awareness october 23, 2008 dourish and bellotti ding and patterson
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AwarenessOctober 23, 2008
Dourish and BellottiDing and Patterson
Informatics 153 – Fall 2008 – Gillian Hayes
What is awareness?• Collocated interactions occur with a high
degree of awareness of each other
• Media spaces were designed to provide a high degree of such type of ‘awareness’
Informatics 153 – Fall 2008 – Gillian Hayes
What are awareness and context in CSCW?
• An understanding of the activities of others which provides a context for your own activity (Dourish and Bellotti)
• Awareness aids in coordination of the group activity
• Important whether distributed or collocated
Informatics 153 – Fall 2008 – Gillian Hayes
Providing Context• Context is comprised of both content and
character
• Awareness information can be either:– explicitly generated– passively collected and presented
Informatics 153 – Fall 2008 – Gillian Hayes
Synchronous and asynchronous awareness
• What is awareness in synchronous systems?e.g. Group editors
• Awareness in asynchronous systemse.g. Shared workspaces, like SharePoint
Informatics 153 – Fall 2008 – Gillian Hayes
Awareness mechanisms• Informational
– System explicitly has channels where people can inform each other about their activities
• Role-based (or role restrictive)– An individual is assigned a role in the task (e.g.
editor, author)– The actions that a user can take in the system is
then restricted to what their role is
Informatics 153 – Fall 2008 – Gillian Hayes
Study of ShrEdit use• Groups of 3, remote, using video/and or
audio• Task: design an automatic post office• Used ShrEdit, a shared collaborative editor• Groups could freely open any number of
shared windows
Informatics 153 – Fall 2008 – Gillian Hayes
ShrEdit design• Each user can have public or private windows• Can edit text concurrently, each user has own cursor• Private documents-only the user can see and edit text• User can select text and “lock it” from other users• Names of group members displayed• No model of the collaboration process• Coordination done with verbal communication
Informatics 153 – Fall 2008 – Gillian Hayes
Shared feedback• ShrEdit provides shared feedback: presenting
feedback about group members’ activities within the shared workspace
• Overcomes problems of other approaches:– Low overhead for provider and receiver of
information– No role restrictions– Information can be provided when needed,
according to context
Informatics 153 – Fall 2008 – Gillian Hayes
What does awareness information do for
collaboration?• Awareness of process (character): Participants
can structure their activities; avoid redundant work
• Awareness of content: can change/adapt content accordingly
• Awareness can aid group members in adapting to new roles as the situation arises– Different working styles, self-organization
Informatics 153 – Fall 2008 – Gillian Hayes
Shared feedback• Shared feedback reduces burden on individuals--
information is automatically shared
• Users can “pick and choose” that information that is most relevant for them (e.g. which edits they need to see)
• Awareness information is conveyed through the shared workspace, i.e. relevant information is linked to the shared object
Informatics 153 – Fall 2008 – Gillian Hayes
Other types of awareness• History of use (e.g. with a document)
• Notifications, e.g. who has checked out a document from the shared workspace
• (From sensors): presence/absence of a person
• Current activity of a person
• Ambient sound
Informatics 153 – Fall 2008 – Gillian Hayes
How much information is the right amount?
• Media spaces
• Information overload?
• How can users filter out the right information?
• What about privacy?
How to add awareness in today’s workplace?
Informatics 153 – Fall 2008 – Gillian Hayes
Informatics 153 – Fall 2008 – Gillian Hayes
Nomatic*Viz• Anonymous• Physically situated• Individual ambiguity• Display ambiguity• Public• Persistent
Informatics 153 – Fall 2008 – Gillian Hayes
Things people do with status• Meeting events• Work activities• Expressions of mood• Non-work activities• Miscellaneous
Informatics 153 – Fall 2008 – Gillian Hayes
What did people do? How did people react?
• Glance• Play• Changing
thoughts about community
Informatics 153 – Fall 2008 – Gillian Hayes
Ambiguity in DesignAllows people to play with their boundaries
around:• privacy• control of data• identification• presentation
Informatics 153 – Fall 2008 – Gillian Hayes
Upcoming• Tuesday – Why CSCW Applications Fail…
and Why they succeed
• You should have your idea for what you are going to build for your project
• Next Thursday – Online communities
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