atom: small particles that make up all matter. they have mass and give substances unique properties....

Atom: small particles that make up all matter. They have mass and give substances unique properties.

Element: A substance composed of a single atom or the same atoms. Ex: iron FE

Molecule: Smallest part of a substance that can exist separately without losing its physical and chemical properties. It can be an element or a compound. C6-H12-O6

Ion: An atom that loses or gains electrons and therefore carries a charge. FE+ , CL-

Water: Electrically neutral substance that acts as a solvent for compounds.

Acid: A substance that releases H+ into a solvent. HCL

Base: A substance that combines with H+ to reduce acidity of a solution. Bicarbonate.

Chemical Reaction. Union of 2 or more substances to form a unique substance that is physically and chemically different from the substances that formed them. Sugar formed from hydrogen, oxygen and carbon.

Covalent bond: Strong chemical bonds made by atoms sharing electrons. H2O

Ionic bond: Bond between negatively and positively charged ions. Can be dissociated in water. A weak bond. Electrolytes. NACL

Polar Bond: Attraction between the slightly positive and negative poles of water molecules. A very weak bond.

Free Radicals: A substance that is in need of electrons. Highly reactive and sets up chain reaction. Peroxides often become free radicals. A, C, E, and Selenium can reduce free radicals.

Covalent Bond Covalent Bond

02.09 Table Salt, an Ionically Bonded Molecule

Slide number: 1

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

17p18n

11p12n

11p12n

17p18n+

(+)(–)

Na Cl+ NaCl

02.09 Table Salt, an Ionically Bonded Molecule

Slide number: 2

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

17p18n

11p12n

Na Cl+

02.09 Table Salt, an Ionically Bonded Molecule

Slide number: 3

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

17p18n

11p12n

Na Cl+

02.09 Table Salt, an Ionically Bonded Molecule

Slide number: 4

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

17p18n

11p12n

Na Cl+

02.09 Table Salt, an Ionically Bonded Molecule

Slide number: 5

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

17p18n

11p12n

Na Cl+

02.09 Table Salt, an Ionically Bonded Molecule

Slide number: 6

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

17p18n

11p12n

Na Cl+

(+) (–)

02.09 Table Salt, an Ionically Bonded Molecule

Slide number: 7

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

NaCl

11p12n

(+)

17p18n

(–)

How Free Radicals are FormedHow Free Radicals are Formed Molecules (and atoms) are stable when they have a totally full or totally Molecules (and atoms) are stable when they have a totally full or totally

empty outer shell.empty outer shell. If a chemical bond breaks and leaves 1 unpaired electron, it becomes a If a chemical bond breaks and leaves 1 unpaired electron, it becomes a

free radical.free radical. The free radical will “seek out” another electron to fill the outer shell. In The free radical will “seek out” another electron to fill the outer shell. In

doing so, it starts a chain reaction that creates other free radicalsdoing so, it starts a chain reaction that creates other free radicals Antioxidants (such as C, E and MG) donate an electron to reduce the Antioxidants (such as C, E and MG) donate an electron to reduce the

free radical and stop the chain reaction. free radical and stop the chain reaction.

Chemical reactionsChemical reactions

Endergonic: Uphill reactions. The end product Endergonic: Uphill reactions. The end product has more energy than the reactants. EX:has more energy than the reactants. EX:

Plants making glucosePlants making glucose

Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

Exergonic: Down hill reactions. Reactants Exergonic: Down hill reactions. Reactants have more enerby than the products. have more enerby than the products.

Ex: Breakdown of food in our bodies. Ex: Breakdown of food in our bodies.

Enzymes.Enzymes.

Enzymes are substances (special proteins) that Enzymes are substances (special proteins) that speed up chemical reactions. The build speed up chemical reactions. The build substances and they break them down, but the substances and they break them down, but the enzyme never changes. enzyme never changes.

Enzyme

Products

D

CB

A

H2OStartingmaterials

Sites ofchemicalactivity

Glucose FructoseSucrose (table sugar) molecule

Enzyme

Startingmaterials

Sites ofchemicalactivity

Sucrose (table sugar) molecule

Enzyme

A

Startingmaterials

Sites ofchemicalactivity

Sucrose (table sugar) molecule

Enzyme

Products

CB

A

H2OStartingmaterials

Sites ofchemicalactivity

Glucose FructoseSucrose (table sugar) molecule

Enzyme

Products

D

CB

A

H2OStartingmaterials

Sites ofchemicalactivity

Glucose FructoseSucrose (table sugar) molecule

Enzyme

Products

D

CB

A

H2OStartingmaterials

Sites ofchemicalactivity

Glucose FructoseSucrose (table sugar) molecule