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TRUMANThe ‘Fair Deal’ as a continuation of the legacy of the New Deal
21 Point ProgramFull Employment
Expand Social Security:improve unemployment insurancecreate health insurance plan
Increase hourly minimum wage to 75 cents
Slum clearance & public housing
Aid to educationExpand public works projects
G.I. Bill – assistance to veteransDesegregation of the armed forces
EISENHOWERModerate Republican
‘What’s good for the country is good for general Motors and vice versa.’
Maintained social welfare policies of the New Deal:Federal aid to housing & education & the disabledMinimum wage increased to $1
Civil Rights: 1957 Little Rock Central High SchoolCivil Rights Commission
Interstate Highway Act 1956 - $25 billion in federal spending
NASA 1958
Removed wage & price controlsOpposed national health insurance programReduced federal spending: $1 billion budget surplus
KENNEDY‘NEW FRONTIER’
Apollo space program
Peace Corps
Limited expansion of unemployment benefits
Raised minimum wage to $1.25
Proposed medical insurance for the poor & elderly,Federal aid to education & housing
Blocked by Republicans & conservative/southern Democrats
Lacks leadership on Civil Rights
Cold War issues – Berlin & Cuba (Bay of Pigs & Missile Crisis)preoccupy presidency
JOHNSON‘GREAT SOCIETY’ War on Poverty Civil Rights
Office of Economic OpportunityEducationEmploymentHousingHealth CareCommunity Action
Social Security expandedMedicare (old)Medicaid (poor)
Civil Rights Act 1964Voting Rights Act 1965
$11 billion tax cutFederal budget deficit
Preoccupation with escalating Vietnam War
NIXON‘law and order’The ‘Silent Majority’
Reduced spending on anti-poverty programsAbolished OEO‘New Federalism’
Wage & Price Freeze inResponse to ‘stagflation’(inflation & recession)Opposed Supreme Court decisionsoutlawing school prayer and legalizing abortion
1970 - EPA Environmental Protection AgencyOSHA Occupational Safety & Health
Civil Rights: Affirmative Action programs expanded
WATERGATE
Nixon resigns & pardoned by Ford
CARTERWashington ‘outsider’ – former governor of Georgia
Carter in Kentucky in 1979
• --
• Reduce the annual growth rate in energy demand to less than two percent.
• --Reduce gasoline consumption by ten percent below its current level.• --Cut in half the portion of United States oil which is imported, from a
potential level of 16 million barrels to 6 million barrels a day.• --Establish a strategic petroleum reserve of one billion barrels, more
than six months' supply.• --Increase our coal production by about two thirds to more than 1
billion tons a year.• --Insulate 90 percent of American homes and all new buildings.• --Use solar energy in more than two and one-half million houses.
Carter focused on economy (recession & unemployment)But policies to cut taxes, increase spending and raise interest ratesled to inflation due to high energy prices (1974 & 1979 OPEC raises oil prices)
Carter’s Energy Policy
• Rise of New Right/Growth of the Sunbelt
• 1978 California Proposition 13 tax revolt– Attack on New Deal – style programs
• The Moral Majority
Jerry Falwell and Pat Robertson
Social Trends in the 1970s and 80sConservative shift
REAGANFree-market supply-side economicsTax cuts for the wealthy and corporationsDeregulation of environmental laws
Neo-conservativespopulism & ‘culture wars’war on drugs
‘Government isn’t the solution; it’s the problem’
Economic & Fiscal problems:
First term: high unemployment & inflation
Huge budget deficits due to 40% increase in military spending and 25% in tax revenueHuge cuts in domestic social welfare programs
BUSH*Only one term of office 1988-92*Former US ambassador to the UN and *Director of the CIA in the 1970s*Reagan’s Vice-President 1980-1988*Conservative domestic policies: Supreme Court appointmentsincreased military spending
Economic problems: national debt, budget deficit, recessionrising unemployment, spending cuts & gov’t layoffs & tax riseIn spite of « no new taxes, read my lips » campaign promise
Preoccupied with Foreign Policy:End of the Cold War/ »New World Order »Reunification of Germany Invasion of Panama Dec 1989- Jan 1990Middle East: Persian Gulf War 1990-1991
CLINTON
Centrist New Democrat« era of biggovernment is over »Reduction of federal budget deficits by $500 billion(mid 1990s economic boom –1993 NAFTA)
1994 Republicans gain majority in Congress « Contract with America »A conservative agenda to resume Reagan revolution:
Balanced budget Amendment to ConstitutionTax cuutsReduce welfare & other social programsReduce gov’t regulations of industry, stock market, environmentTough on crime
1998 Monica Lewinsky sex scandal leads to impeachment
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