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Are you ready?
CellsCentral Dogma
EnzymesScientific MethodEnergy
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Structure
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If a cell contains a nucleus, it must be a(n)
a. Plant
c. prokaryote
b. animal
d. eukaryote
Cell Structure
Cell Structure
Both plants and animals have a
nucleus and other membrane
bound organelles.
Which of the following do not have
cell walls?
Cell Structure
b. plants
d. all prokaryotesc. all eukaryotes
a. animals
Cell wall is not the same and plasma membrane. The cell wall helps
provide structure for a cell. Plants and Prokaryotes have a cell wall.
Cell Structure
Where does cellular respiration occur?
a. chloroplast
c. cytoplasm d. nucleus
b. mitochondria
Cell Structure
The mitochondrion is the powerhouse of the cell. Both Plants and Animals have mitochondria.
Cell Structure
What is the purpose of ribosomes?
a. To make DNA
c. To transport materials throughout the cell
b. To package materials
d. To make proteinsCell Structure
Ribosomes make proteins by arranging amino acids according to instructions from RNA – location of translation. Ribosomes are found in all cells.
Cell Structure
What is the function of organelle N?
Cell Structure
b. Make proteins (cell’s work-force)
a. Make ATP (a cell’s energy source)
d. Make DNA (cell’s blueprints)
c. Make glucose (a cell’s food)
Cell Structure
Plants can do photosynthesis because chlorophyll can absorb
the sun’s energy.
What is ultimately produced at the end of the processes of the
central dogma?
Central Dogma
c. DNA
d. RNAamino acid
a. protein
DNA RNA Protein
Central Dogma
What is produced in transcription?
Central Dogma
a. 2 identical DNA molecules
b. tRNA
c. protein
d. Complementary mRNA
Central Dogma
Transcription makes mRNA which gets decoded in translation to make proteins.
Central Dogma
a. cysteine
c. lysine
d. glycine
b. valine
What amino acid is
produced from the mRNA
codon: GUC?
Codons represent amino acids
Central Dogma
What does a mutation cause?
Central Dogma
a. Disease
b. Inability to make the right protein
d. superpowers
c. Change in DNA sequence
Only mutations that change the amino acid sequence cause disease.
Central Dogma
Determine the DNA sequence that codes for this polypeptide
sequence: tyr pro
Central Dogma
a. UAU CCU
b. No answer given
c. TAT CCU
b. ATA GGG
You work backwards: protein mRNA DNA
Central Dogma
What is the shape of DNA?
Structure
c. Alpha helix
d. helix
b. Three stranded helix
a. Double helix
DNA looks like a twisted ladder.
Structure
What is the complementary sequence for the DNA strand?
ATCGGC
Structure
c. AUCGGC
b. UAGCCG
a. CGGCTA
d. TAGCCG
The two strands of DNA are
complementary: They match up.
Structure
What are the basic building blocks of proteins?
a. nucleotides
d. Nitrogenous bases
b. tRNA
c. Amino acids
Structure
Amino acids are the repeating units in protein polymers.
Structure
What is in RNA and not in DNA?
structure
a. sugar
c. Phosphate group
b. nucleotide
d. uracil
Both DNA and RNA have 4 bases, but U replaces T in RNA.
Structure
How does ATP store energy?
a. When a phosphate is added
c. When enzymes move ATP across a cell
b. When amino acids connect
d. When the bond between two phosphate groups get broken
Structure
ATP becomes ADP and releases energy
Structure
Enzymes are _____ that speed up chemical reactions.
a. nucleotides
c. Nucleic acids
b. Energy molecules
d. proteins
Enzymes
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze or speed up reactions.
Enzymes
What causes an enzyme to get denatured?
Enzyme
b. mutation
c. genetics
d. disease
a. Extreme temperature and pH
Enzyme
Denaturing changes the shape of an enzyme
What would happen to the reactions of life if enzymes
weren’t there?
Enzyme
a. They would not occur.
b. They would make the wrong material.
d. They would occur too fast to get nutrients.
c. They would occur too slowly to sustain life
Enzyme
Enzymes lower the activation energy to speed up reactions.
Based on the graph, which of the following could be used to increase the reaction rate beyond point C?
Enzyme
a. decrease enzyme concentration
b. increase the amount of substrate
c. add more water
d. increase the amount of substrate
Enzyme
Increasing the temperature will increase the rate of reaction.
When will both enzymes be active?
Enzyme
a. 80 oC
b. always d. never
d. 45 oC
Enzyme
Optimal is at max. When one enzyme is at its max, the other is
inactive.
What is the independent
variable in the data table?
b. Number of Tadpoles
c. Amount of water
a. There is no independent variable
d. pH Scientific Method
The independent variable is what you change. It is also called the
manipulated variable.
Scientific Method
What can you conclude from the graphs?
Scientific Method
b. Enzyme activity does not change as you change
temperature and pH
a. Enzyme activity
increases when you
increase the temperature
and pH
c. Enzymes work best at a
specific temperature
and pH
Temperature, pH and concentration affect enzyme
activity.
Scientific Method
What is a possible hypothesis for
experiment summarized in the
graph?
Scientific Methodd. A plant will grow best with lots of water
c. Heat is damaging to plants
b. Plants need sunlight for photosynthesis.
a. Increasing sunlight increases plant growth.
Sunlight is on the x-axis so it is the independent variable.
Scientific Method
Identify the variables:
Scientific Method
c. Control: 50 workersIV: stapleDV: juice
a. Control: juiceIV: stacks DV: productivity
b. Control: Group BIV: volume of special juiceDV: number of stacks
Control is a comparison.
Independent is what changes
Dependent is what you look for.
Scientific Method
In the experiment, what type of variable is the amount
of light?
a. Independent variable
b. Dependent variable d. Constant
c. Control
Scientific Method
Constant and Control are not the same.
Constants are things kept the same for each condition.
Controls are comparisons.
Scientific Method
Energy
____ is the molecule that stores energy for easy use
within the cell.a. ADP
d. RNA
b. glucose
c. ATP
Energy
ATP is stored ENERGY
Which direction does energy flow?
Energy
a. Tree to deer to cougar
b. Sun to bear to cougar
c. Bird to skunk to insects
d. Rodent to bird to bear
Arrows show the flow of
energy, food and nutrients
from autotrophs to heterotrophs.
Energy
Which of the following equations best represents
photosynthesis?a. 6C + 6H2O C6H12O6
c. C + O2 + H2O CO2 + HOH
d. C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O
b. 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Energy
6 carbon dioxide + 6 water = 1 glucose + 6 oxygen
6 CO2 + 6 H20 = C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Energy
In which container is photosynthesis not occurring?
a. 1 b. 2 d. 4c. 3
Container Plant Plant Part
Light Color
Temp (C)
Increase in O2
1 Geranium leaf red 22 120
2 Geranium leaf green 22 15
3 Geranium root red 22 0
4 Violet leaf red 22 80
Energy
The table had a lot of extra information. There were two main ways to find the
answer: no oxygen was made, sunlight can not
reach roots.
Energy
How are the chemical reactions of photosynthesis and cellular
respiration related?a. Photosynthesis occurs in plants and cellular respiration occurs in animals.
d. There is no relationship.
b. Photosynthesis makes more ATP.
c. Photsynthesis is basically the reverse of cellular respiration.
Energy
Photosynthesis makes glucose that is needed in cellular
respiration
Energy
Nile Blue stain a nucleus but prokaryotes don’ t have one.
Hodge Podge
Dye Testacridine orange stains DNA and RNAosmium tetrozxide stains lipidsEosin stains cell cytoplasmNile Blue stains cell nuclei
How much will you wager?
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