arth 101 unit 3 review session

UNIT 3 ASIA – ROMAN EMPIRE

REVIEW SESSION

TEST FORMAT AND REMINDERS

1) Please remember to at least put a date! If you are around the correct date you will receive credit --- no date = no credit

2) Try at the vocab; you can receive partial credit if so

3) Actually do the essay – write at least one paragraph and you’ll get +15 points right there

South and Southeast AsiaIndus Civilization, 3rd millennium B.C.E.: advanced ancient civilization, main city called Mohenjo-daro, traded with Mesopotamian, writing but can’t read itAshoka: king who promoted Buddhist belief; had army in battle and saw all the suffering, and had a conversion which caused him to promote peaceBuddhism: birth place= India; this prince went around meditating, then one day accomplished enlightenment under a tree; the idea that the world is full of suffering, and letting that go; symbols of Buddha: turning wheel, elephants, lions, foot printsHinduism: practice belief in many multiple deities

-View of Mohenjo-daro,c.-2600-1900 B.C.E.-main city in the advanced ancient civilization, Indus, no direct signs of a palace

- Great Bath from Mohenjo-daro- 2600-1900 BCE- possibly a sacred bathing area

for ritual cleansing

-Sarnath, lion capital-c. 250 B.C.E.-no images of Buddha, only symbols of him

-Sanchi, Great Stupa- 3rd c. B.C.E. – 1st c. C.E.- Ashoka made these temples for

mediation, walked around stupa to help achieve enlightenment

-Karle, chaitya Hall-c. 100 C.E.-stupa at the end of the long hallway of columns for mediation

-Ghandara Buddha-2nd c. C.E.-Greek culture brought to India, so sculpture began to have western influence

-Mathura Buddha-2nd c. C.E.-not so much attention given to proportion, certain hand positions have meaning, this one means do-not-fear

-Sarnath Buddha-5th c. C.E.-the discoloration is due to people coming up and touching the statue

-Elephanta, Shiva as Mahadeva-c. 550-570 C.E.-Shiva is the deity of creation and distruction, that’s why there are multiple heads

-Mamallapuram, rock-cut temples-2nd half 7th c.-very small temples, almost like models of larger ones, could leave offerings and maybe the gods would come

-Khajuraho, Vishvanatha Temple-c. 1000-not a place for communal worship, only have priest and officials go inside

-Java, Great Stupa at Borobudur- c. 800- symbolizes the heavens and

earth, functions as a place of meditation

-Cambodia, Angkor Wat-12th c.-connected by waterways, architecture symbolized mountain range

ChinaKong Fuzi: also known as Confusious; respecting your place in society and doing service, had a role and rules about how you behave (ex, honor your emperor, family, ancestors)Laozi and Zhuangzi: Founders of Daoism, withdrawing from the world and finding personal enlightenment Daoism (Taoism): Laozi and Zhuangzi are the founders of Daoism; withdrawing from the world and finding personal enlightenmentPagoda: Chinese building with multiple roofs that slightly curve upPorcelain: a type of ceramic made from white clay, baked at a high temperature, that was mastered by the Chinese, and was exported to surrounding countriesEmperor Huizong: was an artist and poetCONVENTIONS: no framing, inspired by landscape, poetry and stamps on the painting itself, multiple perspective

-Shang dynasty bronze vessel-12-11th c. B.C.E. -during the bronze age dynasty in china, used for funerals if an elite person died, top part of body is lid of vessel

-Army of 1st emperor of Qin-c. 210 B.C.E.- the terra cotta soldiers sculpted are all different looking, may be actual people that served for the emperor

-Buddha- 338 C.E.- differs from southeast Asian in

that the hands are flat against its belly, shows that buddism traveled to china at some point

-Gu Kaizhi-Lady Feng and the Bear-late 4th c. C.E.-The lady was serving the court and a bear attacked the emperor, and she threw herself in front of him; example of Confucianism because of sacrificing self for honored ones

-Tang dynasty horse-8-9th c.-shows how these sculptures were glazed

-Fan Kuan-Travelers among mountains and streams-early 11th c.-shows the dominance of nature, due to the massive mountain, and the tiny little figures you can barely see, shows multiple perspectives to perceive depth

-Ma Yuan-On a mountain path in spring-13th c.-for a book of poetry, shows it can be a collaborative effort between art and poetry, can relate to Daoism

-Liang Kai-6th Chan Patriarch chopping bamboo-early 13th c.-Buddhist inspired art work; shows the moment of someone reaching enlightenment by doing a daily task

-Yuan dynasty temple vase-1351-contains the popular subject of a dragon, used for temple rituals

-Forbidden City, Beijing-15th c. and later-home of the emperor, now open to the people to show that the leader thinks all people are equal

Ai Wei Wei, Remembering, 2009: because of the way the Chinese government are treating their people, this artist uses sometimes profane ideas/concepts to prove the point that Chinas culture is depleting; this piece is a protest of the government’s reaction to an earthquake that happened, and killed children in schools; the writing is a quote from one of the mothers

-Crown from Silla dynasty-KOREA-700-900 C.E.-made of gold and jade, made in comma shapes, which was a convention of this dynasty

-Maebyong vase-KOREA-ca. 1000 C.E.-may be an imitation of the mineral jade

Japan

Shinto: nature based religion that has gods and goddesses that are related to the natural cycles of natureisometric perspective: using parallel lines to show depth and perspective; lines to not connectwabi: simple, natural, rustic look; seen in architecture and ceramics CONVENTIONS: Zen Buddhism, elongated forms

-Tomb of Emperor Nintoku-late 4th-early 5th c.- example of key-hole tomb, put moat around it to protect from invaders

-Ise Shrine-as rebuilt 1973 from 5th c. design-keep rebuilding the shrine every now and then based off 5th c design, a house of the god

-Tori Busshi, Shaka Triad-623-sculpture of Buddha, similar to Indian sculptures with the halo and hand symbols

-Horiyuji Kondo (Golden Hall), Nara-c. 680-one of the oldest standing wooden buildings, all the pieces of wood fit together like a puzzle

-Phoenix Hall, Uji-1053-painted, inspired by china, its plan is in the shape of a bird

-Genji visits Murasaki, hand scroll-12th c.-an example of a work using isometric perspective

-Burning of the Sanjo Palace scroll-13th c.-political uprising, isometric perspective

-Sesshu Toyo-landscape-1495-influenced by hanging scroll Chinese painting,

-Tohaku-Pine Forest-late 16th c.-example of a door screen, atmospheric perspective (things fading away in the distance)

-Katsura Imperial Villa, Kyoto- 17th c.- uses the wabi style, very

simplistic with not a lot of art or furniture

-Hokusai-The Great Wave-c. 1826-1833-Mount Fuji, asymmetrically balanced, shows the power of nature

Etruscan and Early RomanEtruscan peak: 700-500 B.C.E., inspiration from Greek, known for their tombs, art begins to get more dark when the romans start to take over, still doing the lost-wax bronzing technique Tuscan column: variety of Doric; has a base that connects to the podium, no ridges in the fluteCONVENTIONS OF ARCHITECTURE: roof overhangs, terra cotta sculptures on top of roof, columns just in the front, emphasis on frontality, has a podium, variety of doric called tuscan

-Model of Etruscan temple-6th c. B.C.E.-CONVENTIONS OF ARCHITECTURE

-> roof overhangs, terra cotta sculptures on top of roof, columns just in the front, emphasis on frontality, has a podium, variety of doric called tuscan

-Apulu of Veii-c. 510-500 B.C.E.-version of Apollo, sculpture from ontop of Etruscan temple, has that archaic smile and flat drapery inspired from greek art, see more action

-Sarcophagus of couple-520 B.C.E.-a coffin that contained cremated remains, shows a couple reclining at a dinner party, holding eggs as a symbol of rebirth

-Tomb of Leopards, Tarquinia-c. 480 B.C.E.-like greeks, showed men with a darker skin tone then females,

-Tomb of Hunting and Fishing-c. 530-520 B.C.E.-shows the love of landscape, similar to Minoan with the random placement of animals

-Capitoline Wolf-c. 500-480 B.C.E.-Romulus and Remus become the founders of rome; could be an original estruscan story

-Sarcophagus of Lars Pulena-early 2nd c. B.C.E.-not idealized, more realistic, shows etruscans were interested in depicted real portraits of their people

Roman Republic Roman Republic: 509 B.C.E.-27 B.C.E., begins when they kick out the Etruscans, ends when Arch: barrel vault: Mesopotamian vault that arcs, upside down Ugroin vault: two barrel vaults that meet at right angles, more airy and opendome: created in Mesopotamia, but romans exploited itbasilica: rectangular building with columns on the inside, don’t have any specific function, multipurpose buildingPARTS OF ROMAN HOUSE:

atrium: a skylight that lets light and rain into impluvium poolimpluvium: pool in atrium that collects rain water from skylighttablinum: the man of the household’s officecubiculum: single bedrooms Painting styles: First style: Masonry, fake stone, paint the walls to look like marbleSecond style: Architectural, realistic looking architecture that creates a 3D landscape, illusionistic, makes

room looks bigger

-Temple of Portunus, Rome-c. 75 B.C.E.-ionic order, columns look like they go all the way around, but they actually are just half columns connected to the wall, still a focus on frontality with the podium and large steps, combination of greek and Etruscan ideas

-Sanctuary of Fortuna Primigenia, Palestrina-late 2nd c. B.C.E.-inspired by Hellenistic art and Pergamon, oracle site

-Samnite House, Herculaneum-late 2nd c. B.C.E.-shows an example of first style painting

-Cubiculum of Boscoreale-ca. 60-50 B.C.E.-shows an example of the second painting style, looks like they had the idea of linear perspective, but didn’t perfect it

-Head of an old man,-c. 50 B.C.E.-starting to see the use of plebian style

-Funerary relief of Gessii-c. 30 B.C.E.-starting to see the use of plebian style

Early Roman EmpireRoman Empire: 27 B.C.E. - ca. 400 C.E.Octavian/Augustus: takes over after Cesar, renamed Augustus after a win in battlePainting styles of Empire:

3rd style – Ornate: very small works of art, floating landscape, and flat columns4th style – Intricate: combo of 2nd and 3rd style Sculpture styles:Plebeian: lower social class characterized by disproportions Verism: super realisticClassicism: Augustus, shows interest in greek classicizing Amphitheater: entertainment venue used for sporting events, performances, etc.forum: heart of roman city; markets, main temples

SLIDESPompeii, basilica, 2nd c. B.C.E.3rd style painting, Boscotrecase, ca. 10 B.C.E.Augustus of Prima Porta, copy of bronze original of c. 20 B.C.E.Bust of Livia, early 1st c. B.C.E.Ara Pacis Augustae, 13-9 B.C.E.

Imperial family processionPont du Gard, Nîmes, c. 16 B.C.E.Severus and Celer, Domus Aurea, 64-68 C.E.

4th style wall painting, Domus AureaVespasian, 75-79 C.E.Colosseum, c. 70-80 C.E.: Tuscan doric on bottom, ionic middle, and Corinthian on top (a lot like stoa of attalos)Arch of Titus, after 81 C.E.: Titus ruler won battle against Jerusalem and this shows triumph

Spoils of Jerusalem relief: shows the parade where there they showing off the things they stoleTriumph of Titus relief: shows the procession of titus

High Roman Empire - 96-192 C.E.

--used military fort grid system to inspire city plans

Apollodorus of Damascus, Forum of Trajan, dedic. 112 C.E.:

Reconstruction of forum: provided to the people (libraries and shopping mall)

Basilica Ulpia: uses clerestory, love of interior space

Column of Trajan: celebrates building project and trajan’s military campaigns

Market Hall: uses concrete groin vaults

-Portrait of Hadrian-c. 117-120 C.E.-loved greek, classicized, started the fashion for roman emperors to sport beards

-Pantheon-c. 118-125 C.E. exterior, interior-temple of all the gods, first building to have both a dome and greek style pediment, frontality, wanted to associate with reign of augustus; emphasis on space

-Funerary relief of vegetable seller-2nd c. C.E.-plebian style, flat, oversized hands

Apotheosis of Antoninus Pius & Faustina, c.161 C.E.: shows the “becoming of a god,” classicism, same story on both sides,

Apotheosis relief: classism side Decursio relief: plebian,

awkward sense of space

-Equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius-c. 175 C.E.-used to be outside, then brought inside to protect

Late Roman Empire

Late Roman Empire, 193-337 C.E.: broken pediments, linear flat sculpture

-Painted portrait of Septimius Severus & family-200 C.E.-only surviving painted portrait of a roman emperor

-Caracalla-c. 211-217 C.E.-built a gigantic bath house, known for ruling during age of anxiety

-Baths of Caracalla, Rome, plan-212-216 C.E.-built for the people, decorated the interior

-Ludovisi sarcophagus-250-260 C.E.-chaotic, no coherent space, shows suffering

-Temple of Venus, Baalbek-3rd c. C.E.-scalloped, had a pediment, podium, and is enclosed

-Tetrarchs-c. 305 C.E.-a ruler decided to split empire in two with four rulers, art meant to send message that they got each other’s back, look the same so rule the same