announcements ●ge survey-available on blackboard ●tutoring center sci i, 407 m 12-3, 5:30-6:30;...
Post on 20-Dec-2015
229 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Announcements
●GE Survey-available on Blackboard●Tutoring Center
SCI I, 407M 12-3, 5:30-6:30; W 8-9, 5:30-6:30, Th 8-12, 6-7; F 8-9
●MasteringBiology Assignment
Carbon and Organic Chemistry
– Carbon is a versatile atom.
– Carbon forms large, complex, and diverse molecules necessary for life’s functions.
– Organic compounds are carbon-based molecules.
Structuralformula
Ball-and-stickmodel
Space-fillingmodel
– Larger hydrocarbons form fuels for engines.
– Hydrocarbons of fat molecules fuel our bodies.
Hydrocarbons
• Variations in Carbon skeletons Carbon skeletons vary in length
Carbon skeletons may be unbranched or branched
Carbon skeletons may have double bonds,which can vary in location
Carbon skeletons may be arranged in rings
Carbon and Organic Chemistry
• The unique properties of an organic compound depend not only on its carbon skeleton but also on the atoms attached to the skeleton
– These atoms are called functional groups– Some common functional groups include:
Hydroxyl group Carbonyl group Amino group Carboxyl group
Found in alcoholsand sugars
Found in sugarsFound in amino acidsand urea in urine (fromprotein breakdown)
Found in amino acids,fatty acids, and somevitamins
Carbon and Organic Chemistry
Macromolecules
– On a molecular scale, many of life’s molecules are gigantic, earning the name macromolecules.
– Three categories of macromolecules are• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids
*most macromolecules are polymerspolymer
monomer
The making and breaking of polymers:
Dehydration reaction: Hydrolysis:
Macromolecules
• Carbohydrates include
Carbohydrates
– Small sugar molecules in soft drinks• Monosaccharides & Disaccharides
– Long starch molecules in pasta and potatoes• Polysaccharides
• Monosaccharides are simple sugars
Monosaccharides
– Glucose, found in sports drinks
– Fructose, found in fruit
• Honey contains both glucose and fructose
Glucose Fructose
Isomers
• A disaccharide is a double sugar
Disaccharides
• Disaccharides are joined by the process of dehydration synthesis
Glucose Glucose
Maltose
• The most common disaccharide is sucrose, common table sugar
– It consists of a glucose linked to a fructose
– Sucrose is extracted from sugar cane and the roots of sugar beets
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
(a) Starch
Starch granules inpotato tuber cells
Glucosemonomer
(b) Glycogen
GlycogenGranulesIn muscletissue
(c) Cellulose
Cellulose molecules
Cellulose fibril ina plant cell wall
– They are long chains of sugar units
– They are polymers of monosaccharides
• Most animals cannot derive nutrition from fiber
– How do grazing animals survive on a diet of cellulose?
Polysaccharides
Proteins• Proteins perform most of the tasks the body
needs to function– They are the most elaborate of life’s molecules
MAJOR TYPES OF PROTEINS
Structural Proteins Storage Proteins Contractile Proteins Transport Proteins Enzymes
• All proteins are constructed from a common set of 20 kinds of amino acids
The Monomers: Amino Acids
Aminogroup
Carboxylgroup
Sidegroup
Carboxylgroup
Aminogroup
Sidegroup
Sidegroup
Amino acid Amino acid
Dehydrationsynthesis
Sidegroup
Sidegroup
Peptide bond
• Cells link amino acids together by dehydration synthesis
Proteins as Polymers
– The resulting bond between them is called a peptide bond
• Primary structure
– The specific sequence of amino acids in a protein
1 510 15
20253035
4045
5055
6065
70
75 80 85
9095
100
105110 115
120125
129
Amino acid
– The arrangement of amino acids makes each protein different
Protein Structure
• A slight change in the primary structure of a protein affects its ability to function– The substitution of one amino acid for another in
hemoglobin causes sickle-cell disease
(a) Normal red blood cell Normal hemoglobin
12 3
4 56
7. . . 146
(b) Sickled red blood cell Sickle-cell hemoglobin
2 314 5
67. . . 146
Protein Structure
• Proteins have four levels of structure
Hydrogen bond
Pleated sheet
Amino acid
(a) Primary structure
Hydrogen bond
Alpha helix
(b) Secondary structure
Polypeptide(single subunit)
(c) Tertiary structure
Completeprotein,with fourpolypeptidesubunits
(d) Quaternary structure
Protein Structure
Gene
DNA
RNA
Protein
Amino acid
Nucleic acids
Nucleic Acids
● Include DNA and RNAInformation storage moleculesThey provide the directions for building proteins
Phosphategroup
Nitrogenous baseA, G, C, or U
Uracil U
Sugar ribose
Nitrogenous base(A,G,C, or T)
Phosphategroup
Thymine (T)
Sugar(deoxyribose)
Phosphate
Base
Sugar
●Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides
– DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid– RNA, ribonucleic acid
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids●Each DNA nucleotide has one of the following bases:
Adenine (A)Guanine (G)Thymine (T)Cytosine (C)
Adenine A Guanine G
Thymine T Cytosine C
Nucleic Acids
Sugar-phosphatebackbone
NucleotideBasepair
Hydrogenbond
Bases
a DNA strandpolynucleotide
b Double helixtwo polynucleotide strands
●Nucleic Acid Structure
●Lipids are:
Neither macromolecules nor polymers
Hydrophobic, unable to mix with water
Lipids
Oil (hydrophobic)
Vinegar (hydrophilic)
Figure 3.10
●FATS● Dietary fat consists largely of the molecule triglyceride
Lipids
– A combination of glycerol and three fatty acids
Fatty acid
Glycerol (a) A dehydration reaction linking a fatty acid to glycerol
(b) A fat molecule with a glycerol “head” and three energy-rich hydrocarbon fatty acid “tails”
●Unsaturated fatty acids
Lipids (Fats)
– Have less than the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons
●Saturated fatty acids – Have the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to
the carbons
Lipids (Fats)
Saturated FatsTYPES OF FATS
Unsaturated Fats
Margarine
Plant oils Trans fats Omega-3 fats
INGREDIENTS: SOYBEAN OIL, FULLY HYDROGENATED
COTTONSEED OIL, PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED
COTTONSEED OIL AND SOYBEAN OILS, MONO AND
DIGLYCERIDES, TBHO AND CITRIC ACID ANTIOXIDANTS
Cholesterol
Testosterone A type of estrogen
●STEROIDSSteroids are very different from fats in structure and function.
Lipids
top related