ante blaće, anblace@unizd.hr branimir vukosav, bvukosav@unizd.hr robert lončarić,...
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Ante Blaće, anblace@unizd.hr Branimir Vukosav, bvukosav@unizd.hr
Robert Lončarić, rloncar@unizd.hrDepartment of Geography
University of Zadar14th European seminar on geography of water
Cagliari, 26 June – 7 July 2011
Croatia:
Central European and Mediterranean country Area: 56.538 sq km Territorial Sea: 31.479 sq km Population: 4.49 million (2009 estimated) Capital: Zagreb (population 800.000) Independent: since 1991
Croatian archipelago:
• 1246 islands and islets• 3,259 sq km (5.8% of Croatian territory)• Population: 121,606 (2001 census; • 2.74% of the total Croatian population)• Only 79 islands > 1 sq km• 47 inhabited islands
Traditional islands’ economy: vine and olive growing, fishery
Rapidly increasing population in the late 19th and early 20th century
Onset of mass emigration due to the crisis of the traditional economy → depopulation of the islands; process still present
Inadequate water supply systems – main obstacle for islands’ economical development
Natural featuresGeology Dinaric karst on Adriatic Carbonate Platform (AdCP) Karst procesess during numerous emersions Last emersion – LGM (-135 m) Mesosoic and Paleogene limestones and dolomites Eocene flysch and marl Quaternary sediments (Pleistocene loess)
Importance of less permeable sediments for surface hydrography
Mediterranean climatic influence
(Köppen’s classification)
Csa climate temperate humid Mediterranean
climate with hot summer
Cfa climate temperate humid climate with hot and relatively humid summer
Cfb climate temperate humid climate with warm and relatively humid summer
Csb climate Mediterranean climate with warm summer
• karst relief – general lack of surface water… …but…
PrecipitationPrecipitation:: 700-1500 700-1500 mm/amm/a
Vransko jezero Lake on the Cres Island
- the largest lake on Croatian islands- the largest accumulation of potable water in Croatia
- formed in karst depression- bottom of the lake about 61 m below the mean sea level- maximum depth is 74.5 m - surface of the lake is 5.75 km2
- contains roughly 220 million m3 of water
Lake near Njivice – Krk Island
- surface 0.6 km2
- bottom of the lake about 7 m below the mean sea level - catchment area 12 km2
- water level varies 1 - 2 m - used for the water-supply from 1963 - max. pumping capacity 5 l/s
Ponikve – Krk Island
- karst depresion (2200 × 50-300 m)- bottom of the valley – Quaternary sediments 44 m thick- surface 0.87 km2
- contains 2.65 mil. m3
- depth of the lake 6 m- pumping capacity up to 84 l/s
Large islands:
Few islands have adequate local water sources (e. g. Islands of Krk, Cres, Lošinj, Vis)
Others depend on water from the mainland
Islands with substantial water resources developed modern economy based on mass tourism
Positive impact of tourism on demographic processes
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
700000
1999. 2000. 2001. 2002. 2003. 2004. 2005. 2006. 2007. 2008.Godine
Bro
j tu
rist
a Krk
Cres
Rab
Lošinj
Number of tourists on the large Kvarner Islands from 1999 to 2008
1857. 1869. 1880. 1890. 1900. 1910. 1921. 1931. 1948. 1953. 1961. 1971. 1981. 1991. 20010
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Godine
Bro
j sta
no
vnik
a
Krk
Lošinj
Cres
Rab
Population of the large Kvarner Islands from 1857 to 2001
Main problem – water shortage during the high touristic season
e. g. Novalja on Pag Island
ca. 3,500 permanent inhabitants> 50,000 people during the summer
e. g. Krk Island
Population:
Winter: ~17-20,000 domestics
Summer: 20,000 domestics 50,000 weekend visitors 50,000 tourists
120,000 total
Water consumption during the year on Krk Island
Small inhabited islands:
Water supply from local sources, questionable water quality, salt-water intrusion during the summer
Lack of link with the waterworks on the larger neighbouring islands or on the mainland
Many small islands depend on water-supplying ships
Water shortage – the main obstacle for touristic development; negative impact on demographic trends
Possible alternative solutions: desalinationwastewater treatmentrainwater usagewater from submarine springs (vrulje)
Most solutions are not cost-effective
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1999. 2000. 2001. 2002. 2003. 2004. 2005. 2006. 2007. 2008.
Godine
Bro
j tu
rist
a
Unije
Susak
Ilovik
Number of tourists on the small Kvarner Islands from 1999 to 2008
1857. 1869. 1880. 1890. 1900. 1910. 1921. 1931. 1948. 1953.1961. 1971. 1981. 1991. 2001.0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Godine
Bro
j sta
no
vnik
a Ilovik
Unije
Susak
Vele Srakane
Male Srakane
Population of the small Kvarner Islands from 1857 to 2001
Threats:
Sea-level rise →
Consequences
• changes in surface water quality and groundwater characteristics• increased coastal erosion and coastal habitats• increased flood risk and potential loss of life and property• impacts on agriculture and aquaculture through decline in soil and water quality• loss of nonmonetary cultural resources and values• loss of tourism, recreation, and transportation functions
Demographic and economical pressure →
Consequences
• increased water consumption• water shortages during summer • decreased water quality• high risk of pollution• heavy impact on overall economical and social development
Conclusions:Relatively high precipitation (700 mm – 1500 mm)Karst relief – water rapidlly infiltrates undergroundLarge islands
- significant water resources - development of modern tourism-based economy- positive demographic trends- seasonality of water consumption- possible water shortages during summer months
Small islands - inadequate local water resources - low quality of water- underdeveloped tourism- negative demographic trends
Potential threats: sea-level rise; demographic and economical pressure
Thank you for your attention!
Zlatni Rat beach – Brač Island
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