ann bucklin department of marine sciences marine sciences and technology center
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Ann BucklinAnn BucklinDepartment of Marine SciencesDepartment of Marine Sciences
Marine Sciences and Technology CenterMarine Sciences and Technology CenterUniversity of Connecticut University of Connecticut
SUN SongSUN SongInstitute of OceanologyInstitute of Oceanology
Chinese Academy of SciencesChinese Academy of Sciences
CMarZ is addressing the overarching question:
“what are the patterns of zooplankton biodiversity throughout the world ocean, and how are they generated and maintained”?
CMarZ will produce accurate and complete information on species diversity, biomass, biogeography, and genetic diversity by 2010, focusing on the ~7,000 described species of animals that drift with ocean currents throughout their lives (i.e., the holozooplankton).
CMarZ will determine DNA barcodes (i.e., short DNA sequences for species recognition and discovery) for identified specimens for all known species.
Please include a map
Global Scope of ProjectGlobal Scope of Project
CMarZ launched sampling efforts during 2004 – 2007 through leveraged funding for Cooperating Projects.
28 Cooperating Projects have been carried out from ships of opportunity and dedicated cruises for comprehensive pelagic biodiversity assessments.
CMarZ has made rapid progress in a global survey of zooplankton biodiversity.
ongoing
proposed
2007 Scientific Results2007 Scientific Results
Field studies focus on coastal waters of SE Asia, Sulu Sea, and Celebes Sea.
Taxonomic analysis is carried out in a collaboration among Japan, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, and Vietnam.
Training workshops build taxonomic capacity in each country. Funding is from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS).
Discoveries to date include 3 new genera and 28 new species of mysids and copepods.Zoogeography of Tortanus
Crustacea: Copepoda
Shuhei Nishida (Ocean Research Institute, Univ. of Tokyo, Japan)
Species Discovery in Southeast Asia
2007 Scientific Results2007 Scientific Results
Inner-Space Speciation Project – Species Diversity in the Sea of Celebes
Larry Madin, Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., USA
Regions of Exploration
2007 Scientific Results2007 Scientific Results
Hans M. Verheye, Marine & Coastal Management, South Africa
Coastal Ecosystem Assessment in Africa
Environmental monitoring , zooplankton, and pelagic fish stock assessment surveys in South Africa.
BENEFIT Programme: BENguela Environment Fisheries Interaction & Training: Dedicated environmental monitoring along 5 transects in fisheries key areas along the west coasts of Angola, Namibia and South Africa,
SARPSHBML
WBEML
PPEML
NML
16° 18° 20° 22° 24° 26° 28°36°
34°
32°
30°
Cape Town
Cape Columbine
Doring Bay
Hondeklip Bay
Orange River Mouth
Cape A
gulha
sCap
e Inf
anta
Moss
el Bay
Plette
nberg
Bay
Port E
lizab
eth
Port
Alfred
Cape
St. F
rancis
16° 18° 20° 22° 24° 26° 28°36°
34°
32°
30°
Cape Town
Cape Columbine
Doring Bay
Hondeklip Bay
Orange River Mouth
Cape
Agu
lhas
Cape
Infan
ta
Moss
el Bay
Plette
nberg
Bay
Port
Eliza
b eth
Port A
lfred
Cape S
t. Fra
ncis
16° 17° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 25° 26° 27° 28°3 8 °
3 7 °
3 6 °
3 5 °
3 4 °
3 3 °
3 2 °
3 1 °
3 0 °
2 9 °
November 2002Spawner Biomass SurveyAFR171
Hondeklip Bay
Doring Bay
Lambert's Bay
Columbine
Cape Town
Agulhas
Mossel BayPort Elizabeth
Port Alfred
Annual SpawnerBiomass Surveys (November)
Annual RecruitBiomass Surveys (May/June)
16° 18° 20° 22° 24° 26° 28°36°
34°
32°
30°
Cape Town
Cape Columbine
Doring Bay
Hondeklip Bay
Orange River Mouth
Cape A
gulha
sCap
e Inf
anta
Moss
el Ba
y
Plette
nberg
Bay
Port E
lizab
eth
Port
Alfred
Cape
St. Fr
ancis
16° 18° 20° 22° 24° 26° 28°36°
34°
32°
30°
Cape Town
Cape Columbine
Doring Bay
Hondeklip Bay
Orange River Mouth
Cape A
gulhas
Cape
Infan
ta
Moss
el Bay
Plette
nberg
Bay
Port E
lizab
eth
Port A
lfred
Cape S
t. Fra
ncis
16° 18° 20° 22° 24° 26° 28°36°
34°
32°
30°
Cape Town
Cape Columbine
Doring Bay
Hondeklip Bay
Orange River Mouth
Cape A
gulha
sCap
e Inf
anta
Moss
el Ba
y
Plette
nberg
Bay
Port E
lizab
eth
Port
Alfred
Cape
St. Fr
ancis
16° 18° 20° 22° 24° 26° 28°36°
34°
32°
30°
Cape Town
Cape Columbine
Doring Bay
Hondeklip Bay
Orange River Mouth
Cape A
gulhas
Cape
Infan
ta
Moss
el Bay
Plette
nberg
Bay
Port E
lizab
eth
Port A
lfred
Cape S
t. Fra
ncis
16° 17° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 25° 26° 27° 28°3 8 °
3 7 °
3 6 °
3 5 °
3 4 °
3 3 °
3 2 °
3 1 °
3 0 °
2 9 °
November 2002Spawner Biomass SurveyAFR171
Hondeklip Bay
Doring Bay
Lambert's Bay
Columbine
Cape Town
Agulhas
Mossel BayPort Elizabeth
Port Alfred
Annual SpawnerBiomass Surveys (November)
16° 17° 18° 19° 20° 21° 22° 23° 24° 25° 26° 27° 28°3 8 °
3 7 °
3 6 °
3 5 °
3 4 °
3 3 °
3 2 °
3 1 °
3 0 °
2 9 °
November 2002Spawner Biomass SurveyAFR171
Hondeklip Bay
Doring Bay
Lambert's Bay
Columbine
Cape Town
Agulhas
Mossel BayPort Elizabeth
Port Alfred
Annual SpawnerBiomass Surveys (November)
Annual RecruitBiomass Surveys (May/June)
FRS Africana
Benguela Current ecosystem is one of 4 major Eastern Boundary Current systems; highly complex and variable coastal ecosystem
2007 Scientific Results2007 Scientific Results
Surveys in the Indian Ocean
Under-sampled areas:Under-sampled areas:• Western side of Indonesia – significant for Indo-Western side of Indonesia – significant for Indo-
Pacific community.Pacific community.• Deep water collections (south of Equator) : Surfacing Deep water collections (south of Equator) : Surfacing
of meso- and bathypelagic species.of meso- and bathypelagic species.Stratified zooplankton sam pling (0Stratified zooplankton sam pling (0--1000m ) 1000m ) from 114 stations from Indian EEZ, 2003from 114 stations from Indian EEZ, 2003--
2007, MR2007, MR --LR, Project of DOD , NIOLR, Project of DOD , NIO
Stratified zooplankton sam pling (0Stratified zooplankton sam pling (0--1000m ) 1000m ) from 114 stations from Indian EEZ, 2003from 114 stations from Indian EEZ, 2003--
2007, MR2007, MR --LR, Project of DOD , NIOLR, Project of DOD , NIO
111 0 (4 0 n e w sp e c ie s )To ta l
6 0F is h la r v a e
1 6 4H y p e r iid a e (A m p h ip o d s )
3 8P e n a e id a n d C a r iid la r v a e (D e c a p o d s)
1 0 2 (3 4 n e w s p e c ie s in c lu d in g 4 n e w g e n e r a )M y sid s
2 5P te ro p o d s
5 1E u p h a u siid s
3 2O str a c o d s
1 3 1 (2 n e w sp e c ie s )M e d u s a e
3 1 (2 n e w s p e c ie s )C h a e to g n a th s
4 7 6 (2 n e w sp e c ie s )C a la n o id c o p e p o d s
Assessment and evaluation of environmental parameters and primary and secondary productivity
Vijayalakshmi Nair, National Institute of Oceanography, Kochi, India
Zooplankton species of Indian Ocean
2007 Scientific Results2007 Scientific Results
Sargasso Sea DNA Barcode Cluster AnalysisAnn Bucklin, University of Connecticut, USA
Charleston, SC
San Juan, PR
In April 2006, >500 species were collected from the Sargasso Sea; DNA barcodes for >350 species were clustered to show major groups found.
2007 Scientific Results2007 Scientific Results
CMarZ in China: Coastal to Inter-Ocean ExplorationSUN Song, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences
South China Sea
Yellow Sea & East China Sea
Species(south China Sea)
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29.30°N 27.99°N 26.71°N 25.56°N 24.33°N 23.51°N
l ati tude
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Species(south China Sea)
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29.30°N 27.99°N 26.71°N 25.56°N 24.33°N 23.51°N
l ati tude
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22.58°N 22.21°N 21.60°N 20.31°N
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11.69°S 20.39°S 22.26°S
l ati tude
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ies
Sample Collection
11 Cruises Along Chinese11 Cruises Along ChineseNearshoreNearshore Area Area
384 Samples Collected384 Samples Collected
AA TTransoceanic Cruiseransoceanic Cruise
Zooplankton DiversityZooplankton Diversity
PhylumTaxon (Class or
Order)Species
DescribedBarcode Gene
No. Species (GenBank)
No. Species Source of Information
Foraminifera Foraminifera 49 18S rRNA 35 200 C. deVargasAcantharea 150 18S rRNA 14 GenBankPolycystinea (Radiolaria) 350 18S rRNA 27 GenBank
Cercozoa Phaeodarea (Radiolaria) 350 18S rRNA 3 GenBankAloricate Ciliata 150Tintinnida 300 18S RNA 52 B. CostasHydromedusae 842 COI 5 25 GenBankSiphonophora 160 COI 16 80 GenBank, S. Haddock, B. OrtmanCubomedusae 18 0 GenBankScyphomedusae 161 COI 10 15 GenBank, B. Ortman, others
Ctenophora Ctenophora 90 ITS 20 12 GenBank, B. OrtmanRotifera Rotifera 50? ?? Platyhelminthes Platyhelminthes 3? COI 1 20 GenBank, M. LiviatisNematomorpha Nectonema 5 18S? Nemertea Nemertinea 99 COI 1 3 GenBank, R. JenningsAnnelida Polychaeta 110 COI 5 4 GenBank, R. Jennings
Gastropoda 144 COI 100 30 GenBank, R. JenningsCephalopoda 370 COI 86 5 GenBank, R. JenningsCladocera 8 COIOstracoda 169 COI 0 35 A. BucklinIsopoda 20 COI 0 14 S. BrixCopepoda 2000 COI 41 275 A. Bucklin, R. Machida, othersMysidacea 700 COI 4 GenBankAmphipoda 400 COI 15 50 GenBankEuphausiacea 86 COI 45 10 A. Bucklin, S. JarmanDecapoda 50 COI 75 100 GenBank, K. CrandallInsecta 5 COI 5 R. Jennings
Chaetognatha Chaetognatha 93 COI, COII 10 30 A. Pierrot-Bults, R. Machida, R. JenningsAppendicularia 64 COI 1 10 L. Madin, A. Bucklin, GenBankPyrosoma 8 18S rRNA 1 GenBank, WadaDoliolida 17 COI 1 GenBank, WadaSalpidae 45 COI 0 5 L. Madin, A. Bucklin
TOTALS 7,013 568 928TOTALS (Excl. Protozoa) 5,664 437 728
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Chordata
Actinopoda
Ciliophora
Cnidaria
Steps Toward Pelagic Synthesis Steps Toward Pelagic Synthesis
Barcoding Zooplankton
DNA barcodes aid in species identification of zooplankton, because the organisms are frequently rare, fragile, and/or small.
Morphological identification is difficult and mistakes are likely due to simple or evolutionarily-conserved body plans.
Many taxa have circumglobal or disjunct geographic distributions; barcodes can reveal taxonomically-significant geographic variation and cryptic species.
DNA barcode libraries will lead to rapid molecularly-based analysis of samples for known species.
R.R. Hopcroft (Univ. of Alaska), A. Bucklin (Univ. Conn), et al.
ArcOD (Arctic Ocean Diversity) sends identified specimens of Arctic zooplankton for barcoding by CMarZ.
DNA database now includes ~100 species of the Central Arctic assemblage.
Goal is DNA barcoding of ~400 Arctic zooplankton species, including ~150 hydromedusae and ~150 copepods.
Barcoding by Region: Arctic Ocean
Steps Toward Pelagic Synthesis Steps Toward Pelagic Synthesis
Visualization & Communication Visualization & Communication
The CMarZ logo is our icon and conveys our project goal of a global-scale, taxonomically-comprehensive biodiversity survey for holozooplankton.
Visualization & Communication Visualization & Communication
The CMarZ banner is another icon – conveying the living beauty and diversity of zooplankton.
• Integrated morphological and molecular systematic analysis: CMarZ cruises include both expert taxonomists and geneticists, who work together toward accurate descriptions of zooplankton species diversity.
• Global surveys: CMarZ Steering Group members are working together to achieve global sampling from ships of opportunity and dedicated cruises.
• Biodiversity of the deep sea: CMarZ is providing new views of zooplankton species biodiversity in the very deepest part of the world oceans – and discovering new species in many taxonomic groups.
CMarZ Science Impact CMarZ Science Impact
Impact of Approach & Methodology Impact of Approach & Methodology
• DNA barcoding: CMarZ is sequencing a selected barcode gene – most usually the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (mtCOI) gene – for each of the 7,000 described species of zooplankton.
• Zooplankton metagenomics: CMarZ is pioneering metagenomic analysis (i.e., the study of genomes recovered from environmental samples) of all metazoans collected by plankton nets.
• DNA microarrays: DNA barcode database will be used to fabricate DNA “chips” with recognition sequences for known species to be used for routine sample analysis and – eventually – autonomous and remote analysis of zooplankton species diversity.
CMarZ Data Available in OBIS CMarZ Data Available in OBIS
CMarZ is analyzing and synthesizing data from both new and historical collections to generate a global view of holozooplankton biodiversity.
New CMarZ collections (2004-2007) Historical collections analyzed for CMarZ
CMarZ Education & Outreach CMarZ Education & Outreach
CMarZ Training Workshops: More than 300 students, staff, and researchers have participated in international training workshops on land and at sea.
International exchanges among CMarZ participants allow taxonomic training of graduate students and staff by experts.
Secondary school teachers and students: Workshops for teachers, curriculum development, research opportunities.
Database designed for diverse users:Web-based information for parataxonomists and studentsSpecies Pages with dynamically-assembled displays of taxonomic, ecological, biogeographical, and genetic data and information.
Public education: The CMarZ website, with photo galleries, build public interestPress coverage remarkable
Next Steps for CMarZNext Steps for CMarZ
Biodiversity of Deep SE Atlantic
A comprehensive CMarZ biodiversity survey is scheduled for October/November 2007 on the Polarstern (ANTXXIV/I)
The cruise is a meridional transit of the Atlantic Ocean from Bremerhaven, Germany to Cape Town, South Africa.
Deep-sea sampling will be done to 4,000 m.
At-sea DNA sequencing to barcode species.
At-sea taxonomic training workshop for students and staff.
MOCNESS 10m2 (335 µm) 4000-1000m
Multinet 0.5 m2 (100µm) 1000-0m
MOCNESS 1m2 (335 µm) 1000-0m
Sigrid Schiel (Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven, Germany)
Limits to KnowledgeLimits to Knowledge
KNOWN: ~7,000 described species of marine metazoan and protozoan holo-zooplankton.
UNKNOWN: There are estimated to be many times more plankton species in the world oceans than are currently described. Taxonomic groups where species discovery is particularly likely include fragile and rare groups, and cosmopolitan species whose ranges span more than one ocean basin.
UNKNOWABLE: All regions of the deep-sea – and many unexplored regions and biodiversity “hotspots” – are certain to yield many new species; fragile species will require in situ collection by divers, ROVs or submersibles.
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