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Architect: KHR A/SArchitect: KHR A/SArchitect: KHR A/SArchitect: KHR A/S
E.Phil & Son AS headquarters
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Presentation Presentation of the buildingof the building
Ventilation Ventilation strategy & strategy & technologytechnology
ConclusionsConclusions
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Summer Summer monitoringmonitoring
Winter Winter monitoringmonitoring
Monitoring Monitoring set-upset-up
NatVent
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Presentation Presentation of the buildingof the building
Ventilation Ventilation strategy & strategy & technologytechnology
ConclusionsConclusions
E. Pihl & Son AS E. Pihl & Son AS BuildingBuilding
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Summer Summer monitoringmonitoring
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Monitoring Monitoring set-upset-up
Building Presentation (1...)
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E. Pihl & Son is a major contractor in Denmark. The company Headquarters is located in Lyngby, about 10 kilometres
north of Copenhagen City in a suburban environment. The office building was completed in 1993/94.
The building is a three-storey office building. The building is angled in a diagonal symmetry. The corridors are sky-lit galleries. The building is specifically designed for natural ventilation. The facade of the building is brickwork and glass while the roof and the
internal walls are in situ concrete.
The floor area is about 2.700 m2
2.000 m2 (75%) is offices and meeting rooms 400 m2 (15%) is circulation area 200 m2 is canteen and 100 m2 is toilets and cloakrooms
E. Pihl & Son is a major contractor in Denmark. The company Headquarters is located in Lyngby, about 10 kilometres
north of Copenhagen City in a suburban environment. The office building was completed in 1993/94.
The building is a three-storey office building. The building is angled in a diagonal symmetry. The corridors are sky-lit galleries. The building is specifically designed for natural ventilation. The facade of the building is brickwork and glass while the roof and the
internal walls are in situ concrete.
The floor area is about 2.700 m2
2.000 m2 (75%) is offices and meeting rooms 400 m2 (15%) is circulation area 200 m2 is canteen and 100 m2 is toilets and cloakrooms
Building presentation (2...)
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CanteenCanteenCanteenCanteen
2-storey foyer2-storey foyer2-storey foyer2-storey foyerOffice wing, north-Office wing, north-
west facadewest facadeOffice wing, north-Office wing, north-
west facadewest facade
Building presentation (3...)
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Building presentation (4...)
typical floor plan
Corridors with skylightsCorridors with skylightsCorridors with skylightsCorridors with skylights
CanteenCanteenCanteenCanteen
Two-storey foyer Two-storey foyer with glazed facadewith glazed facadeTwo-storey foyer Two-storey foyer
with glazed facadewith glazed facade
Main entranceMain entranceMain entranceMain entrance
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Building presentation (5|)
internal view Generally the internal concrete walls and ceilings are exposed. The
thermal mass of the building can be characterised as heavy. Internal steel frames support stairways, skylights, fittings and other
permanent furnishings
Generally the internal concrete walls and ceilings are exposed. The thermal mass of the building can be characterised as heavy.
Internal steel frames support stairways, skylights, fittings and other permanent furnishings
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E. Pihl & Son required an office building of high quality and the technical installations should be simple and hidden yet effective and advanced.
The building is specifically designed for natural ventilation. In the design stage for the ventilation the architects and engineers took into account:
not only the thermally generated pressures, but also the wind induced pressures.
Knowledge and ideas from traditional buildings in the tropics were taken into consideration including the principles developed for the Danish pavilion at the Sevilla fair.
E. Pihl & Son required an office building of high quality and the technical installations should be simple and hidden yet effective and advanced.
The building is specifically designed for natural ventilation. In the design stage for the ventilation the architects and engineers took into account:
not only the thermally generated pressures, but also the wind induced pressures.
Knowledge and ideas from traditional buildings in the tropics were taken into consideration including the principles developed for the Danish pavilion at the Sevilla fair.
Ventilation strategy & aims (1...)
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Ventilation strategy (2...)
for summer comfort
In summertime the risk of overheating is reduced by intensive ventilation: The intensive ventilation is completely natural and is based on the
opening of windows in the façade. Mechanical ventilation is only used in the meeting rooms, toilets, canteen and main foyer
The windows are partly controlled mechanically and partly controlled automatically.
The intensive ventilation of the offices is based on cross ventilation and single sided ventilation (when the internal doors are closed).
Under certain conditions the vertical skylights open automatically. In which case stack effects are one of the driving natural forces.
During periods when stack effects are not strong enough to drive the natural ventilation regime , two extraction fans on the roof are turned on. Under extreme conditions, the system is fan-assisted.
The solar gains are reduced to a certain degree by the use of internal blinds.
In summertime the risk of overheating is reduced by intensive ventilation: The intensive ventilation is completely natural and is based on the
opening of windows in the façade. Mechanical ventilation is only used in the meeting rooms, toilets, canteen and main foyer
The windows are partly controlled mechanically and partly controlled automatically.
The intensive ventilation of the offices is based on cross ventilation and single sided ventilation (when the internal doors are closed).
Under certain conditions the vertical skylights open automatically. In which case stack effects are one of the driving natural forces.
During periods when stack effects are not strong enough to drive the natural ventilation regime , two extraction fans on the roof are turned on. Under extreme conditions, the system is fan-assisted.
The solar gains are reduced to a certain degree by the use of internal blinds.
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Ventilation strategy (3...)
for summer comfort
The ordinary windows in the offices are manually controlled. The windows must be closed during night-time due to security reasons.
Vertical openings in the skylights and ...
Roof fans are automatically activated at an internal temperature of 26 °C measured in the two-storey foyer
…ventilation openings located in narrow window bands above the ordinary windows in the offices are equipped with electronic actuators. The openings can be left open during night-time.
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Ventilation strategy (4...)
for indoor air quality The indoor air quality during the
office hours in winter and summer time is controlled by the occupants:
Occupants can improve the air quality by opening the windows.
There is no automatic control related to the IAQ.
The indoor air quality during the office hours in winter and summer time is controlled by the occupants:
Occupants can improve the air quality by opening the windows.
There is no automatic control related to the IAQ.
Manually controlled Manually controlled openable windowsopenable windows
Manually controlled Manually controlled openable windowsopenable windows
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Ventilation devices - OFFICES:
specially designed multi-position ventilation openings: located in narrow window bands above the ordinary windows motorised for manual and automatic control
Ventilation devices - CORRIDORS:
openable skylights: motorised for both manual and automatic control
two extract fans located on the roof integrated with the skylights intended for use in case the natural driving forces are insufficient
The control system (I-BUS, “intelligent house”) controls: the ventilation openings the heating system the artificial lighting the solar shading
Ventilation devices - OFFICES:
specially designed multi-position ventilation openings: located in narrow window bands above the ordinary windows motorised for manual and automatic control
Ventilation devices - CORRIDORS:
openable skylights: motorised for both manual and automatic control
two extract fans located on the roof integrated with the skylights intended for use in case the natural driving forces are insufficient
The control system (I-BUS, “intelligent house”) controls: the ventilation openings the heating system the artificial lighting the solar shading
Ventilation technology (5...)
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High positioned, motorised High positioned, motorised ventilation openings...ventilation openings...
High positioned, motorised High positioned, motorised ventilation openings...ventilation openings...
Ventilation technology (6...) open plan office
……located in narrow window bands located in narrow window bands above the ordinary windowsabove the ordinary windows
……located in narrow window bands located in narrow window bands above the ordinary windowsabove the ordinary windows
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In the offices, internal solar In the offices, internal solar shading is motorised aluminium shading is motorised aluminium
blindsblinds
In the offices, internal solar In the offices, internal solar shading is motorised aluminium shading is motorised aluminium
blindsblinds
Ventilation technology (7...) single office
Most offices facing north-west Most offices facing north-west have large highly glazed have large highly glazed facades.facades.
Most offices facing north-west Most offices facing north-west have large highly glazed have large highly glazed facades.facades.
Motorised ventilation openings ...Motorised ventilation openings ...Motorised ventilation openings ...Motorised ventilation openings ...
… … and manually controlled and manually controlled openable windowsopenable windows
… … and manually controlled and manually controlled openable windowsopenable windows
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Vertical skylight in the Vertical skylight in the open position (~45open position (~45))
Vertical skylight in the Vertical skylight in the open position (~45open position (~45))
One of two extract fans One of two extract fans located on the rooflocated on the roof
One of two extract fans One of two extract fans located on the rooflocated on the roof
Ventilation technology (8|) corridors
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Monitoring set-up
N
Office 1
Office 2
Office 5
Office 3
Office 4
Office 1
Office 2
Office 3
Office 5
Investigated offices:
Five offices on the second floor were chosen for the monitoring
Office 1: 20 m2 cellular office Office 2: Office 3: 14 m2 each Office 4: Office 5: 16 m2, 2 persons
Investigated offices:
Five offices on the second floor were chosen for the monitoring
Office 1: 20 m2 cellular office Office 2: Office 3: 14 m2 each Office 4: Office 5: 16 m2, 2 persons
Office 4
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Summer Summer monitoringmonitoring
Winter Winter monitoringmonitoring
Monitoring Monitoring set-upset-up
0
5
10
15
20
25
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35
Mo
n 0
7.0
7.9
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Mo
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4.0
7.9
7
Mo
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1.0
7.9
7
Mo
n 2
8.0
7.9
7
Mo
n 0
4.0
8.9
7
Mo
n 1
1.0
8.9
7
Mo
n 1
8.0
8.9
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Mo
n 2
5.0
8.9
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n 0
1.0
9.9
7
Mo
n 0
8.0
9.9
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Mo
n 1
5.0
9.9
7
Mo
n 2
2.0
9.9
7
Mo
n 2
9.0
9.9
7
Te
mp
era
ture
[°C
]
Summer monitoring (1...) Indoor (average of 4 offices) & outdoor
temperatures during a three months period
Text.
Tint.
The internal temperatures is often > 25°C and even > 28°C, while the external temperature is far much lower.
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Summer Summer monitoringmonitoring
Winter Winter monitoringmonitoring
Monitoring Monitoring set-upset-up
0
5
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30Fr
i 18.
07.9
7
Sat
19.
07.9
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Sun
20.
07.9
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Mon
21.
07.9
7
Tue
22.0
7.97
Wed
23.
07.9
7
Thu
24.0
7.97
Fri 2
5.07
.97
Sat
26.
07.9
7
Tem
pera
ture
[°C
], Ai
r sup
ply
[l·s
-1·m
-2]
Summer monitoring (2...) measurements in office 1
Tint.
Air Supply
= Intensive night ventilation ( up to 15 l/s.m²).
Text.
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Summer Summer monitoringmonitoring
Winter Winter monitoringmonitoring
Monitoring Monitoring set-upset-up
0
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Fri
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.07
.97
Sa
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7
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7.9
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Tu
e 2
2.0
7.9
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We
d 2
3.0
7.9
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u 2
4.0
7.9
7
Fri
25
.07
.97
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t 2
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7.9
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mp
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[°C
], A
ir s
up
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[l·
s-1·m
-2]
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100
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500
CO 2
co
nce
ntr
atio
n [p
pm
]
Summer monitoring (3...) results of measurements in office 1
Tint.
CO2-conc.
Air Supply
The IAQ during the office hours is good: The CO2-concentrations are very low: max.450 ppm (= far below the limit concentration of 1200ppm) due to the quite high air supply (intensive ventilation).
During the weekend the internal CO2-concentration equals the outdoor CO2-conc: no occupation.
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Summer Summer monitoringmonitoring
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In addition to the measurements, the occupants filled in two questionnaires concerning their views on various environmental conditions in their office. One questionnaire concerned the summer season in general and the other concerned one week in particular (in the summer season), namely the one in which the questionnaires were handed out.
Each occupant indicated his/her rating of each of the conditions (temperature, air movement etc.) by placing vertical marks on dimensionless, horizontal lines of equal length ranging from most positive (comfortable, fresh etc.) to most negative (uncomfortable, stuffy etc.). The rating is quantified by measuring (in millimetres) the distance along each line from most positive to the occupant’s mark. For practical purposes, the ratings have been converted into the range 0-100.
The next slide summarises the ratings concerning the summer season in general.
In addition to the measurements, the occupants filled in two questionnaires concerning their views on various environmental conditions in their office. One questionnaire concerned the summer season in general and the other concerned one week in particular (in the summer season), namely the one in which the questionnaires were handed out.
Each occupant indicated his/her rating of each of the conditions (temperature, air movement etc.) by placing vertical marks on dimensionless, horizontal lines of equal length ranging from most positive (comfortable, fresh etc.) to most negative (uncomfortable, stuffy etc.). The rating is quantified by measuring (in millimetres) the distance along each line from most positive to the occupant’s mark. For practical purposes, the ratings have been converted into the range 0-100.
The next slide summarises the ratings concerning the summer season in general.
Summer monitoring (4…)
Questionnaires
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42
41
42
26
29
25
54
39
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature
Air movement
Air quality
Odour intensity
Acceptability
Light
Noise
Overall comfort
Comfortable
Fresh
Comfortable
Uncomfortable
Uncomfortable
Stuffy
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Unsatisfactory
Unsatisfactory
Unsatisfactory
Odourless Smelly
Acceptable Not acceptable
Temperature
Air movement
Air quality
Odour intensity
Acceptability
Light
Noise
Overall comfort
Averages of about 50 occupants ratings of various environmental conditions in their office during working hours.
Summer monitoring (5...) Questionnaires
Due to internal noise
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Thermal comfort in summer:
Despite the intensive ventilation, internal temperatures are often too high (>28°C). This problem is due to:
Large solar gains: the building has large glazed areas and limited shading device (internal blinds)
Problems with the control system were encountered. Most problematic was it, that the automatic opening of both the skylights and the vents in the offices was unreliable, leading to an inefficient night-time cooling effect and hence, elevated temperatures in the offices from early morning.
Thermal comfort in summer:
Despite the intensive ventilation, internal temperatures are often too high (>28°C). This problem is due to:
Large solar gains: the building has large glazed areas and limited shading device (internal blinds)
Problems with the control system were encountered. Most problematic was it, that the automatic opening of both the skylights and the vents in the offices was unreliable, leading to an inefficient night-time cooling effect and hence, elevated temperatures in the offices from early morning.
Summer monitoring (6...) Findings
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Thermal comfort in summer:
… However, the occupants expressed only limited dissatisfaction with the thermal environment. Presumably, the occupants themselves, together with the manager in charge of the technical installations, were able to manually control both the ventilation openings and the internal blinds and thereby quickly obtain acceptable conditions. High internal air velocities can partly compensate for the high indoor temperature. The high level of user satisfaction is attributable to the availability of manuals controls.
Indoor Air Quality:
The IAQ can be considered as good: The measured CO2 - concentrations are low.
Thermal comfort in summer:
… However, the occupants expressed only limited dissatisfaction with the thermal environment. Presumably, the occupants themselves, together with the manager in charge of the technical installations, were able to manually control both the ventilation openings and the internal blinds and thereby quickly obtain acceptable conditions. High internal air velocities can partly compensate for the high indoor temperature. The high level of user satisfaction is attributable to the availability of manuals controls.
Indoor Air Quality:
The IAQ can be considered as good: The measured CO2 - concentrations are low.
Summer monitoring (7|) Findings
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-5
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Mo
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0.1
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Mo
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7
Mo
n 0
1.1
2.9
7
Mo
n 0
8.1
2.9
7
Mo
n 1
5.1
2.9
7
Mo
n 2
2.1
2.9
7
Mo
n 2
9.1
2.9
7
Mo
n 0
5.0
1.9
8
Te
mp
era
ture
[°C
]
Winter monitoring (1...) Indoor (average of 4 offices) & outdoor
temperatures during a two months period
Text.
Tint.
The internal temperature is comfortable (21°C-23°C). During the weekends the heating power is reduced.
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Summer Summer monitoringmonitoring
Winter Winter monitoringmonitoring
Monitoring Monitoring set-upset-up
0
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1200
We
d 2
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1.9
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Th
u 2
7.1
1.9
7
Fri
28
.11
.97
Sa
t 2
9.1
1.9
7
Su
n 3
0.1
1.9
7
Mo
n 0
1.1
2.9
7
Tu
e 0
2.1
2.9
7
We
d 0
3.1
2.9
7
Th
u 0
4.1
2.9
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Fri
05
.12
.97
Sa
t 0
6.1
2.9
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n 0
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n 0
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2.9
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e 0
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2.9
7
CO 2 c
on
ce
ntr
atio
n [p
pm
]
CO2 concentration outdoor and indoor. Indoor CO2 is averaged from recordings taken simultaneously in office 3, 4 and 5.
Winter monitoring (2...) CO2 concentration
Outdoor CO2-conc.
Indoor CO2-conc.
The IAQ during the office hours is good: The CO2-concentrations are below the limit concentration of 1200ppm.
During the weekend the internal CO2-concentration equals the outdoor CO2-concentration
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Summer Summer monitoringmonitoring
Winter Winter monitoringmonitoring
Monitoring Monitoring set-upset-up
0
10
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40
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We
d 2
6.1
1.9
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Th
u 2
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Fri
28
.11
.97
Sa
t 2
9.1
1.9
7
Su
n 3
0.1
1.9
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Mo
n 0
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Tu
e 0
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2.9
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We
d 0
3.1
2.9
7
Th
u 0
4.1
2.9
7
Fri
05
.12
.97
Sa
t 0
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2.9
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Su
n 0
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2.9
7
Mo
n 0
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2.9
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Tu
e 0
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2.9
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mp
era
ture
[°C
], A
ir s
up
ply
[l·
s-1·m
-2]
0
200
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600
800
1000
CO 2
co
nce
ntr
atio
n [p
pm
]
Winter monitoring (3...) results of measurements in office 5
Limited air supply, to control the IAQ
The IAQ during the office hours is acceptable: The indoor CO2 -concentrations are below the limit concentration of 1200ppm.
Outdoor CO2-conc.
Indoor CO2-conc.
Air supply
During the weekend the air supply could be more limited, to reduce the energy losses
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Presentation Presentation of the buildingof the building
Ventilation Ventilation strategy & strategy & technologytechnology
ConclusionsConclusions
E. Pihl & Son AS E. Pihl & Son AS BuildingBuilding
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Summer Summer monitoringmonitoring
Winter Winter monitoringmonitoring
Monitoring Monitoring set-upset-up
Winter monitoring (4...) Questionnaires
In addition to the measurements, the occupants filled in two questionnaires concerning their views on various environmental conditions in their office. One questionnaire concerned the winter season in general and the other concerned one week in particular (in the winter season), namely the one in which the questionnaires were handed out.
Each occupant indicated his/her rating of each of the conditions (temperature, air movement etc.) by placing vertical marks on dimensionless, horizontal lines of equal length ranging from most positive (comfortable, fresh etc.) to most negative (uncomfortable, stuffy etc.). The rating is quantified by measuring (in millimetres) the distance along each line from most positive to the occupant’s mark. For practical purposes, the ratings have been converted into the range 0-100.
The next slide summarises the ratings concerning the winter season in general.
In addition to the measurements, the occupants filled in two questionnaires concerning their views on various environmental conditions in their office. One questionnaire concerned the winter season in general and the other concerned one week in particular (in the winter season), namely the one in which the questionnaires were handed out.
Each occupant indicated his/her rating of each of the conditions (temperature, air movement etc.) by placing vertical marks on dimensionless, horizontal lines of equal length ranging from most positive (comfortable, fresh etc.) to most negative (uncomfortable, stuffy etc.). The rating is quantified by measuring (in millimetres) the distance along each line from most positive to the occupant’s mark. For practical purposes, the ratings have been converted into the range 0-100.
The next slide summarises the ratings concerning the winter season in general.
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Presentation Presentation of the buildingof the building
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E. Pihl & Son AS E. Pihl & Son AS BuildingBuilding
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Summer Summer monitoringmonitoring
Winter Winter monitoringmonitoring
Monitoring Monitoring set-upset-up
Averages of about 75 occupants ratings of various environmental conditions in their office during working hours:
26
33
35
28
26
22
43
32
0 20 40 60 80 100
Temperature
Air movement
Air quality
Odour intensity
Acceptability
Light
Noise
Overall comfort
Comfortable
Fresh
Comfortable
Uncomfortable
Uncomfortable
Stuffy
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Satisfactory
Unsatisfactory
Unsatisfactory
Unsatisfactory
Odourless Smelly
Acceptable Not acceptable
Temperature
Air movement
Air quality
Odour intensity
Acceptability
Light
Noise
Overall comfort
Winter monitoring (5...) Questionnaires
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E. Pihl & Son AS E. Pihl & Son AS BuildingBuilding
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Summer Summer monitoringmonitoring
Winter Winter monitoringmonitoring
Monitoring Monitoring set-upset-up
Winter indoor conditions are comfortable During occupancy period the indoor temperature in the offices is
between 21 and 23 ºC, the CO2 concentration is about 800-1000 ppm and outdoor supply equals air change rates of about 2-5 times per hour.
During weekends and out of office hours the indoor temperature drops to about 20 ºC, the CO2 concentration to near background level (400 ppm) and the air supply to close to zero. However the energy consumption can be optimised by reducing the ventilation losses during the weekends.
The indications are that the occupants found the indoor environment to be more comfortable during the winter-time than in the summer-time. In the summer-time, the thermal comfort is more critical than during the winter.
Winter indoor conditions are comfortable During occupancy period the indoor temperature in the offices is
between 21 and 23 ºC, the CO2 concentration is about 800-1000 ppm and outdoor supply equals air change rates of about 2-5 times per hour.
During weekends and out of office hours the indoor temperature drops to about 20 ºC, the CO2 concentration to near background level (400 ppm) and the air supply to close to zero. However the energy consumption can be optimised by reducing the ventilation losses during the weekends.
The indications are that the occupants found the indoor environment to be more comfortable during the winter-time than in the summer-time. In the summer-time, the thermal comfort is more critical than during the winter.
Winter monitoring (6|) Findings
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E. Pihl & Son AS E. Pihl & Son AS BuildingBuilding
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Summer Summer monitoringmonitoring
Winter Winter monitoringmonitoring
Monitoring Monitoring set-upset-up
Conclusions (1...)
Findings from summer monitoring
Thermal summer comfort:
Despite the high ventilation levels, internal temperatures are frequently too high (>28°C). This problem is due to:
Large solar gains: the building has large glazed areas and limited shading device (internal blinds)
Problems with the control system were encountered. Most problematic was it, that the automatic opening of both the skylights and the vents in the offices was unreliable, leading to an inefficient night-time cooling effect and hence, elevated temperatures in the offices from early morning.
Findings from summer monitoring
Thermal summer comfort:
Despite the high ventilation levels, internal temperatures are frequently too high (>28°C). This problem is due to:
Large solar gains: the building has large glazed areas and limited shading device (internal blinds)
Problems with the control system were encountered. Most problematic was it, that the automatic opening of both the skylights and the vents in the offices was unreliable, leading to an inefficient night-time cooling effect and hence, elevated temperatures in the offices from early morning.
NatVent
Back to Back to “Select a “Select a building”building”
Presentation Presentation of the buildingof the building
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ConclusionsConclusions
E. Pihl & Son AS E. Pihl & Son AS BuildingBuilding
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Summer Summer monitoringmonitoring
Winter Winter monitoringmonitoring
Monitoring Monitoring set-upset-up
NatVent
Conclusions (2|)
Findings from winter monitoring
Winter indoor conditions are comfortable During occupancy period the indoor temperature in the offices is
between 21 and 23 ºC, the CO2 concentration is about 800-1000 ppm and fresh air supplies between 2 and 5 air changes per hour.
During weekends and out of office hours the indoor temperature drops to about 20 ºC, the CO2 concentration to near background level (400 ppm) and the air supply to close to zero. However the energy consumption can be optimised by reducing the ventilation losses during the weekends.
The indications are that the occupants found the indoor environment to be more comfortable during the winter-time than in the summer-time.In the summer-time, thermal comfort is more critical than during the winter.
Findings from winter monitoring
Winter indoor conditions are comfortable During occupancy period the indoor temperature in the offices is
between 21 and 23 ºC, the CO2 concentration is about 800-1000 ppm and fresh air supplies between 2 and 5 air changes per hour.
During weekends and out of office hours the indoor temperature drops to about 20 ºC, the CO2 concentration to near background level (400 ppm) and the air supply to close to zero. However the energy consumption can be optimised by reducing the ventilation losses during the weekends.
The indications are that the occupants found the indoor environment to be more comfortable during the winter-time than in the summer-time.In the summer-time, thermal comfort is more critical than during the winter.
More information...
NatVent
Back to Back to “Select a “Select a building”building”
Presentation Presentation of the buildingof the building
Ventilation Ventilation strategy & strategy & technologytechnology
ConclusionsConclusions
E. Pihl & Son AS E. Pihl & Son AS BuildingBuilding
More More information...information...
Summer Summer monitoringmonitoring
Winter Winter monitoringmonitoring
Monitoring Monitoring set-upset-up
Find more information on the PROBE building in the following documents:
\Reports \Monitoring Reports \Summary Reports\dk1summ.pdf global presentation of the buildings (4p./building) contents: building description - ventilation strategy and technology -
winter and summer monitoring results - conclusions
\Reports \Monitoring Reports \Detailed Reports\dk1det.pdf detailed reports of all 19 monitoring campaigns (20p./campaign) contents: monitoring set up - analysis of results - conclusions
Find more information on the PROBE building in the following documents:
\Reports \Monitoring Reports \Summary Reports\dk1summ.pdf global presentation of the buildings (4p./building) contents: building description - ventilation strategy and technology -
winter and summer monitoring results - conclusions
\Reports \Monitoring Reports \Detailed Reports\dk1det.pdf detailed reports of all 19 monitoring campaigns (20p./campaign) contents: monitoring set up - analysis of results - conclusions
You can read and print pdf-files with the Acrobat® Reader ®3.0. Program. This program is free.
Download it from the Acrobat web site: www.adobe.com OR run the installation file ar32e301(1).exe in the directory \Installation
You can read and print pdf-files with the Acrobat® Reader ®3.0. Program. This program is free.
Download it from the Acrobat web site: www.adobe.com OR run the installation file ar32e301(1).exe in the directory \Installation
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