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Animal Morphology and Diversity

Dr. Eden V. Evangelista

Department of Biological Sciences

Philippine Normal University

Manila

Levels of ClassificationKingdoms (C. Linnaeus)

1.Plant 2. Animal

five-kingdom system 1.Plant 4. Protist2.Animal 5. Fungi3.Monera

Six-kingdom system1. Plant 4. Protist2. Animal 5. Fungi3. Monera Eubacteria Archaebacteria

8 – Kingdom1. Plant2. Animal3. Monera Eubacteria Archaebacteria4. Fungi5. Protist Archaezoa

Protista

Chromista

* Animals cannot make their own food. They depend on other living organisms.

*Animals digest their food. They cannot use proteins, fats and carbohydrates directly.

*Many animals move from place to place. By moving around, they can find food, escape their enemies, find a better place to live and find mates.

*Animals have many cells. Different cells carry out different functions such as digestion and reproduction.

*Animal cells are eucaryotic. The cells have nucleus and organelles enclosed by a membrane.

Examples of major phyla of the animal kingdom: (more or less 36 phyla)

Porifera Cnidaria

Platyhelminthes Aschelminthes

Mollusca Annelida

Arthropoda Echinodermata

Chordata

Butterfly, fish, grasshoppers,

spider, bird

Animals without backbones

(invertebrates)

Animals with backbones

(vertebrates)

With 3 body regions (Moth & grasshopper)

With 2 body

regions

With gills Without gills

Butterfly & grasshopper

Spider Fish Bird

Arrangement of the body parts (symmetry ) :

Radial symmetry - animals that have body parts arranged in a circle around a central point. Examples: Sea anemones and starfish.

Bilateral symmetry - animals that can be divided into right and left halves by drawing an imaginary line down the length of its body.

Asymmetrical animals - animals that do not have definite shape

Evolutionary Tree of Animals

Poriferans (Sponges)

Venus Flower Basket

Sponges

Cnidaria

Hydra are named after the nine-headed sea snake of Greek mythology and are freshwater relatives of corals, sea anemones and jellyfish. Cnidaria and share in common stinging tentacles and a radially symmetrical body plan.

Jelly Fish

Sea Anemone

Sea Anemone

Platyhelminthes

Flatworms

Tapeworm

Tapeworm

lamb is passing a tapeworm

Nematoda

Anatomy of Roundworms

Annelida

Earthworm Anatomy

External Parts of an Earthworm

Leech

Nereis

Mollusca

Chiton

Snail

Limpet

Shell

Squid

Octopus

Coelom Formation

Clam Anatomy

Arthropoda

Butterfly Spider

Centipede

Metamorphosis

External Parts of a Grasshopper

Compound Eyes of Mosquito

Millipede

Shrimp

Echinodermata

Sea Cucumber

Chordata

Lancelets

Tunicates

Protochordates

Amphibians (Frogs, Toads, Salamanders and Newts)

Frogs, toads and salamanders are amphibians. - They have moist, smooth skin, or warty skin without scales.

- They can breathe through their skin. - - Oxygen and carbon dioxide can be

exchanged through the skin and the lining of the mouth.

- have very small sac-like lungs in the chest cavity that are used for breathing on land. - also called cold-blooded which means

that their body temperature changes depending on the temperature of the environment.

External Parts of the Frog

Frog

The Reptiles (Lizards, Snakes, Turtles and Crocodiles)

-cold-blooded vertebrate with dry, scaly skin

-special type of egg adaptations that enable

them to live their entire life out of water.

- Snakes and lizards make up the largest group of reptiles

- Turtles make up a very successful order of animals. They can be found in almost every continent and in most of the world's oceans. The body of a turtle is covered by a hard shell both on top and at the bottom. Most turtles can withdraw into their shell for protection. Turtles have no teeth and use their beaks to feed on insects,worms, fish and plants.

A sea turtle

Turtles are found or live in water, while Tortoise live on land

A Crocodile

Crocodiles and alligators are among the world's largest living reptiles. They are carnivorous and some species can grow up to 7 meters in length with a mass of around 1,000 kilograms.

Vertebrates

Around 5% of all animals are vertebrates. They have the following characteristics: presence of vertebral column; internal joint skeleton that protects internal organs; closed circulatory system; paired appendages; efficient organ for obtaining oxygen; kidneys as excretory organ; and a high degree of cephalization.

Birds and Mammals (Warm-blooded animals)

- a warm-blooded animal with an outer

covering of feathers, two legs used for

walking or perching, and front limbs

modified into wings.

- bird's body temperature is about 40 0C

they have higher body temperature than the

human body.

- most striking characteristic is the presence

of feathers.

External Parts of a Bird

Orders of Mammalia

Mammals are classified according to means of reproduction:

- mammals that lay eggs;

- mammals that have pouches; and

- mammals that have placentas.

Man, monkeys, etc.

Mammals

Based on development and

reproduction

Marsupial

Platypus

MonotremePlacental

Kangaroo / Koala

Egg- laying Mammals

- monotremes are a small group of mammals that lay eggs. - they do not have nipples like the placental mammals - the young licks milk from the skin and hair surrounding the female's mammary gland.

Spiny Anteater

Platypus

Mammals with Pouches

- develop their young in pouches, but the youngs are born, not hatched from eggs. - marsupials, common in Australia and New Zealand. - young marsupial develops for a short while inside the body of the mother. When they are born, they are tiny and helpless.

Mammals with Placenta

- largest group of mammals- mammals whose embryo

develops inside the placenta. - in a placenta, the baby can stay inside the mother longer - a baby placental mammal is more developed and active than other new born mammals.

Lion Monkey

Dog Cat

Primates

Man

Point of

Comparison

AgnathaChondrichthyes

Osteichthyes

Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia

Modes of Feeding

filter-feeders (larvae) parasites (adults)

filter-feeders, carnivores, predators

filter-feeders, carnivores, herbivores

herbivores, carnivores

herbivores, carnivores

herbivores, carnivores, omnivores

herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, insectivores

Respiration

gills gill slits (gills)

gills, swim bladder

skin, gills, lungs

lungs lungs, air sacs

lungs

Point of

Comparison

AgnathaChondrichthyes

Osteichthyes

Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia

General Characteristic

jawless; lack bony skeleton; smooth non scaly skin

skeleton of cartilage, with epidermal placoid (toothlike) scales

skeleton of bone, with swim blassder (gas filled sac)

with four legs, metamorphosis, smooth and moist

with four legs, dry scaly skin, shelled egg

with feathers, hard shelled egg, with wings

with hair or fur, infant dependency, mammary glands

Classes of Phylum Chordata

Point of

Comparison

AgnathaChondrichthyes

Osteichthyes

Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia

Internal Transport

simple circuit of closed circulatory system

closed circulatory system; 2 chambered heart

closed circulatory system; 2 chambered heart

closed circulatory system; 3 chambered heart; double circulation

closed circulatory system; 4 chambered heart

closed; 4 chambered heart, blood vessels, air sacs

closed; 4 chambered heart; blood vessels

Point of

Comparison

AgnathaChondrichthyes

Osteichthyes

Amphibia

Reptilia Aves Mammalia

Excretion

kidney kidney kidney kidney kidneys; salt glands

kidneys

Response

well-developed sense of smell and hearing, with lateral line to sense vibrations

well-developed sense of smell; brain, cold-blooded/ ectothermic

ectothermic/ cold-blooded; well-developed brain

ectothermic/ cold-blooded; well-developed brain

ectothermic/ cold-blooded; well-developed brain

endothermic/ warm-blooded; well-developed brain

endothermic/ warm-blooded; well-developed brain

Point of

Comparison

AgnathaChondrichthyes

Osteichthyes

Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia

Movement

muscles

fins fins legs, feet

legs and some are legless

wings, feet

limbs, legs, feet

Reproduction

sexual, external, fertilization

sexual, internal fertilization

sexes separate; external fertilization

separate sexes; external/ internal fertilization

sexes separate; internal fertilization

sexes separate; with copulatory organs; internal ferilization

sexes separate, with copulatory organs; internato fertilization

Point of

Comparison

AgnathaChondrichthyes

Osteichthyes

Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia

Symmetry

bilateral

bilateral

bilateral

bilateral

bilateral

bilateral

bilateral

Habitat aquatic

aquatic

aquatic

terrestrial/ aquatic

terrestrial/ aquatic

terrestrial/ aquatic

terrestrial/ aquatic

Examples lampreys, hagfishes

shark, rays, skates

body fishes

salamanders, caecicilians, frogs, toads

turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, alligators

birds anteater, kangaroo, dogs, apes, bats, whale, horse, rabbits, rats, moles, elephants, deer

E.V.EE.V.E