applied digestion physiology of ruminants · a/14. applied digestive physiology of ruminants. ii....
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12-13 March 2018.
Applied digestion physiology of Applied digestion physiology of Applied digestion physiology of Applied digestion physiology of ruminantsruminantsruminantsruminants
Feed additives have benificial effects Feed additives have benificial effects Feed additives have benificial effects Feed additives have benificial effects on rumen fermentation and metabolismon rumen fermentation and metabolismon rumen fermentation and metabolismon rumen fermentation and metabolism
Nutrition of calvesNutrition of calvesNutrition of calvesNutrition of calves
Hedvig F ÉBEL, DVM, PhD, private professorNational Agricultural Research Center
Research Institute for Animal Breeding, Nutrition a nd Meat Science, Herceghalom
Exam questionsExam questionsExam questionsExam questions
A/13.A/13.A/13.A/13. Applied Digestive Physiology of Ruminants. Applied Digestive Physiology of Ruminants. Applied Digestive Physiology of Ruminants. Applied Digestive Physiology of Ruminants.
I. Fermentation of Carbohydrates in the Rumen.I. Fermentation of Carbohydrates in the Rumen.I. Fermentation of Carbohydrates in the Rumen.I. Fermentation of Carbohydrates in the Rumen.
A/14.A/14.A/14.A/14. Applied Digestive Physiology of Ruminants. Applied Digestive Physiology of Ruminants. Applied Digestive Physiology of Ruminants. Applied Digestive Physiology of Ruminants. II. Degradation and Synthesis of N containing II. Degradation and Synthesis of N containing II. Degradation and Synthesis of N containing II. Degradation and Synthesis of N containing Substances in the Rumen.Substances in the Rumen.Substances in the Rumen.Substances in the Rumen.
A/15.A/15.A/15.A/15. Applied Digestive Physiology of Ruminants. Applied Digestive Physiology of Ruminants. Applied Digestive Physiology of Ruminants. Applied Digestive Physiology of Ruminants. III. Degradation and Synthesis of Fats in the III. Degradation and Synthesis of Fats in the III. Degradation and Synthesis of Fats in the III. Degradation and Synthesis of Fats in the Rumen, Dietary Fat Supplementation.Rumen, Dietary Fat Supplementation.Rumen, Dietary Fat Supplementation.Rumen, Dietary Fat Supplementation.
A/16.A/16.A/16.A/16. Compounds Having Advantageous Effects on Compounds Having Advantageous Effects on Compounds Having Advantageous Effects on Compounds Having Advantageous Effects on Rumen Function and Metabolism.Rumen Function and Metabolism.Rumen Function and Metabolism.Rumen Function and Metabolism.
A/17.A/17.A/17.A/17. Feeding and Nutrition of Dairy Calves.Feeding and Nutrition of Dairy Calves.Feeding and Nutrition of Dairy Calves.Feeding and Nutrition of Dairy Calves.
Applied digestion physiology of ruminants
� pH in the rumen
� Saliva – buffering capacity
� Carbohydrate metabolism of ruminants
� N- (protein) metabolism of ruminants
� Role of lipid in nutrition of ruminants
Fermentation of carbohydrates in the rumen (A/13)
I. Conversion of carbohydrates to pyruvate
II. Conversion of pyruvate to volatile fatty acids
ATP production
CELLULOSE STARCH
CELLOBIOSE MALTOSE
GLUCOSE 1-PHOSPHATE GLUCOSE
SUCROSEGLUCOSE 6-PHOSPHATE
PECTINS URONIC ACIDS
FRUCTOSE 6-PHOSPHATE FRUCTOSE
HEMICELLULOSE PENTOSES FRUCTOSANS
FRUCTOSE 1,6-DIPHOSPHATE
PYRUVIC ACID
Ruminal degradation of carbohydratesI. Conversion of carbohydrates to pyruvate
II. Conversion of pyruvate to volatile fatty acids
Pyruvic acid
CH3.CO.COOH
Lactic acid Oxaloacetic acid Formic acid + Acetic acidCH3
.CHOH.COOH HOOC.CH2.CO.COOH HCOOH CH3
.COOH
-H2O +4H
Acrylic acid Succinic acid CO2 + H2
CH2=CH.COOH HOOC.CH2.CH2
.COOH
+2H -CO2
Propionic acid Propionic acid Methane Butyric acidCH3
.CH2.COOH CH3
.CH2.COOH CH4 CH3
.CH2.CH2
.COOH
+2H +CO2
Microbial breakdown of simple sugarsATP production
Hexose →2 pyruvate + 4 (H) + 2 ATPPentose →1.7 pyruvate +1.7 (H)
+1.7 ATP2 pyruvate + H2O →2 acetic acid + 2 CO2 + 2 H2
+ 2 ATP2 pyruvate + 8(H) → 2 propionic acid + 2 H2O
+ 2 ATP2 pyruvate + 4(H) → butyric acid + 2 CO2 + 2 H2
+ 2 ATP
Degradation and Degradation and Degradation and Degradation and ssssynthesis of N ynthesis of N ynthesis of N ynthesis of N
containing containing containing containing ssssubstances in the ubstances in the ubstances in the ubstances in the rrrrumenumenumenumen(A/14)
proteases peptidases deamination
Proteins → Peptides → Amino acids → Carbon skeleton + NH3 →
Volatile fatty acids + CO2 + NH3
urease
Urea → NH3
Degradation of crude protein
Crude protein
NPNTrue
protein
NPN
Rumen degradableprotein (RDP)
Undegradableprotein (UDP)
Amino acids
NH3
Microbial
protein
UDP Amino acids
Tissue,
Mammary gland
ENERGY
+ Microbial protein
Degradation and Degradation and Degradation and Degradation and ssssynthesis of N ynthesis of N ynthesis of N ynthesis of N containing containing containing containing ssssubstances in the ubstances in the ubstances in the ubstances in the rrrrumenumenumenumen
Degradability of protein - RDP content of feedstuffs
High ruminal degradability > 70%cereals, extr. sunflower meal, corn silage, alfalfa haylage,
Medium ruminal degradability 50 -70%corn, meadow hay, extr. soybean
Low ruminal degradability < 50%animal origin protein (meat, fish, blood
meal)corn gluten meal, sorghum
Crude protein
NPNTrue
protein
NPN
Rumen degradableprotein (RDP)
Undegradableprotein (UDP)
Amino acids
NH3
Microbial
protein
UDP Amino acids
Tissue,
Mammary gland
ENERGY
+ Microbial protein
UDP content of TMR 32-34% → 37-39%
Degradation and Degradation and Degradation and Degradation and ssssynthesis of N ynthesis of N ynthesis of N ynthesis of N containing containing containing containing ssssubstances in the ubstances in the ubstances in the ubstances in the
rrrrumenumenumenumen
Protein and amino acid requirements of high yielding dairy cows
By-pass or protected protein (soybean)Treatment – heat, formaldehydeBond between carbohydrate and protein chain0.5 – 1 kg of bypass soybean product
By-pass or protected methionine10 – 20 g/day/animal
Degradation and synthesis of fats in the rumen, dietary fat
supplementation (A/15)
Amount and type of lipids
Degradation of lipidsHydrolysisHydrogenation
Lipid (fat) supplementation
Role of lipid in nutrition of ruminants
Amount and type of lipidsDegradation of lipids
HydrolysisHydrogenation
Lipid (fat) supplementation
Type of fat Ether extract content of
TMR, % in DM
Amount kg
Fat (Ether extract) content of diet 2.5-3 0.4-0.6 Plant origin feedstuffs (oil seeds) 2-3 0.4-0.65 Protected or bypass fats 2-3 0.4-0.65 Total: 7-8 1.2-1.5
Feed additives have benificial effects Feed additives have benificial effects Feed additives have benificial effects Feed additives have benificial effects
on rumen fermentation and metabolism on rumen fermentation and metabolism on rumen fermentation and metabolism on rumen fermentation and metabolism (A/16)(A/16)(A/16)(A/16)
1.Yeast culture
2. Buffers
3. Cation -anion balance (CAB)
4. Nicotinic acid – Niacin
5. Glucogenic compounds
Feed additives have benificial effects Feed additives have benificial effects Feed additives have benificial effects Feed additives have benificial effects
on rumen fermentation and metabolismon rumen fermentation and metabolismon rumen fermentation and metabolismon rumen fermentation and metabolism
Yeast culture Saccharomyces cerevisiaeAspergillus oryzae
Increased feed intake
Increased rate o f
cellu lo lys is
Increased flow o f
m ic rob ia l p rote in
D ecresed
lactate production
C hanged
V FA proportions
Improved
pH stab ility
R emoval o f O2
by yeast culture
Increased bacteria l
v iab ility
Improved productivity
Dosage:
5 g yeast /cow/day
4 g yeast /beef cattle/day
Feed additives have benificial effects Feed additives have benificial effects Feed additives have benificial effects Feed additives have benificial effects
on rumen fermentation and metabolismon rumen fermentation and metabolismon rumen fermentation and metabolismon rumen fermentation and metabolism
BuffersIn case of > 30 l milk production (min. 16% CF; max. 65% concentrate)
NaHCO3 100-150 g (200-300 g/cow/day)NaHCO3: MgO 3:1 150-300 g/cow/day
Cation -anion balance (CAB)In order to prevent milk fever CAB value should be
between -50 and -150Acidosis promotes Ca mobilization from the bonesLast 2 weeks of pregnancy
100 g NH4Cl + 100 g MgSO 4
Feed additives have benificial effects Feed additives have benificial effects Feed additives have benificial effects Feed additives have benificial effects
on rumen fermentation and metabolismon rumen fermentation and metabolismon rumen fermentation and metabolismon rumen fermentation and metabolism
Nicotinic acid – Niacin2-3 weeks before and 3 weeks after parturition
6 g/cow/day
Glucogenic compoundsGlycerol, propylenglycol
Glucose balance
1000 g glucose with feed
500 g glucose pool in blood and liver
For 40 kg FCM milk production needs 3380 g glucose/day + 500 g glucose for maintenance
2 weeks after parturition daily 200-300 ml propylenglycol/cow on TMR
Feeding and Feeding and Feeding and Feeding and nnnnutrition of utrition of utrition of utrition of ddddairy airy airy airy
ccccalvesalvesalvesalves (A/17)(A/17)(A/17)(A/17)Beef cattle ↔ Dairy cattle
Anatomical and physiological characteristics of the new-born ruminants
Development of the rumenIt is depend on: � production of volatile fatty acids� establishment of micro-organisms� papillary development
Development of enzyme competencedigestion of casein (milk protein): pro rennin → rennin, Ca2+, pH 4-5digestion of fat: lipasedigestion of carbohydrate: lactose – lactasemaltase, amylase and sacharase are only in 3-4 weeks of age
The oesophageal groove reflex
Rumen
Abomasum
Reticulum
Omasum
Small intestineStomach at birth
4 weeks
12 weeks8 weeks
Calves on milk
and grain
Feeding and Feeding and Feeding and Feeding and nnnnutrition of utrition of utrition of utrition of ddddairy airy airy airy ccccalvesalvesalvesalves
Colostrum – Transition milk
���� 1st (3-5day) week of life���� Composition of colostrum���� within 2 h after birth 4 l of colostrum must be given���� closure time���� 1st and 2nd day of life together 8-10 l of colostru m intake���� to the end of the first week of age 35 l milk in al l���� temperature of colostrum (37-38 oC)
Composition of colostrum and milk
Parameters Colostrum Milk Specific gravidity 1.056 1.032
Fat, % 6.7 4.0
Protein, % 14.0 3.1
Casein, % 4.8 2.5
Total Ig, % 6.00 0.09
Lactose, % 2.7 5.0
Ash, % 1.11 0.74
Ca, % 0.26 0.13
Mg, % 0.04 0.01
Vitamins
Vitamin A, g/100 ml 295 34
Vitamin D, NE/g fat 1.5 0.4
Vitamin E, g/g fat 84 15
Thiamine, µg/ml 0.53 0.38
Riboflavin, g/ml 4.83 1.47
Vitamin B12, g/100 ml 4.9 0.6
Folic acid, g/100 ml 0.8 0.2
Antibodies from colostrum protect calves until their own immune systems are fully functional.
Ant
ibod
y co
ncen
trat
ion
Time1 d 14 d
Passive immunity (colostrum)
High risk period
Active immunity (immune system)
Nutrition of dairy calvesNutrition of dairy calvesNutrition of dairy calvesNutrition of dairy calves
Nutrition of future in dairy farmsNutrition of future in dairy farmsNutrition of future in dairy farmsNutrition of future in dairy farms
40-45 kg BW ���� at birth80-110 kg BW ���� at weaning time (60-90 days of age)200 kg BW ���� at 5th - 6th months of age –
postrearing time380-400 kg BW ���� at 15th – 16th months of age –
first insemination550 kg BW ���� at 24th – 25th months of age –
first calving
Nutrition of dairy calvesNutrition of dairy calvesNutrition of dairy calvesNutrition of dairy calves
Calf raising and feeding program
1.Liquid feeding systems- milk, - skim milk,- acidified milk (pH: 4.5) - milk replacer (26–30% CP; 40–45% lactose;
20% EE); 1:9 mixture with water
2. Free choice of drinking water
3. Calf starter (and hay) from 2nd week of life
Nutrition of dairy calvesNutrition of dairy calvesNutrition of dairy calvesNutrition of dairy calves
1. Liquid feeding technology2 – 3x /day liquid feeding Temperature 38-40 oC
Age of calves Consumed milk amount, l/day
10 – 21 days of life 6
22 – 56 days of life 8
57 – 70 days of life 7, 6, 5; last week: 2 x 1.5
2. Free choice of drinking water
Total liquid requirement 1st month of age 8-10 l
2nd month of age 10-15 l
3. Calf starter (and hay) from 2nd week of life
calf starter - 18-19% CP
+ high quality hay
Nutrition of dairy calvesNutrition of dairy calvesNutrition of dairy calvesNutrition of dairy calves
Weaning time60 - 70 - 80 - 90 day of age
The most important stipulation
dry feed consumption - minimum 1.5 kg/day
By 1 week postweaning
From Starter to Grower (CP 16-17%)
From individual box to group
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