arch 355 urban design process€¦ · operational guidelines on accessibility in urban development...
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ARCH 355 URBAN DESIGN PROCESS by Assist. Prof. Dr. Nevter Zafer Cömert Assist. Prof. Dr. Ceren Boğaç Prof.Dr. Şebnem Hoşkara EMU Faculty of Architecture Department of Architecture
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ConceptofUniversalDesign
“Universaldesign isadesign concept that recognizes, respects,values and a9empts to accommodate the broadest possiblespectrum of human ability in the design of all products,environmentsandinforma=onsystems.”
“Itrequiressensi=vitytoandknowledgeaboutpeopleofallagesandabili=es”
"lifespandesign""transgenera=onaldesign"
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NC State University, The Center for Universal Design, 1997
ConceptofUniversalDesign
1980sand1990s
“The new concept developed through the recogni=on that alargepartoftheworld’spopula=onisnoteasilyaccommodatedwithin the standard model upon which public spaces andbuildingsarebased.
The tradi=onal model ignores the specific needs ofsenior ci=zens, people with obesity, those who arevery tall or very short (including children), pregnantwomenorpeoplewithphysicalorsensorylimita=ons.”
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Operational Guidelines On Accessibility In Urban Development Projects With Universal Design Principles
TypesofImpairment
• VisualImpairments• MobilityImpairments• HearingImpairments• ManuelImpairments• LearningImpairments
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VisualImpairments
Theylearntorelyupontheothersenseofsmell,hearingandtouching• Toapar'cipateecoinspace,canindicatetheapporximatesizeofthespaceandtheloca'onofwallsoropenings
• Thesenseofsmellcanbeusedtoiden'fylandmarks(restaurants,petrolsta'ons,canals…)
• Thepercep'onofwindordra>sagainstskincanhelpidne'fystreetcornerstunnels,subwayentranceetc.
• Characterisitcsofodursandfragnancecanberememberedandcogin'velymapped
• Heatandcoldcanindicatethedirec'onofthesunandthepresenceofstreetgra'ngsdoorway,etc
• Differencesinpavingmaterialscanprovidetac=lecueswhcihcnaaidnego'ona'onandiden'fyhazards
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Time Saver Staandards for Urban Designer
MobilityImpairmentsGenerallyreferstoanimpairedfunc=onofthelegs,butcanalsorefertolimitedstamina,poorbalance,aheartcondi=onetc.
• Carefuldesignoframps,landings,stairs,stairnosing,tread-riserra'os
• Carefuldesignofwalkwaysurfacematerials
• Accessibilityofwheelchairusesimpliesadequatedimensioningofspaces,routes,anddoorwaysandproperplacementofstreetfurniture
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HearingImpairmentsIndividualswithhearingimparmentsencounterproblemsthatcenteraroundinforma=onandwarningcommunica=on
• Visionmustberelieduponalmostexclusiveforinforma'onalneeds.
• Problemsoccurwiththeusefosoundalarms,automobilehorns,orfirealarms
• Alarmsareaccompaniedbyflashinglightsaffordthegreatestprotec'onagainsthazard
• Clearsignageandothervisualcuesfordirec'onalinforma'on(usuallybrightcolorsshouldbeselected)
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ManualImpairmentsRefertodysfunc=onofarmsorhands.Itmightbetemporaryorcircumstan=alorpermanents.Elderlypeoplecharacteris=callyhancemanualdifficultyasafunc=onofreducedstrengthinarmsandhands
• Visionmustberelieduponalmostexclusiveforinforma'onalneeds.
• Problemsoccurwiththeusefosoundalarms,automobilehorns,orfirealarms
• Alarmsareaccompaniedbyflashinglightsaffordthegreatestprotec'onagainsthazard
• Clearsignageandothervisualcuesfordirec'onalinforma'on
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LearningImpairmentsRefertoaindividualswhohasalearningdisabili=es,usuallytheyarelackoforienta=onorroutememorydifficulty
• Direc'onalsignageishelpful.• Landmarksorpartsoftheroutemayberemembered,butavoidtocreatemanyinterconnec'ons
• Graphicsymbolscanminimizethehazardstothosewithlearningdifficul'esbycallingoutcrosswalks
• Designcanbesimpleandunderstandable
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7PrinciplesofUniversalDesign
1.EquitableUse
2.FlexibilityinUse
3.SimpleandIntui=veUse
4.Percep=bleInforma=on
5.ToleranceforError
6.LowPhysicalEffort
7.SizeandSpaceforApproachandUse
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7PrinciplesofUniversalDesign
1. EquitableUse
“Thedesignisusefulandmarketabletopeoplewithdiverseabili=es.”
Guidelines1a.Providethesamemeansofuseforallusers:iden=calwheneverpossible;equivalentwhennot.
1b.Avoidsegrega=ngors=gma=zinganyusers.
1c.Provisionsforprivacy,security,andsafetyshouldbeequallyavailabletoallusers.
1d.Makethedesignappealingtoallusers.
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Source: http://files.yapikatalogu.com/Files/Products/6975/6975.jpg
Equitable Use
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Source: http://www.ratsound.com/cblog/uploads/serb_off_fountain.jpg
Equitable Use
7PrinciplesofUniversalDesign
2.FlexibilityinUse
“Thedesignaccommodatesawiderangeofindividualpreferencesandabili=es.”
Guidelines2a.Providechoiceinmethodsofuse.
2b.Accommodateright-orlee-handedaccessanduse.
2c.Facilitatetheuser'saccuracyandprecision.
2d.Provideadaptabilitytotheuser'space.
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Source:https://www.anz.com/resources/e/b/eb9005004b8b76eaabb2fbb77efc9233/ATM+service+in+Hanoi.jpg?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=eb9005004b8b76eaabb2fbb77efc9233
Flexibility in Use
Source:http://www.playableguitar.com/
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Flexibility in Use
Source: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/92/21/45/9221458e9ddb9aa06554a8ef8023f192.jpg
7PrinciplesofUniversalDesign
3.SimpleandIntui=veUse
“Useofthedesigniseasytounderstand,regardlessoftheuser'sexperience,knowledge,languageskills,orcurrentconcentra=onlevel.”
Guidelines3a.Eliminateunnecessarycomplexity.3b.Beconsistentwithuserexpecta=onsandintui=on.3c.Accommodateawiderangeofliteracyandlanguageskills.3d.Arrangeinforma=onconsistentwithitsimportance.
3e.Provideeffec=vepromp=ngandfeedbackduringandaeertaskcomple=on.
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Simple &Intuitive Use
Sourcehttp://assets.inhabitat.com/wp-content/blogs.dir/1/files/2012/01/ikea-flatpack-furniture-1.jpg
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Simple &Intuitive Use
Source: http://www.jenriks.de/jenriks/wp-content/photos/jh0753_escalator.jpg
NC State University, The Center for Universal Design, 1997
7PrinciplesofUniversalDesign
4.Percep=bleInforma=on
“Thedesigncommunicatesnecessaryinforma=oneffec=velytotheuser,regardlessofambientcondi=onsortheuser'ssensoryabili=es.”
Guidelines4a.Usedifferentmodes(pictorial,verbal,tac=le)forredundantpresenta=onofessen=alinforma=on.4b.Provideadequatecontrastbetweenessen=alinforma=onanditssurroundings.4c.Maximize"legibility"ofessen=alinforma=on.4d.Differen=ateelementsinwaysthatcanbedescribed(i.e.,makeiteasytogiveinstruc=onsordirec=ons).
4e.Providecompa=bilitywithavarietyoftechniquesordevicesusedbypeoplewithsensorylimita=ons.
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Perceptible Information
Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Refurbished_London_Underground_D78_Stock_train_interior.jpg
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Perceptible Information
Source: hthttp://intranet.signaramafrance.fr/Upload/In/Gallery_realisations/288/12000-650x375.jpg
NC State University, The Center for Universal Design, 1997
7PrinciplesofUniversalDesign
5.ToleranceforError
“Thedesignminimizeshazardsandtheadverseconsequencesofaccidentalorunintendedac=ons..”
Guidelines5a.Arrangeelementstominimizehazardsanderrors:mostusedelements,mostaccessible;hazardouselementseliminated,isolated,orshielded.
5b.Providewarningsofhazardsanderrors.
5c.Providefail-safefeatures.
5d.Discourageunconsciousac=onintasksthatrequirevigilance.
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Tolerance for Error
Source: http://www.24hoursanantoniolocksmiths.com/san-antonio-locksmiths/transponder_key.jpg
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Tolerance for Error
Source: http://www.otwe.com/images/attractions/BungeeJump.JPG
NC State University, The Center for Universal Design, 1997
7PrinciplesofUniversalDesign
6.LowPhysicalEffort
“Thedesigncanbeusedefficientlyandcomfortablyandwithaminimumoffa=gue.”
Guidelines6a.Allowusertomaintainaneutralbodyposi=on.
6b.Usereasonableopera=ngforces.
6c.Minimizerepe==veac=ons.
6d.Minimizesustainedphysicaleffort
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Low Physical Effort
Source: .ebayimg.com/00/s/NTY2WDg0OQ==/z/2n4AAOSwKrhVbIsD/$_32.JPG?set_id=880000500F
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Low Physical Effort
Source: .ebayimg.com/00/s/NTY2WDg0OQ==/z/2n4AAOSwKrhVbIsD/$_32.JPG?set_id=880000500F
NC State University, The Center for Universal Design, 1997
7PrinciplesofUniversalDesign
7.SizeandSpaceforApproachandUse“Appropriatesizeandspaceisprovidedforapproach,reach,manipula=on,anduseregardlessofuser'sbodysize,posture,ormobility.”
Guidelines7a.Provideaclearlineofsighttoimportantelementsforanyseatedorstandinguser.
7b.Makereachtoallcomponentscomfortableforanyseatedorstandinguser.
7c.Accommodatevaria=onsinhandandgripsize.
7d.Provideadequatespacefortheuseofassis=vedevicesorpersonalassistance.
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Size and Space for Approach and Use
Source: http://cfile26.uf.tistory.com/image/231BEC35555D90D222F3B2
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Size and Space for Approach and Use
Source: http://we-make-money-not-art.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/wow/0aafrictionatlas9.jpg
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Universal Design
Example Crown Fountain in Millennium Park
Source: https://arch.iit.edu/img/ce0ddfb9c35c1e35/15-jaume-plensa-s-crown-fountain-in-millennium-park-photo-patrick-pyszka.jpg
Designed by Spanish artist Jaume Plensa, the Crown Fountain in Millennium Park is a major addition to the city's world-renowned public art collection
The IDeA Center, http://www.universaldesign.com/what-is-ud/
GoalsofUniversalDesign
• BodyFit• Comfort
• Awareness• Understanding• Wellness
• SocialIntegra=on• Personaliza=on• Culturalappropriateness
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UniversalDesignApproach1.WiththeWorkTeam:InvestinanUnderstandingoftheIssue
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UniversalDesignApproach
2.MeasurementsandDetailedModelsoftheArea
“Itisessen=altoanalyzeexis=ngcondi=ons,payinga9en=ontoboththegeneralandspecificobjec=vesoftheproject.Itisalsoimportanttoobtaindetailedmeasurementsthroughfieldwork–bothinthecaseofnewundertakingsandinareasandbuildingsalreadyconstructed.”
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UniversalDesignApproach2.MeasurementsandDetailedModelsoftheArea
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UniversalDesignApproach
3.PreparingaDiagnosis
“Thisanalysismustincludeastudyofthefunc=onofthesiteandtheac=vi=es,whichwilltakeplacethere.
Criteriaofsafety,equity,autonomyandmobilityforabroadrangeofusers(includingtheneedsofchildren,seniorci=zens,pregnantwomen,peoplewithreducedmobilityandthosewhoaredistractedorinahurry)mustbeused.”
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UniversalDesignApproach3.PreparingaDiagnosis
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Unexpected object: low wire in Plaza Fabini, Uruguay
UniversalDesignApproach3.PreparingaDiagnosis
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Unexpected object: A route beneath a staircase in Malecón de Guayaquil, Ecuador
UniversalDesignApproach
4.Design:GuaranteeingAccessibleRoutes
“Innewplans–andinadapta=onsintendedtomakeexis=ngareasorbuildingsmoreaccessible–itisimportanttoestablishaccessiblerouteswhichensureunhindered,barrier-freetravelandintegratedpriorityareas.”
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UniversalDesignApproach4.Design:GuaranteeingAccessibleRoutes
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Principles
UniversalDesignApproach
4a.CityStreets
• Itisimportantthattherealwaysbe,ataminimum,thepossibilityofoneaccessiblerouteforallpedestrians.
• Intheanalysisofacityspace,forexample,allrouteswhichjoinmainavenues,secondaryroads,busstopsandotheraccesspointsforpublictransporta=onandparkinglotsmustbeexamined.equipmentinparksandplaygrounds.
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4b.Buildings
• “Intheanalysisofbuildings,ingeneral,prioritymustbegiventoanaccessibleroutefromthemainentrance,whichconnectswiththeotherpublicorcommonareasofthebuilding.”
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UniversalDesignApproach
4b.Buildings
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UniversalDesignApproach
5.ProjectCompa=bility
“Differentprojectsmustbemadecompa=ble–in order both to achieve accessibility and to meetother demands of the municipality or theconcessionaires responsible for lights, phones,water, plumbing, landscaping and otherameni=es.”
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UniversalDesignApproach5.ProjectCompa=bility
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This curb ramp was constructed without considering its compatibility with the location or relocation of existing posts and levels. This is totally inefficient and renders the investment useless. Maracaibo, Venezuela.
UniversalDesignApproach5.ProjectCompa=bility
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ADEQUATE SOLUTION Overhead pedestrian crossing. Bogotá, Colombia
UniversalDesignApproach
UrbanSpacesCri=calpointswhichneedstobeaddressed:
• Con=nuity:con=nues,accessible,compact,non-slippedestrianrouts
• Width:pedestrianroutsshouldn’tbenarrowthan90cm
• PedestrianCrossings:allstreetsopeningtotrafficshouldhavecrossing(min1.20mwidth)
• TransverseGradient:flatroutesaspossiblewithadequatedrainageoroullowwater(nograterthan%2)
• LongitudinalGradients:mustnotbegreaterthan6%andtheymustbeinsec=onsnolongerthan15m(specialcasesnogreaterthan12%andthiscanonlybeallowedinsec=onsnolongerthan1.50m)
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UniversalDesignApproach
UrbanSpaces:Con=nuity
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Athletes’ Village for the Pan-American Games, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
UniversalDesignApproach
UrbanSpaces:Width
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Avenida 18 de Julio, Montevideo, Uruguay
UniversalDesignApproach
UrbanSpaces:PedestrianCrossings
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Rocha Miranda, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
UniversalDesignApproach
UrbanSpaces:TransverseGradient
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Remodelled city centre in Madrid, Spain
UniversalDesignApproach
UrbanSpaces:LongitudinalGradients
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Historical centre in Barcelona, Spain
UniversalDesignApproach
AccessiblePedestrianRampsCri=calpointswhichneedstobeaddressed:
a.Obstacles.Pedestrianramps–andapproachareas–mustbecompletelyfreeofobstacles.
b.Irregulari=es.AQen'ontodetailrequiresthattheareawheretherampmeetstheroadmustbelevel,withnostepsorirregulari'es.
c.Maximumlongitudinalgradients.12%forsec'onslessthan1.50minlength(1:8)10%forsec'onsbetween1.50mand3.00minlength(1in10)8%forsec'onsbetween3.00mand10.00minlength(1in12)6%forsec'onsupto15.00minlength(1in16)
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UniversalDesignApproach
CurbRamps(AccessRampsonPavements)Cri=calpointswhichneedstobeaddressed:
a.Heightandlength.A9en=onmustbepaidtotherela=onshipbetweenheightandlength.Thegreatertheheightofthepavementinrela=ontotheroad,thegreaterthelengthnecessaryforasuitableramp.Whenthedifferenceinheightissmall–orthecurbisshorter–(maximum0.10m)theinstalla=onoftherampwillbesimpler.
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CurbRamps(AccessRampsonPavements)
b.Themostcommontypesofcurbramps
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Most common types of curb ramps. Note: All curb ramps must have a minimum width of 1.20m and a transverse gradient less than or equal to 2%.
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UniversalDesignApproach
CurbRamps(AccessRampsonPavements)Cri=calpointswhichneedstobeaddressed:
c.Streeteleva=onstreetswithli9levehiculartrafficorfewpedestriancrossings,curbrampscanbereplacedbyvehicularentrances.Thiscanbedonebymaintainingtheexis=nglevelofthepavementandraisingthelevelofthestreet,crea=ngavehicularcrossing.
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CurbRamps(AccessRampsonPavements):Streeteleva=on
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Sarandi Pedestrian Street, Ciudad Vieja de Montevideo, Uruguay
UniversalDesignApproach
Tac=leFloorsasGuides
“Theuseofdifferentlytexturedsurfacesisrecommendedinordertoguideorienta=onandtoserveasawarningtopeoplewhoarevisuallyimpaired.Interna=onalguidelinesmustbeappliedinordertoavoidresultsthatarecounterproduc=ve.”
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Tac=leFloorsasGuides
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StreetFurniture
“Streetfurniture”referstopiecesofequipmentforpublicuseinurbanspaces,modalinterchangesandsitesofculturalandtouristinterest.Pavementsshouldbeorganizedinsuchawaythatallameni=es(e.g.mailboxes,telephonebooths,li9erbaskets,trafficlights,benches,etc.)arelocatedalongthesamestrip–paralleltothedirec=onofthepavement–leavingafreeareaforthemovementofpedestrians.”
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StreetFurniture
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Projects With Universal Design Principles
UniversalDesignApproach
AccessibleParkingThefollowingpointsmustbeaddressed:
• a.ReservedSpaces:Inallpublicandprivateparking,2%ofthetotalnumberofspacesmustbereservedfortheexclusiveuseofpeoplewithdisabili=es.
• b.AcceptableSpecifica=ons:Designatedspacesmustmeasure,atminimum,3.50mx5.00mandmustbeindicatedbytheaccessibilitysymbolonthegroundandaver=calsignplacedinavisibleloca=on.
• c.Placement:Designatedspacesmustbeplacedclosetocornersorentrancestoplacesofmajorpublicinterest(e.g.parks,cinemas,theatres,shoppingcentres,mee=ngplacesorcustomerservicecentres).
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AccessibleParking
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Operational Guidelines On Accessibility In Urban Development Projects With Universal Design Principles
UniversalDesignApproach
AccessibleParking
AR
CH
355
Pro
cess
of
U
rban
D
esig
n
Operational Guidelines On Accessibility In Urban Development Projects With Universal Design Principles
Designated spaces for people with disabilities are included in all parking lots in streets that have been remodelled through the Rio Cidade project. There is vertical signage and signage on the ground.
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