applied linguistic

BELTEI INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITYFaculty of Education, Arts, and Humanities

Applied Linguistics

Assignment

Lecturer Nourn VannaStudents En Bousong

Hy Chansopheap Pov Raksa

Chum Boonroong Eam Sreynich

Topic Grammar

I. Introduction-GrammarII. Traditional Grammar

A. The parts of speechB. AgreementC. Grammatical gender

III. Traditional analysisIV. The prescriptive approach

Captain Kirk’s infinitiveV. The descriptive approach

A. Structural analysisB. Constituent analysisC. Labeled and bracketed sentences

A Gaelic sentenceVI. Conclusion-SummaryVII. Reference•

Contents

The study of how words and their component parts combine to form sentences and it is also the study of structural relationships in language, sometimes including pronunciation, meaning, and linguistic history.

Example: • 1- boys the lucky • 2- lucky boys the

I. Introduction-Grammar

In order to be grammatical, this type of phrase must have the sequence:article + adjective + noune.g. The lucky boy.

We need a way of describing the structure of phrases which will account for all of the grammatical sequences and rule out all the ungrammatical sequences providing such an account involves us in the study of grammar. The phrases and sentences can be described as ill-formed or well-formed.

I. Introduction-Grammar (Cont’)

II. Traditional Grammar• The term Noun, Article, and Adjective are used to label the

grammatical categories of word in a phrase like “the lucky boy”.• The origin of language description were originated from

Greek and Latin. However, the newer term of analysis is based on English language.• Since there were well-established grammatical descriptions

of these older languages, it seemed appropriate to adopt the existing categories from these descriptions and apply them in the analysis of languages like English.

The technical analysis can be explained in the sentence below:

The lucky boys found the backpack in the park and art. adj. noun verb art. noun prep. art. noun prep.

they open it carefully.pro. verb pro. adv.

A. The Part of Speech

• Nouns: are words used to refer to people (boy), objects (backpack), creatures (dog), places (school), qualities (roughness), phenomena (earthquake) and abstract ideas (love) as if they were all “things.”

• Articles: are words (a, an, the) used with nouns to form noun phrases classifying those “things” (You can have a banana or an apple) or identifying them as already known (I’ll take the apple).

• Adjectives: are words used, typically with nouns, to provide more information about the things referred to (happy people, large objects, a strange experience).

A. The Part of Speech (cont’)

• Verbs:are words used to refer to various kinds of actions (go, talk) and states (be, have) involving people and things in events.

• Adverbs: are words used, typically with verbs, to provide more information about actions, states and events (slowly, yesterday). Some adverbs are also used

with adjectives to modify information about things (Really large objects move slowly. I had a very strange experience yesterday).• Prepositions: are words (at, in, on) used with nouns in phrases

providing information about time (at five o’clock), place (on the table) and other connections (with a knife, without a thought) involving actions and things.

A. The Part of Speech (cont’)

• Pronouns: are words (she, herself, they, it, you) used in place of noun phrases, typically referring to people and

things already known (She talks to herself. They said it belonged to you).• Conjunctions : are words (and, but, because, when) used to

make connections and indicate relationships between events (Chantel’s husband was so sweet and he helped her a lot because she couldn’t do much when she was pregnant).

A. The Part of Speech (cont’)

• The basic explanation of the function above, Part of Speech only are identifying most form in language such as English.

• However, not all of them correct, for example the word "bank" in English is a place where you deposit your money or the shore of a river. In contrast, in Khmer the word “ធនាគារ” cannot be said as “ច្រា�ងំទន្រ”.

A. The Part of Speech (cont’)

• First you need to understand some categories including "number", "person", "tense", "voice" and "gender". These categories can be discussed separately ;however, they mean to be used only in agreement form.• Take a look at 1st, 2nd and 3rd person which refer to the first

singular speaker "I", "you" as the singular or plural second person who involve in listening and then "he/she/it" refer to some other people as third persons.• The verb "loves“ ;for example, “Cathy loves her dogs” is the

agreement that verb and the subject Cathy(she) -s follows after verb.

B. Agreement

• In addition, agreement is also be discussed by term of tenses. The case above, the verb "loves" is in Present Simple only, but it becomes "Loved" which -ed follows after verbs when you say it in Past tense.

• Voice also tells you who does the action in sentence or who receive the action. When you say "Cathy loves her dogs." It is an active voice. But if you say " Cathy is loved by her dogs." Or just "Cathy is loved." This is called passive voice.

B. Agreement (cont’)

• The final Category is gender agreement. It forces more on Nouns.

Example: - she -> her - he -> him - Cathy -> she / her - unsure -> it

B. Agreement (cont’)

• Grammatical Gender is the common distinction found in English grammatical Language. When natural sex is based on male and female, whereas grammatical gender is based on the type of nouns ( simply referring to masculine or feminine).• In Spanish: el sol - the sun ( el for masculine) la luna - the moon

(la for feminine)• In German: die Sonne - the sun (die for feminine) der mond - the

moon (der for masculine) das Feuer- the fire ( das for neuter or no gender or sexless)

C. Grammatical Gender

• To conclude, we should not emphasize this gender distinction based on sex since French says that le livre (the book) is masculine while none us or in English consider this as a male. So, grammatical gender is very useful in a number of languages (including Latin) but not in English and even French and German themselves don't define the moon and the sun in the same "gender" too.

C. Grammatical Gender (cont’)

• In traditional grammar books, tables such as the following were often presented for English verbs, constructed by analogy with similar tables of forms in Latin grammars. The forms for the Latin verb amare (“to love”) are listed on the right:• Present tense, Active voice

First person singular (I) love amoSecond person singular (you) love amasThird person singular (she) loves amatFirst person plural (we) love amamusSecond person plural (you) love amatisThird person plural (they) love amant

III. Traditional Analysis

• Each of the Latin verb forms is different, according to the categories of person and number, yet the English verb forms are (with one exception) mostly the same. Thus it makes sense, in describing a language such as Latin, to have all those descriptive categories to characterize verb forms, but they don’t really describe verb forms in English.

III. Traditional Analysis (Cont’)

• That was an approach taken by a number of influential grammarians, mainly in eighteenth-century England, who set out rules for the “proper” use of English. This view of grammar as a set of rules for the “proper” use of a language is still to be found today and may be best characterized as the prescriptive approach. Some familiar examples of prescriptive rules for English sentences are:• You must not split an infinitive.• You must not end a sentence with a preposition.• Do not begin sentence with “AND”

IV. The Prescriptive Approach

• For example, Who did you go with?With whom did you go?

Mary runs faster than me.Mary runs faster than I do.Mary runs faster than I.

Me and my familyMy family and I

IV. The Prescriptive Approach (cont’)

Captain Kirk’s infinitive• The infinitive in English has the form to+the base form of the

verb, e.g. to go, and can be used with an adverb such as boldly.• For example, Captain Kirk, always used the expression To boldly

go …This is an example of a split infinitive.• The correct way to say is To go boldly or Boldly to go..• It is because Latin infinitives are single words and just do not

split.

IV. The Prescriptive Approach (cont’)

• Analysis collect samples of the language they are interested and they describe the structures of the language.• Describing the regular structures of the language as it is used ,

not according to some view of how it should be used is called the Descriptive Approach.

V. The Descriptive Approach

A. Structural Analysis

• One type of descriptive approach. The method employed involves the use of “ test-frames “ which can be sentences with empty slots in them.• Ex.The ___________ makes a lot of noice.• “ Donkey, car, radio, etc… “ fit in the same test-frame and they

are the examples of the same grammatical category “ noun “. But “ a dog, the car “ don’t fit the test-frame.

A. Structural Analysis (Cont’)

• Among the other forms that comfortably fit these test-frames are it, the big dog, an old car, the professor with the Scottish accent, and many more. Once again, we can suggest that these forms are likely to be examples of the same grammatical category.• The common label for this category is “noun phrase.”

A. Structural Analysis (Cont’)

• The technique employed in this approach is designed to show how small constituents (or components) in sentences go together to form larger constituents. One basic step is determining how words go together to form phrases.• Example, An old man brought a shotgun to the wedding.• An old man => noun phrase• brought a shotgun => verb phrase• to the wedding => prepositional phrase

B. Constituent Analysis

• This analysis of the constituent structure of the sentence can be represented in different types of diagrams.

B. Constituent Analysis (Cont’)

• An alternative type of diagram is designed to show how the constituents in sentence structure can be marked off by using labeled brackets. The first step is to put brackets (one on each side) round each constituent, and then more brackets round each combination of constituents. • For example:

C. Labeled and bracketed sentences

• With this procedure, the different constituents of the sentence are shown at the word level [the] or [dog], at the phrase level [the dog] or [loved the girl], and at the sentence level [The dog loved the girl].• We can then label each constituent using these abbreviated

grammatical terms:• Art (= article) V (= verb)• N (= noun) VP (= verb phrase)• NP (= noun phrase) S (= sentence)

C. Labeled and bracketed sentences (Cont’)

• In performing this type of analysis, we have not only labeled all the constituents, we have revealed the hierarchical organization of those constituents.

C. Labeled and bracketed sentences (Cont’)

A Gaelic sentence• Here is a sentence from Scottish Gaelic which would be

translated as “The boy saw the black dog.”For example,• Chunnaic an gille an cu dubh (Gaelic)• Saw the boy the dog black (English)

C. Labeled and bracketed sentences (Cont’)

C. Labeled and bracketed sentences (Cont’)

The diagram makes it clear that this Gaelic sentence is organized with a V NP NP structure, which is rather different from the NP V NP structure we found in the English sentence.

The aim is to make explicit, via the diagram, what we believe to be the structure of grammatical sentences in the language. It also enables us to describe clearly how English sentences are put together as combinations of phrases which, in turn, are combinations of words. We can then look at similar descriptions of sentences in other languages such as Gaelic, Japanese or Spanish and see clearly what structural differences exist.

C. Labeled and bracketed sentences (Cont’)

• Grammar:• The phrases and sentences can be described as ill-formed or

well-formed.• Traditional Grammar:• A way to set the grammar rule as in table, chart…• Parts of the speech:• The terms for the parts of speech are nouns, adjectives, verbs,

adverbs, prepositions, pronouns, and conjunctions.

VI. Summary

• Agreement:• Agreement on number• Agreement on Person• Agreement on tense• Agreement on Voice• Agreement on Gender

VI. Summary (Cont’)

• The Prescriptive Approach• The view of grammar as a set of rules for the correct or proper

use of a language may be characterized as the Prescriptive Approach.• The Descriptive Approach• Describing the regular structures of the language as it is used,

not according to some view of how it should be used is called the Descriptive Approach.

VI. Summary (Cont’)

• Structural Analysis• One type of descriptive approach. The method employed

involves the use of “test-frames “which can be sentences with empty slots in them.• Constituent Analysis• This approach is designed to show new small constituents

(components) in sentences go together to form larger constituents.

VI. Summary (Cont’)

• GEORGE, Y. (2010) The Study of the Language Cambridge

VII. Reference

Thank You!