ascent session 2 – the history of...
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AscentSession2–TheHistoryofChristianity
PhasesofChurchHistory
EarlyChurchHistory• TheSpreadofChristianityintheEmpire(to100)• TheStruggleoftheChurchforSurvival(100-313)• TheSupremacyoftheChurch(313-590)
MedievalChurchHistory• TheRiseoftheEmpireandLatin-TeutonicChristianity(590-800)• Feudalism,Islam,andtheGreatSchismof1054(to1054)• TheSupremacyofthePapacy(1054-1305)• MedievalSunsetandModernSunrise(1305-1517)
ModernChurchHistory• ProtestantReformationandRomanCatholicCounter-Reformation
(1517-1648)• TheNewWorld(to1783)• MissionsandModernism(1789-1914)• ChurchandSocietyinTension(1914-Present)
Definitions
Catholic• FromLatin:“universal”• Usedinmanyearlycreeds• Theterms“catholic”and“church”upuntil1517• “Roman”or“RomanCatholic”aftertheReformation
Orthodox• FromGreek:“correctopinion”or“rightthinking”• SevenEcumenicalCouncilsheldbetween325and787withtheaimof
formalizingaccepteddoctrines(orthodoxy)• Stillusedtodefinebiblicalbeliefs• “OrthodoxChurch”intheEast(andRussia)aftertheSchismof1054
Protestant• From:LetterofProtestationwrittenbyGermanLutheranPrincesin
1529againstRomancondemnationofthe“Protestants”• AmovementtocorrecterrorsintheRomanchurch,whichleadtoa
fullbreakwithRome• Manycommoncorebeliefs(againstpapalauthority,twosacraments,
justificationsbyfaithalone)althoughthereisnocentralstructureandmoredividedtheologicallyandecclesiastically
EarlyChurchHistory
InTheFullnessofTime• RomanContributions(POLITICAL):“unity”ofmankind;
freedomofmovement;roads;Romanarmy• GreekContributions(INTELLECTUAL):language;emptinessof
gods&philosophy• JewishContributions(RELIGIOUS):existenceofGod;
monotheism;messianichope;morallaw;OldTestament;meaningofhistory;synagogue
TheSpreadofChristianityintheEmpire(to100)• TotheJewFirst• AndAlsototheGreek
TheStruggleoftheChurchforSurvival(100-313)
• ExternalPressuresØ PersecutionØ PaganIntellectuals
• InternalPressuresØ Heresy
• ApostolicFathersØ ClementofRomeØ IgnatiusØ Polycarp
TheStruggleoftheChurchforSurvival(100-313)
• PeakofPersecution(Decius,Diocletion–3rdCentury)Ø BanningofMeetingsØ DestructionofChurchesØ DepositionofOfficersØ ImprisonmentØ BurningofScripturesØ Death
• EdictofMilan(313)
TheStruggleoftheChurchforSurvival(100-313)• StrongChurchCenters• NearlyAllCornersof
theEmpire• ByAD250,5to15%of
theRomanWorldwasChristian
TheStruggleoftheChurchforSurvival(100-313)
• DevelopmentoftheCanon• CreationofaCreed(i.e.,TheApostle’sCreed)• ObediencetotheBishops
Ø ExpandedpowerØ HierarchicalorganizationØ ApostolicSuccessionØ ExaltationoftheLord’sSupper
• ALiturgy• ABuilding
Ø BasedontheRomanBasilica
TheSupremacyoftheChurch(313-590)• ConstantineandtheEdictofMilan(313)• ThePriceof“Acceptance”• NiceneCreed(325&381)• Ambrose,Theodosius&the
ExpansionthethePoweroftheBishop
TheSupremacyoftheChurch(313-590)
• TheFallofRomeØ PowervacuumØ Importanceofthemonasteries
• BarbarianInvasions• AugustineofHippo• Benedict&Scholastica
MedievalChurchHistoryTheRiseoftheEmpireandLatin-TeutonicChristianity(590-800)
• GregoryIBecomesPopeintheWestØ SupportsBenedictinesØ Supportsmissionarywork,esp.EnglandØ DevelopsDoctrineofPurgatoryØ ShapedtheMassØ GregorianChant
• JustinianRulesintheEastØ CodeofCivilLawsØ ReconquersNorthAfricaØ BuildsHagiaSofia
Feudalism,Islam,andtheGreatSchismof1054(to1054)• Feudalism
Ø AroseaftertheFallofRomeinthevacuumofacentraltemporalauthority
Ø NosocialmobilityØ DeclineinChristianfaithØ FarlessintheEast
• IslamØ Muhammad(570-632)
Ø SpreadofthefaithbytheswordØ FinallyturnedbackbyCharles(The
Hammer)MartelattheBattleofTours(711)butremainedaconstantthreatintheEast
Feudalism,Islam,theFranks,andtheGreatSchismof1054(to1054)
• FrankishDominationofEuropeØ CharlemagneØ BeginningoftheHolyRomanEmpire
• Schismof1054Ø Severallong-standingdisputesØ EastwascutofffromtheWestforgood
andbadØ Madeformalaninformaldivision
alreadyexistingØ ResultingstagnationintheEast
TheSupremacyofthePapacy(1054-1305)
• TheCrusadesØ JerusalemfelltotheMuslimsin638Ø Access,allowedatfirst,becamefordifficultØ PopeUrbanIIØ Peasant’sCrusadeØ 1stCrusade(1096-1099)–captured
JerusalemØ 2ndCrusade(1147)–failureØ 3rdCrusade(1189-1192)–somesuccessØ 4thCrusade(1200)–negotiatedsuccessØ Children’sCrusade(1212)Ø FallofAcre(1291)Ø CrusadesinEurope
TheSupremacyofthePapacy(1054-1305)
• OtherKeyEventsØ AlfredtheGreattranslatestheBibleinEnglandØ Hungarians&PolesarewontoChristianityØ ChristianityreachesIceland&GreenlandØ BohemiaiswonØ RussiaiswonØ PopesbecomemorepoliticalØ CanonizationofsaintsØ BeliefintheimmaculateconceptionofMaryØ WilliamtheConquerorinvadesEngland(1066)Ø Monasteriescontinueasprimarylearning
centersandecclesiasticalreformØ BeginningsofGothicarchitecture
MedievalSunsetandModernSunrise(1305-1517)• FeudalismwasFadingAway• EarlyReformAttempts&NewOrders
Ø Waldensians(late12century)Ø Franciscans,Dominicans,AugustiniansØ TheScholastics(Anselm,Aquinas)
• MoralLowPoint• HundredYear’sWar(1337-1443)• BlackDeath
MedievalSunsetandModernSunrise(1305-1517)• AdditionalReformers
Ø Wycliffe(England)Ø Hus(Bohemia)
• RenaissanceinItaly• FallofConstantinople(1453)• Inquisition&Corruption• Gutenberg
Ø 1stPrintingPress(1453)
ModernChurchHistoryProtestantReformationandRomanCatholicCounter-Reformation(1517-1648)
• TheChristianHumanists• Erasmus• Zwingli• Calvin• Melanchthon• MartinLuther
• ProtestantReformationandRomanCatholicCounter-Reformation(1517-1648)
• MartinLutherWittenbergChapelDoor-31October1517ProtestantReformationandRomanCatholicCounter-Reformation(1517-1648)
• UlrichZwingli• JohnCalvin• Anabaptists• ProtestantReformationandRomanCatholicCounter-Reformation
(1517-1648)• Counter-Reformation• IgnatiusLoyola• FrancisXavier• PopePaulIII
ProtestantReformationandRomanCatholicCounter-Reformation(1517-1648)• Meanwhile,BackinEngland…• HenryVIIIandHisQuestforaSon
Ø “DefenderoftheChurch”(1520)Ø Henrywantsadivorce(1529)
Ø Pope(Clement)refusesØ HenrydeclareshimselfHeadofthe
ChurchofEnglandØ Catholic,notProtestantØ HenryinstitutessomereformsØ BloodyMary&ElizabethI
• Tyndale&KnoxinScotland• ProtestantReformationandRomanCatholicCounter-Reformation
(1517-1648)• Summary
ProtestantReformationandRomanCatholicCounter-Reformation(1517-1648)
• Copernicus&Galileo• Politics&the30YearsWar
Ø PeaceofAugsburg(1555)Ø Protestantsvs.CatholicsØ HREmperorvs.PrincesØ Francevs.HabsburgsØ PeaceofWestphalia(1648)
• PuritansinEngland
Ø FocusonScripturesØ KingJamesBibleØ ThePilgrimsØ The“MiddleRoad”ofQEI
TheNewWorld(to1783)
• Columbus(1492)• QuicklyfollowedbyotherEuropeanPowers
Ø Spain&PortugalØ FranceØ GermanicStatesØ NetherlandsØ GreatBritain
• French&IndianWar• AmericanRevolution
TheNewWorld(to1783)• French&IndianWar(1754-1763)• AmericanRevolution(1775-1783)
Revivalism,Missions,andModernism(1783-1914)
• Optimism&ModernismØ Britainabolishestheslavetrade(1807)Ø Waterloo(1815)bringspeacetoEuropefor99yearsØ IndustrialRevolution=lowerprices&goodsformore
peopleØ MedicaldiscoveriesØ TheAmericanWestiswon
• StormCloudsØ People=commoditiesØ SlaveryØ Loveofthings&ofman’sabilityto
fixeverythingØ RationalismØ AmericanCivilWar
MissionsandModernism(1783-1914)• PrevalenceoftheSocialGospel• Response(i.e.,Spurgeon)• ActionsoftheRomanCatholicChurch
Ø Confirmationof7sacramentsØ AddedtheApocryphatotheBibleØ SalvationonlythroughRomeØ DenouncedharmonywithcultureØ DenouncedanylimitstopapalauthorityØ DeclaredthedoctrineoftheImmaculateConceptionØ VaticanII(1962-1965)loosenedmanyCatholicpositions
ChurchandSocietyinTension(1914-Present)• TheWorldWars&Man’sEmptiness• TheStruggleforMeaning• ThePrevalenceofFalseDoctrine
Ø ClaimsofadeeperunderstandingØ DenialofthefulldeityofChristØ RejectionoftheinerrancyofScriptureØ Self=GodØ SalvationbyChristComing,notHisatonementØ RejectionoftheVirginBirthØ Salvationbyillumination
• OurGodReignsØ God,notman,issovereignoverallØ Hanginthere!
SuggestedResourcesforFurtherStudy
• Bruce,F.F.,NewTestamentHistory,Doubleday,1972.• Cairns,EarleE.,ChristianityThroughtheCenturies,Revised&
EnlargedEdition,GrandRapids:AcademieBooks,1954,1981.• Noll,Mark,A.,TurningPoints,DecisiveMomentsintheHistoryof
Christianity,GrandRapids:BakerBooks,1997.• Schaff,P.,&D.S.Schaff.HistoryoftheChristianChurch.Oak
Harbor,WA:LogosResearchSystems,Inc.,1997.• Vos,HowardF.,IntroductiontoChurchHistory,Nashville:Thomas
NelsonPublishers,1994.
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