ap world review. six themes the impact of interaction among major societies, such as, trade,...

AP World ReviewAP World Review

Six Themes

The impact of interaction among major societies, such as, trade, international exchange, war, and diplomacy.

The relationship of change and continuity across the periods of World History.

Impact of technology and demography on people and the environment, including population change, manufacturing, agriculture, etc.

Systems of organization and gender structure. Cultural and intellectual development and interactions among

societies. Change over time in function and structures of political states.

Building Blocks of Civilization

What is a civilization?– Economic system– Political organization– Moral code (religion)– Written language and intellectual tradition.

Early Man

Beginnings of Humans– Hominids: 3 to 4 million years on earth.– Hominids are primates.– Earliest hominids called Australopithecine.– Bipeds

Other types of Early man include Homo Habilis, Homo Erectus, and Homo Sapien

Stone Age

Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age).– Tools were used.– Simple huts.– Fire.– Hunter/gatherer societies.– Family or clan groupings.– Art and music also practiced.

Stone Age (Con’t)

Agricultural Revolution: Neolithic Revolution– Occurred around the end of the Great Ice Age.– Rapid population growth.– Need for a change in food supply.– New skills needed.

Pastoralism and agriculture – begins with domestication of plants and animals.

Results of the Agricultural Revolution

Many diversified crops developed. Development of communities and villages.

– Not based on family ties.– Lead to the formation of cities.

Early religions form around harvest and planting seasons.

Specialization of Labor.– Improved tools.– Development of social classes.

River Valley Civilizations

Mesopotamia.– Tigris and Euphrates River valleys.– Fertile Crescent.– Written Language: Cuneiform.– Epic of Gilgamesh.– Hammurabi’s Code.

River Civilizations

Egypt– Nile River valley: Upper and Lower Egypt– Inundation: regular flooding schedule– Monarchy: Pharaoh & small class of

priests.– Duality: Complex religion and

mummification.– Many great inventions and advances.

River Civilizations

Indus Valley– Indus and Ganges Rivers– Reason for decline unknown.– Highly unified and organized government.– Artistic.

River Civilizations

Yellow River valley.– Shang – China’s first dynasty.– Monarchy– Bronze work, silk making, pottery, jade.– Zhou Dynasty: Many advances

• Mandate of Heaven.

Middle East Civilizations

Persians– Created one of the largest empires in

world history: From Turkey to Libya.– Cyrus the Great-first king, Darius the

Great– Advanced postal system, roads, single

currency, and decentralized government.– Zoroastrianism: Primary religion.– Fell to Alexander the Great.

Middle East Civilizations

Phoenicians– Syria and Lebanon.– Advanced export economy.– Skilled traders.– Established Cathage.– First alphabet.

Ancient Greece

Aegean, Minoan, Mycenaean Civilizations.– Trading societies.– Conquest (Trojan War)– Joined into a single culture called

Hellenes or Greeks.

Ancient Greece

Athens and Sparta– Athens: educated, great thinkers– Sparta: warrior society, military strength, self

reliance.

Beginnings of Democracy– Began in Athens– Pericles– Not fully enfranchised.– Most representative government in ancient world.

Ancient Greece

Peloponnesian War– Conflict between Athens and Sparta.– Left Greek city-states weak.– Open to conquest by the Persians and then

Macedonians (Alexander the Great).

Alexander the Great– Great conqueror, took over Asia, Persian Empire,

territory to borders of India.– Spread Greek culture throughout Eurasia.

Ancient Greece

Hellenic Culture– Science was important, geometry,

physics, mathematics, and astronomy.– Poetry (Homer), Drama

(Sophocles/Euripides), Philosophy (Socrates, Plato)

Ancient Rome

Roman Republic– Tensions between Plebeians (lower class)

and Patricians (upper class).– Beginning of Roman expansion.– Punic Wars

– Three campaigns against Carthage.– Rome was victorious.

– Began expanding to the East (Greece, Balkans).

Ancient Rome

Collapse of Roman Republic– Too much expansion.– Social problems and civil wars.– Unification of leadership under one

person.

Roman Empire– Julius Caesar, Octavian (Caesar

Augustus)

Han Dynasty

Strongest Chinese dynasty. Expansionist Empire

– Postal system.– Roads.– Defensive fortifications (Great Wall).

Weak leadership caused collapse– Corruption and leadership issues.

India

Aryans– Nomadic group invaded India.– Earliest Europeans.– Conquered the Dravidians (Dark skinned

Indians).– Established warrior aristocracy.– Established Sanskrit.– Vedic and early Hindu faith.

India

Caste System• Priests (Brahmins)• Warriors and political rulers (Kshatruyas).• Commoners.• Servants and Peasants.• The “Untouchables.”

– Born into caste. Cannot be changed.

India

Mauryan Empire– Ashoka – 1st emperor.– Converted to Buddhism.– Collapsed from outside attacks.

Gupta Empire– Religious tolerance.– Muslim invaders.

Religions

Judaism– Hebrews– Monotheistic

• Main deity - Yahweh

– Covenant

Islam– Founded by Muhammad– Five Pillars of Faith.– Allah

Religions

Christianity– Messiah: Jesus– Evangelical.

Hinduism– Bramin, Multiple gods, Darma, Karma.

– Multiple Reincarnations.

Religions

Buddhism– Four Noble Truths– Eightfold Path

Daosim (Taoism)– The Way– Harmony with nature.

Caliphates

Split in Islamic believers after the death of Muhammad.– Sunni and Shiite– “Caliph” – Leader of the Islamic faith.

Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate

– Golden Age of Islamic Culture

Amerindian Civilizations

Olmec– Mother civilization for Central America.

Maya– Teotihuacan– Located in Mexico and Central America.– Religion included human sacrifice.– Ended by constant state of war.

Amerindian Civilizations

Inca– Located along the Andes Mountains of

Peru.– Specially adapted to high mountain

altitudes.– Domesticated llamas.

Aztec– Tribute System.

Forms of Government

Oligarchy– Rule by a small group of elite families.

Monarch– Leadership by one person passed through family.– Absolute and Constitutional Monarchy.

Republic– Citizens all participate in government.

Democracy– All citizens play the same role in government

Theocracy– Ruled by church or priests (No separation)

Middle Ages

Collapse of Roman Empire led to fragmented leadership in Europe and the rise of the Byzantine Empire– Emperor Justinian.– Constantinople.

Feudalism– Manor System

• Self-sufficient.• Serfdom

Middle Ages

Great Schism– Catholic Church gains much power.– Split between “Western” Church and

Byzantine Church.

Monasticism– Monastery orders dedicated to the service

of God.– Vows of Chastity and Poverty.

European Relationships

One Hundred Years’ War– England and France

• Caused political entanglements.• France’s attempt to regain English territory.• Trade competition.

Holy Roman Empire Spain and Portugal

– Muslim invasion– Reconquesta

Crusades

Causes– Religious fervor.– European desire for trade.– Personal Ambitions.

First Crusade– Byzantine empire asked for help against

Muslim Turks.– Christians capture Jerusalem.

Crusades

More crusades - none successful. Effects of the Crusades

– More awareness of the world as a whole.– Increased tensions between Muslims and

Christians.– Increased trade.

Black Death

Bubonic Plague– Traveled from Asia over Silk Road.– Carried by fleas on rats.– Killed 1/3 of European Population.– Caused society to modernize and gave

more rights to the poor.

Renaissance

Printing Press– Johannes Gutenberg

Classicism– Greater understanding and appreciation of Greek

and Roman culture.

Important people– Da Vinci– Michelangelo– Titan

Protestant Reformation

Failed attempts at Catholic Church reforms.

Martin Luther– Protested indulgences.– Formed Lutheran Church.

John Calvin– Predestination.

Protestant Reformation

Anglican Church (Church of England)– Formed for political reasons against

Pope’s authority.

Catholic Counter Reformation– Council of Trent– Inquisition.

Islamic World

Berber States– Nomads– First to convert to Islam Mali.

Mansa Musa – Mali– Very Rich– Muslim that traveled throughout Africa and

Middle East.

Islamic World

Songhai– Askia Mohammed.

Islamic Achievements– Arabic Numerals– Algebra/Trig

Delhi Sultanate– Introduced Islam to India.

Mongol Expansion

Khanates– Genghis– Khubilai

• Conquest of China “Yuan Dynasty”

Mongol Advances– Stirrups– Advanced horse warfare– Inclusion of conquered peoples

Golden Horde and Il”Khan– Conflict over religion.

Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires

Ottoman Empire– Major leader – Sultan Suleiman the

Magnificent.– Took over Constantinople– Long decline 1450-1920’s

Safavid Empire– Persia– Shiite Muslims

Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires

Mughal Empire– India– Hindu majority ruled by Muslim minority.

All three “Gunpowder Empires”

Absolutism

Absolute monarchies– Nation states emerge from feudal societies.– Common languages develop.– National identity.– Strong, unlimited power of monarch.

Rulers– Louis XIV, Habsburg rulers, Henry VIII and

Elizabeth I, Ivan the Terrible, etc.

Constitutionalism

Monarchy with limited power.– Parliamentary governments.

• Formed Great Britain• English Civil War

– Oliver Cromwell – Military dictator of England.

– Restoration• William and Mary

Scientific Revolution

Scientific Revolution– Accelerated pace of scientific discovery.– Modern thinking on scientific reason and

logic.

Great thinkers of Scientific Revolution– Sir Isaac Newton– Galileo

Enlightenment

Enlightenment– Emphasis on scientific method.– Faith in the power of human reason.– Criticism of the Church to some extent.

Great Thinkers of the Enlightenment– Voltaire– Rousseau– Locke

Ming/Qing China

Reaction to Mongol Dynasty– Used Mongol foundations to build empire.– Naval forces

• Voyages of Zheng He

– Very artistic (Ming ware)

Qing (Manchu) Dynasty– Established by Manchu peoples.– Full scale European trade begins in China.– Last dynasty of China.

Japanese Shogunate

Japanese feudalism– Shogun– Daimyo– Samurai– Bushido

Comparison of Japanese and European Feudalism = Japanese feudal system more centralized.

Japanese Shogunate

Shogunates– Kamakura and Ashikaga came first.– Most famous is Tokugawa Shogunate.

• Founded by Tokugawa Ieyasu.• Dictatorship, highly centralized government.• Confucian ideas.• Closed ports to trade which caused economic

collapse.

Exploration and Colonization

Economic motivation for exploration– Trade routes to India.

New Technologies– Caravel– Astrolabe– Compass– Rudder

Exploration and Colonization

Explorers– Henry the Navigator– Columbus– Magellan

Treaty of Tordesillias– World divided by the Pope for exploration

Exploration and Colonization

Spanish and Portuguese colonization– Conquistadors

• Cortez-Aztec• Pizzaro-Inca

North American Colonization– French, English, Dutch, Spanish split

North America.– Tried to find “Northwest Passage.”

Slavery and the Slave Trade

Slavery existed before but Atlantic Slave Trade was new.

Factors for the expansion of Slave Trade.– Labor intensive crops (sugar, tobacco, cotton).– Slaves better suited to climate of New World.– Ending of Encomienda system.

First controlled by Portuguese

Slavery and the Slave Trade

Middle Passage– Trade route from Africa to New World that

carried slaves.– Small ships, many casualties from

voyage.

Triangular Trade– Major route of World Ocean Trade– Middle Passage was second leg.

Colonization of the New World

New Spain– Viceroyalties– Three types of conquest

• Microbial (diseases)• Economic• Cultural

Mining and sugar production

Colonization of the New World

Social Stratification– Peninsulares. Creoles, Mestizos.

Portuguese in Brazil– Major sugar cane plantations.– Boom/Bust economy.

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of Plants, Animals, Foods, and Diseases between the New World and the Old World.– Horses, sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs from Old

World.• Provided food and labor.

– Squash, beans, sweet potatoes, peppers, peanuts, tomatoes.

– Increased areas to grow cotton, sugar cane, tobacco and cacao.

Part of Massive Colonization Movement.

French Revolution

Causes of the French Revolution.– Wide spread social and economic gap.– Unfair taxes.– Growing middle class.– Influence of Enlightenment ideas.– Poor leadership and massive financial

debt.

French Revolution

Three estates.– Third Estate forms National Assembly from the

Estates-General.– Sans-Culottes – Radical peasants in Paris.

Phases of the Revolution.– Moderate Period 1789-1791 – limited power of

church and land reforms.– Radical Period 1792-1794 – Executions, Jacobins.– Conservative Period 1795-1799 – Directory and

rise of Napoleon.

Capitalism

Adam Smith (New economic theory).– Free Trade.– Laissez faire (Let it alone).– Invisible Hand.– Supply and Demand.

Industrialization

Pre-conditions for Industrialization– Inventions – spinning jenny, water frame– Increased reliance on coal.

Industrial Revolution– Textile Industry.– Stream and Electricity.– Effects on social classes.

• Middle class benefits.• Poor working conditions.

Socialism, Marxism, and Communism

Socialism– Economic competition is inherently unfair.– Popular in France.

Marxism– More radical form of socialism.– Proletariat, Bourgeoisie, Class struggle.

Communism– Same as Marxism.

Imperialism

Causes– Economic factors.

• Need for raw materials.

– Military factors.• New weapons.• Coal sources.

Imperialism

– Social factors.• Population growth.• Making fortunes.

– Cultural factors.• Conquer “inferior’ people aka “White Man’s

Burden.”• Social Darwinism.

Imperialist’s World

Great Britain– India– China/SE Asia

America– Hawaii– Pacific Ocean– Caribbean

Imperialist’s World

Scramble for Africa– Africa divided up between imperial

powers.– Berlin Conference

Japan resists imperial take over by West.

Decline of Qing China

Opium War– Opium used to end trade deficit between

China and GB.– First Opium War

• Treaty of Nanking – 5 Chinese ports opened. GB gets Hong Kong as colony.

Taiping Rebellion– Civil War in China– Thousands die.

Decline of Qing China

Dowager Empress Cixi– Conservative, oppressive, leader of Qing

China.– Controlled nephew on the throne. When

he tried to reform China, she had him removed.

Boxer Rebellion– Rebellion against foreigners in China– Not successful.

Meiji Restoration

Japanese Modernization.– New constitution based on US.– Parliament formed (Diet).– Mostly an oligarchy.

Zaibatsu.– State sponsored businesses.– Industry and private enterprise.– Poor working conditions for the lower class.

Increased urbanization. Beginnings of Japanese expansionism.

Japanese Expansionism

Sino-Japanese War– Japan wants part of China trade.– Takes over Korea and trading port.– Used US Open Door Policy to justify actions.

Russo-Japanese War– Caused by competition over Manchuria.– Surprise attack by Japanese on Russian

positions.– Japan wins.

Begins to warn world of imperial leanings.

Revolutions in the Americas

American Revolution– Ending colonial ties to Great Britain.

• Forms republic.• Constitution.

Haitian Revolution– Slave revolt (only successful one in history).

• Toussaint L’Overture

Latin American Independence– Creole Rebellion.– Simon Bolivar, Pedro Hidalgo, Morelos.

Latin American Rebuilding

Troubles in governing.– Constitutions.– Many dictatorships.

Economic Issues.– Boom/Bust economies.

Social and Racial Divisions. Limited Modernizations & Industrialization. Mexico

– French intervention, Maximillian, Napoleon III– Benito Juarez

World War One

Causes– Competition between Empires– Secret alliances– Tensions in the Balkans– Assassination of the Archduke.

Central Powers

World War One

Warfare– Trench warfare on Western Front– Naval warfare and submarines

Treaty of Versailles: Wilson’s 14 Points– Great Britain & France wanted revenge.

• War Guilt Clause• Loss of Territory• Disarmament• Reparations

Russian Revolution and Communism

Russian Revolution– 1917 Lenin and Bolsheviks overthrow the Czar.– After Lenin’s death, Stalin gains control

Economic Reforms– Year Plans

• Five Year Plans – Heavy industry• Collectivization

Political Oppression– Little political freedoms– Siberian Labor Camps

Rise of Fascism

German Fascism– Began as a lack of confidence in Weimar Republic– Against Communist Party which was also strong.– Anti-Semitic

Italian Fascism– Appealed to WWI veterans– Extreme nationalism/racial prejudice– Led by Mussolini

• March on Rome leads to control of country.• Eventually allies with the Germans

Nazism

Led by Adolph Hitler– Charismatic leader– Wrote “Mein Kampf”– Last Chancellor of Weimar Republic– Head of German Reichstag– Passed Enabling Act, suspended Constitution.

He ruled by decree. Outlawed all opposition Limited personal freedoms Began persecuting Jews and others.

World War Two

Axis and allies– Axis = Germany, Italy, and Japan– Allies = US, Great Britain, France, USSR

Appeasement Policy– After a number of aggressive moves, Allies continue

to back down.– Japan continues expansion into China

New technology– Aircraft carriers/Bombers– Radar– Atomic weapons.

World War Two

Blitzkrieg– lightning war used by Germans

Germans took over all but Great Britain– Battle of Britain

• Blitz

Japanese aggression in Pacific– Pearl Harbor

World War Two

Turning Point 1942– Losses by Axis

• Midway• El Alamein• Stalingrad

D-Day Invasion – June 6, 1944 Atomic Bombs on Japan

Holocaust and War Crimes

Rape of Nanking– Japanese troops storm city, raping and

killing civilians.

Comfort Women– Women forced to serve as prostitutes for

Japanese soldiers.

Holocaust and War Crimes

Holocaust– Systematic genocide of Jewish people and other

ethnicities.– Final Solution– Concentration Camps

• Extermination camps• Zyclon B• Cremation Chambers

Total dead: In excessive of 12 million people. 6 million were Jews.

Chinese Communism

After Qing Dynasty, China ruled by Nationalist Party.– Led by Sun Yat-Sen– After Sun Yat-Sen dies, Chang Kai-Shek takes over

Chinese Communist Party– Led by Mao Zedong– Lead revolution against nationalists.– Early defeats lead to Long March– Helped by Japanese Invasion– Eventually Communists succeed and Nationalists flee

to Taiwan.

Korean War

First test of containment Policy– 1950-1953 South Korea vs North Korea– US supports South Korea– China and Russia support North Korea– MacArthur

• Brilliant General but arrogant• Fired for not following orders

War ended at original line of division – 38th Parallel.

Cold War

Non-military aggression between Communist and Capitalist countries.

Spread of Soviet influence and control– Eastern Europe fall under Soviet control– Soviets violate promises made at Yalta

Conference.– Berlin Blockage and division of Berlin.

Cold War

US Containment Policy– Marshall Plan– Formation of NATO

Arms Race– Began after 1949 when Soviets

demonstrated nuclear weapons.– Nuclear aggression and build up between

US and USSR – “MAD” Mutually Assured Destruction.

Cold War 1950-1960’s

Nikita Khrushchev gains power in USSR Space Race

– Soviets launch Sputnik in 1957• US frightened because USSR had first space rocket

Cuban Revolution– Fidel Castro makes Cuba a communist country– Communist country 90 miles from US

Cold War 1950-1960’s

U-2 spy plane shot down over USSR JFK

– Bay of Pigs Invasion: Attempt by US to overthrow Castro

– Results in soviet nuclear weapons stationed in Cuba

• Attempt to destroy missiles could start a nuclear war with USSR

• Kennedy blockages Cuba and Soviets back down

Cold War 1960-1970’s

US lands on the Moon– Wins space Race

Split between Chinese Communists and Soviet Communists– Mao disagrees with Soviet view of

socialism.– Borders between the two become more

hostile

Cold War 1960-1970’s

Vietnam War– French Indo-China

• Vietnam was a colony of France but France too weak to control it.

– Ho Chi Minh• Leader of Communist Party in North Vietnam

– US support French and enters the war to help south Vietnam

– Domino Theory– French/US defeat

End of the Cold War

D’etente – General relaxation of tensions between the super powers.

1980’s– Soviets invade Afghanistan

• Oil supply threatened• Damaged relations

– Olympic Games boycotted• US in 1980 and USSR in 1984

End of the Cold War

USSR begins to collapse internally– Mikhail Gorbachev leads USSR in 1985

• Attempts reforms “Perestroika” (restructuring)=economic reforms

• Glasnost=“Openness” cultural liberation

Berlin Wall and Iron Curtain comes down in 1989

1991 USSR collapses

Patterns of Decolonization

Wars fought to gain independence Education of native peoples led to

easier decolonization Ethnic and religious differences cause

major issues for new countries Exploitation of natural resources Sides taken in Cold War

Post War Middle East

The regions’ importance as a supply of petroleum

Contradiction between a desire to modernize and Islamic traditions

Destabilizing effect of Arab/Israeli Conflict

Establishment of Israel

Established as a state for displaced Jews from the Holocaust

Britain controlled region of Palestine Gave region over to become the State

of Israel Displaced millions of Palestinian Arabs

to neighboring nations.

Major Trends of the 20th Century

Major population growth Rise in consumer society Social activism

– 1960’s peace protests Terrorism

– Arab/Israeli conflicts Changes in gender relations Rise of mass media

– TV, film, and radio as sources of info and entertainment

Post Cold War Conflicts

Gulf War– Iraq invades Kuwait

• US-led coalition frees Kuwait

Yugoslavian War– Serbian aggression against Albanian and Bosnian

minorities in Losovo Weapons of Mass Destruction

– Limiting production and testing of nuclear weapons. Proliferation of small arms

– Guns, semi-automatic and automatic

AP World History

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