By Block
MHI
Non-MHI
MHI Non-MHI
A
A
C
C
D
B
B D
Main Effect (MHI): F (1, 42) = 4.03, p = .05, ns
Interaction (MHI*Frequency): F (1, 42) = 2.87, p = .10, trend
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