argument mapping overview
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Argument Mapping
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Simon Buckingham Shum
Knowledge Media Institute The Open University
W: simon.buckinghamshum.net E: s.buckingham.shum@open.ac.uk
T: 0770 212 5734 Tw: @sbskmi
Young Foundation, The Open University, 1st March 2012
Argument Mapping is part of a broader research programme …
Developing 21st Century capacities in children and adults
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Our capacities to cope with complexity… • Deep Learning • Sensemaking • Resilience • Complexity Thinking • Critical Thinking • Collective Intelligence
Applied to… • Future of school/uni/
societal learning • Participatory urban
planning • Climate change • Evidence-based policy • E-Democracy
…and how to spot the above through web analytics http://people.kmi.open.ac.uk/sbs/tag/learning-analytics
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In a nutshell…
Argumentation is tough: • hard to learn for children and adults
• hard to grasp the arguments in complex debates (critical for engaged citizenship)
Arguments can be visually mapped in order to
clarify who is saying what and why
Web tools help make this an interactive experience and a collective endeavour
The evidence is that argument mapping can
improve learning (but not always)
Mapping the UK election TV debates
4 http://people.kmi.open.ac.uk/sbs/2010/04/debate-replay-with-map
Mapping a nuclear power debate on a blog
Mapping a nuclear power debate on a blog
Thanks to Anna De Liddo for mapping this Mark Lynas blog debate
Mapping a nuclear power debate on a blog
Thanks to Anna De Liddo for mapping this Mark Lynas blog debate
Journalist mapping a public policy science debate in Germany
http://news.kmi.open.ac.uk/rostra/news.php?r=55&t=2&id=47
Mapping Queensland’s environmental public consultation
http://news.kmi.open.ac.uk/rostra/news.php?r=55&t=2&id=26
Mapping community views for participatory urban planning
http://www.sevensigma.com.au/what-we-have-done/case-studies.html
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Example: a “scientific argument” on National Front website
“What are the facts? Over almost seventy years, in study after study, conducted by scientists and educationalists in numerous countries, studies conducted by such bastions of racial rationalism as the Inner London Education Authority, the US Army, and Harvard and
Oxford Universities, on every measure of intellectual ability and educational attainment Blacks perform significantly worse, on average, than Whites. In the case of average IQ, for example, the average Negro figure is only 85% of the White average. In fact the higher the proportion of
White genes the higher the intelligence: a pure-bred Negro fresh out of Africa scores nearer 70%.”
Readers can consult Race by Dr. John R. Baker, former Reader in Cytology at Oxford University, published by the Oxford University Press, or The Testing of Negro Intelligence, an exhaustive review of hundreds of studies demonstrating racial differences in intellectual ability by Dr. Audrey M. Shuey, and of course there is The Bell Curve by Herrnstein and Murray.
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Analysing the NF “negro intelligence” case using argument mapping
Red link= “challenges”
Green link= “supports”
Hyperlink to evidence on a website
http://bit.ly/aP4M0P (View in Safari)
13 http://bit.ly/aP4M0P (View in Safari)
http://bit.ly/aP4M0P (View in Safari)
Refuting the NF “negro intelligence” argument using argument mapping
http://bit.ly/aP4M0P (View in Safari)
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Mapping the Iraq pre-emptive strike argument
www.kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/compendium/iraq
Mapping the ideas, themes and arguments in a complex debate (Iraq)
An overview map of pro-invasion authors
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Mapping the Iraq pre-emptive strike argument
Detailed argument map of an author’s article
www.kmi.open.ac.uk/projects/compendium/iraq
Teaching Yr 8’s evidence-based scientific deliberation through Dialogue Mapping
18 Okada, A. and Buckingham Shum, S. (2008). Evidence-Based Dialogue Maps as a Research Tool to Investigate the Quality of School Pupils’ Scientific Argumentation, International Journal of Research and Method in Education, 31(3), pp. 291–315 (Special Issue: Coffin, C. and O’Halloran, K.A, (Eds.) Researching Argumentation in Educational Contexts: New Methods, New Directions). Article PrePrint: http://oro.open.ac.uk/11773
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Once the structure of the argument is clear
(even if the answer isn’t) students produce an argumentative text
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http://cohere.open.ac.uk
Convergence of… web annotation social bookmarking concept mapping structured debate
Argument Mapping meets Web 2.0
directly annotate any website to serve as evidence in an argument map
22 De Liddo, A., Sándor, Á. and Buckingham Shum, S. (2012, In Press). Contested Collective Intelligence: Rationale, Technologies, and a Human-Machine Annotation Study. Computer Supported Cooperative Work. Eprint: http://oro.open.ac.uk/31052
Highlighted text becomes a new source for an idea, annotated in the margin, which becomes a node in
an argument map (private or shared)
— multiple learners/analysts building a map
23 De Liddo, A. and Buckingham Shum, S. (2010). Cohere: A prototype for contested collective intelligence. In: ACM Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW 2010) - Workshop: Collective Intelligence In Organizations, February 6-10, 2010, Savannah, Georgia, USA. http://oro.open.ac.uk/19554
ConnectionNet visualization: 11 Apr 2011 After about a month’s work, a set of islands...
“This is indicative of the stage I've got to — I
haven't seen the other connections yet”
ConnectionNet visualization: 31 May 2011
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A few weeks later, and more connections are visible…
“I’ve gradually managed to make more connections between different ideas”
ConnectionNet visualization: 01 June 2011
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“I began looking for ‘nexus points’ by
which I mean those ideas/concepts around which there is a cluster
of connections ”
It’s now a complex network of interconnected ideas…
Mapping the Deeper Learning literature
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‘Learner autonomy’ emerges as a key idea (strongly connected)
“‘Learner autonomy’ represents a variety of overlapping and
effective learning practices, and implies the learner can give
meaning to learning and create new learning tools”
Webcast: http://olnet.org/node/610
Evidence Hubs: based on Cohere, but tuned for a community of inquiry, e.g. the OER movement:
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ci.olnet.org
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Evidence Hub concept now being generalised to other communities (e.g. Vital)
http://LearningEmergence.net International network of researchers and practitioners working on deep learning, leadership, complex systems thinking and knowledge media
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Thematic Research Network
EducationalFutures
ork
A new OU network connec-ng researchers, prac--oners, futures analysts and other stakeholders
to envision and create be<er educa-onal futures
Articles, books, news, movies, software, user/developer community…
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CompendiumInstitute
http://projects.kmi.open.ac.uk/hyperdiscourse
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