animal nutrition chapter 41 animals are heterotrophs nutrition is not only the need for food, but...
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ANIMAL NUTRITIONChapter 41
ANIMAL NUTRITIONChapter 41
Animals are heterotrophs
Animals are heterotrophs
NutritionNutrition is not is not
only the need for food, only the need for food,
but also the need for but also the need for
specificspecific food food
components.components.
Require food for
1. fuel (chemical energy)2. carbon for its own
molecules3. essential nutrients
Require food for
1. fuel (chemical energy)2. carbon for its own
molecules3. essential nutrients
FUEL FUEL - ATP- ATP
BIOSYNTHESISBIOSYNTHESIS
ENERGY STORAGEENERGY STORAGE
Food ProcessingFood Processing
IngestionIngestion DigestionDigestion AbsorptionAbsorption
Act of eating
Process of breaking
food down into
molecules small
enough for the body to
absorb
Take up small
molecules from the digestive
compartment
EliminatioEliminationn
Undigested material
passes out of the
digestive compartmen
t
IntracellulIntracellularar
ExtracellulaExtracellularr
Dietary Categories
(represents the kind of food the animal usually
eats)
Dietary Categories
(represents the kind of food the animal usually
eats)
HerbivoresHerbivores CarnivoresCarnivores OmnivoresOmnivores
Gorillas
Cows
Hares
Snails
Sharks
Hawks
Spiders
Snakes
Cockroaches
Crows
Bears
Raccoons
Humans
Mainly eat plants and
algae
Eat other animals
Consume animals as
well as plants or
algae
Most animals are Most animals are opportunisticopportunistic – –
Eating foods that are outsideEating foods that are outside
their main dietary categorytheir main dietary category
Feeding MechanismsFeeding Mechanisms
SuspensioSuspension (filter) n (filter) feedersfeeders
Substate Substate feedersfeeders
Fluid Fluid feedersfeeders
Clams
Oysters
Baleen whales
Maggots
Earthworms
Mosguitos
Leeches
Hummingbirds
Bees
Sift small food
particles from the
water
Live in or on their
food source
Suck nutrient
rich fluids from a
living host
Bulk Bulk feedersfeeders
Most animals
Eat relatively
large pieces of
food
Feeding MechanismsFeeding Mechanisms
SuspensioSuspension (filter) n (filter) feedersfeeders
Sponges
Clams
Oysters
Baleen whales
Sift small food
particles from the
water
Feeding MechanismsFeeding Mechanisms
Substate Substate feedersfeeders
Maggots
Earthworms
Live in or on their
food source
Feeding MechanismsFeeding Mechanisms
Fluid Fluid feedersfeeders
Mosguitos
Leeches
Hummingbirds
Bees
Suck nutrient
rich fluids from a
living host
Feeding MechanismsFeeding Mechanisms
Bulk Bulk feedersfeeders
Most animals
Eat relatively
large pieces of
food
Food ProcessingFood Processing
IngestionIngestion DigestionDigestion AbsorptionAbsorption
Act of eating
Process of breaking
food down into
molecules small
enough for the body to
absorb
Take up small
molecules from the digestive
compartment
EliminatioEliminationn
Undigested material
passes out of the
digestive compartmen
t
IntracellulIntracellularar
ExtracellulaExtracellularr
CHOs, fats CHOs, fats andand
proteins can proteins can allall
be used as be used as fuel.fuel. Campbell; Fig. 9.19Campbell; Fig. 9.19
Virtually all food,
whether of plant or animal origin,
consists of highly complex
compounds that cannot be used
without first being broken down
to simpler compounds =
digestion.
Virtually all food,
whether of plant or animal origin,
consists of highly complex
compounds that cannot be used
without first being broken down
to simpler compounds =
digestion.
Campbell; Fig.40.10Campbell; Fig.40.10
Net Energy Value of Net Energy Value of FoodsFoods
4 kcal per gram for 4 kcal per gram for proteinprotein
4 kcal per gram for CHO4 kcal per gram for CHO
9 kcal per gram for lipid9 kcal per gram for lipid
Net Energy Value of Net Energy Value of FoodsFoods
4 kcal per gram for 4 kcal per gram for proteinprotein
4 kcal per gram for CHO4 kcal per gram for CHO
9 kcal per gram for lipid9 kcal per gram for lipid
Amino Amino acidsacids
Simple Simple sugarssugars
Fatty Fatty acidsacids
If the food intake exceeds the energy used,
most animals store the surplus as fat,
irrespective of the nature of the food.
Campbell; Fig.40.10Campbell; Fig.40.10
Net Energy Value of Net Energy Value of FoodsFoods
4 kcal per gram for 4 kcal per gram for CHOCHO
FastFast
Aerobic Aerobic oror anaerobic anaerobic
Storing glycogen also Storing glycogen also requires storing requires storing waterwater
9 kcal per gram for lipid9 kcal per gram for lipid
SlowerSlower
AerobicAerobic
Net Energy Value of Net Energy Value of FoodsFoods
4 kcal per gram for 4 kcal per gram for CHOCHO
FastFast
Aerobic Aerobic oror anaerobic anaerobic
Storing glycogen also Storing glycogen also requires storing requires storing waterwater
9 kcal per gram for lipid9 kcal per gram for lipid
SlowerSlower
AerobicAerobic
Simple Simple sugarssugars
Fatty Fatty acidsacids
Glucose
• Human body regulates the use and storage of glucose.
Figure 41.3
1 When blood glucose level rises, a gland called the pancreas secretes insulin,a hormone, into the blood.
Insulin enhances the transport of glucose into body cells and stimulates the liver and muscle cells to store glucose as glycogen. As a result, blood glucose level drops.
2
STIMULUS:Blood glucose
level risesafter eating.
Homeostasis:90 mg glucose/100 mL blood
STIMULUS:Blood glucose
level dropsbelow set point.
Glucagon promotesthe breakdown of
glycogen in theliver and the
release of glucoseinto the blood,
increasing bloodglucose level.
4
When blood glucose level drops, the pancreas secretes the hormone glucagon, which opposes the effect of insulin.
3
UndernourishedUndernourished – –
calorie deficientcalorie deficient
OvernourishedOvernourished – –
calorie excesscalorie excess
Stores of glycogen Stores of glycogen and fat are used up and fat are used up
– so what is left?– so what is left?
Hypothalamic feeding Hypothalamic feeding centercenter
Fat stores Fat stores
Neuropeptide Y
Food intakeFood intake
Leptin secretion Leptin secretion
Neg
ati
ve f
eed
back
Neg
ati
ve f
eed
back
Hypothalamic feeding Hypothalamic feeding centercenter
Fat stores Fat stores
Neuropeptide Y
Food intakeFood intake
Leptin secretion Leptin secretion XX
Neg
ati
ve f
eed
back
Neg
ati
ve f
eed
back
XX
Hormones and Appetite
Figure 41.5
Produced by adipose (fat) tissue, leptin suppresses
appetite as its level increases. When body fat decreases,
leptin levels fall, and appetite increases.
Leptin
PYY
Insulin
Ghrelin
Secreted by the stomach wall, ghrelin is one of the signals that triggers feelings of hunger as mealtimes approach. In dieters who lose weight, ghrelin levels increase, which may be one reason it’s so hard to stay on a diet.
The hormone PYY, secreted by the small intestine after meals,
acts as an appetite suppressant that
counters the appetite stimulant ghrelin.
A rise in blood sugar level after a meal stimulates the pancreas to secrete insulin (see Figure 41.3). In addition to its other functions, insulin suppresses appetite by acting on the brain.
MalnourishedMalnourished – –
diet is missing diet is missing
one or moreone or more
essential nutrientsessential nutrients
Materials that must Materials that must be obtained in their be obtained in their preassembled form preassembled form
because animal because animal cells cannot make cells cannot make them from any raw them from any raw
materialmaterial
Materials that must Materials that must be obtained in their be obtained in their preassembled form preassembled form
because animal because animal cells cannot make cells cannot make them from any raw them from any raw
materialmaterial
Osteophagia – Osteophagia –
bone eatingbone eating
Essential NutrientsEssential Nutrients
Essential Essential amino amino acidsacids
Essential Essential fatty acidsfatty acids
VitaminsVitamins MineralsMinerals
In order for protein
synthesis to occur in human
adults, eight amino acids
must be available
simultaneously and in the
correct relative amounts
Important for
phospholipid
membrane; and
principal storage
compound
Organic molecules in
small amounts
Inorganic molecules in
small amounts
Water soluble
Fat soluble
Food ProcessingFood Processing
IngestionIngestion DigestionDigestion AbsorptionAbsorption
Act of eating
Process of breaking
food down into
molecules small
enough for the body to
absorb
Take up small
molecules from the digestive
compartment
EliminatioEliminationn
Undigested material
passes out of the
digestive compartmen
t
IntracellulIntracellularar
ExtracellulaExtracellularr
Food ProcessingFood Processing
DigestionDigestion
Process of breaking
food down into
molecules small
enough for the body to
absorbIntracellulIntracellul
ararExtracellulExtracellul
arar
Campbell; Fig.41.10Campbell; Fig.41.10
Food ProcessingFood Processing
DigestionDigestion
Process of breaking
food down into
molecules small
enough for the body to
absorb
IntracellulIntracellularar
ExtracellulExtracellularar
Campbell; Fig.41.11Campbell; Fig.41.11
GastrovasculGastrovascular cavityar cavity
Complete digestive Complete digestive tract or alimentary tract or alimentary
canalcanal
Campbell; Fig. 33.4Campbell; Fig. 33.4
Campbell; Fig. 33.10Campbell; Fig. 33.10
Campbell; Fig. 41.13Campbell; Fig. 41.13
Campbell; Fig.41.12aCampbell; Fig.41.12a
Campbell; Fig.41.12bCampbell; Fig.41.12b
Campbell; Fig.41.12cCampbell; Fig.41.12c
Highly reliant on digestive system to remain healthy
Cannot afford to store heavy materials in body
for lengthy period
Highly reliant on digestive system to remain healthy
Cannot afford to store heavy materials in body
for lengthy period
1.1. Mouth Mouth – usually– usuallyrelatively simplerelatively simple
1.1. Mouth Mouth – usually– usuallyrelatively simplerelatively simple
2.2. EsophagusEsophagus – may be widened atmidpoint to form crop crop (storage area)(storage area)
2.2. EsophagusEsophagus – may be widened atmidpoint to form crop crop (storage area)(storage area)
5.5. Small intestineSmall intestine – food digestionand absorption
5.5. Small intestineSmall intestine – food digestionand absorption
4.4. GizzardGizzard – thick muscular walls andsandpaper like surface
4.4. GizzardGizzard – thick muscular walls andsandpaper like surface
7.7. Large intestineLarge intestine 7.7. Large intestineLarge intestine
8. Cloaca – 8. Cloaca – final hfinal holding area 8. Cloaca – 8. Cloaca – final hfinal holding area
3.3. ProventriculusProventriculus – glandular stomach which is highly acidic
3.3. ProventriculusProventriculus – glandular stomach which is highly acidic
stomachstomachstomachstomach
6.6. CaecumCaecum – bacterial breakdownof cellulose
6.6. CaecumCaecum – bacterial breakdownof cellulose
Proctor and Lynch; Manual of Proctor and Lynch; Manual of
OrnithologyOrnithology
Campbell; Fig. 41.21
EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATIONS
OF VERTEBRATE DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATIONS
OF VERTEBRATE DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
1. Length of digestive system
2. Accessory structures (such as)
a. Crop
b. Gizzard
c. Liver
d. Caeca
Carnivorous Bird
Herbivorous Bird
Grain Fruits and Berries
Gizzard Substantial Substantial Reduced in size
Small intestine
Shorter, less complex
Longer, more
complex
Shorter, less complex
Caeca Small or absent
Well developed
Less well developed
Campbell; Fig. 41.20
EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATIONS
OF VERTEBRATE DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATIONS
OF VERTEBRATE DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
Dentition
Many kinds of Many kinds of animals have animals have
tooth–like tooth–like structures, but structures, but
only vertebrates only vertebrates have true teeth, have true teeth,
with an ultra-hard with an ultra-hard layer of ENAMEL layer of ENAMEL
on the outside and on the outside and softer DENTINE on softer DENTINE on
the inside.the inside.
Many kinds of Many kinds of animals have animals have
tooth–like tooth–like structures, but structures, but
only vertebrates only vertebrates have true teeth, have true teeth,
with an ultra-hard with an ultra-hard layer of ENAMEL layer of ENAMEL
on the outside and on the outside and softer DENTINE on softer DENTINE on
the inside.the inside.
http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/children/animals/nuteeth.htmhttp://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/children/animals/nuteeth.htm
The incisors in The incisors in blueblue
(cutting plant (cutting plant food)food)
The canines in The canines in redred
(slicing and (slicing and tearing meat)tearing meat)
The molars in The molars in green (grinding green (grinding grass and other grass and other
plants)plants)
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/topics/mammal_anatomy/http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/topics/mammal_anatomy/kinds_of_teeth.htmlkinds_of_teeth.html
Examples of modified incisorsExamples of modified incisors
Campbell; Fig. 41.22
EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATIONS
OF VERTEBRATE DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATIONS
OF VERTEBRATE DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
XXUse of
Symbiotic Microorganis
ms
Campbell; Fig.41.22Campbell; Fig.41.22
Four compartment stomach
Four compartment stomach
Reticular epithelium –
honeycomb lining
1. Reticulum – form food bolus and initiate
regurgitation
1. Reticulum – form food bolus and initiate
regurgitation
Four compartment stomach
Four compartment stomach
Rumen Interior
1. Reticulum – form food bolus and initiate
regurgitation
1. Reticulum – form food bolus and initiate
regurgitation
2. Rumen – digestiveand fermentation vat containing anaerobic
microbes and siteof fatty acid absorption
2. Rumen – digestiveand fermentation vat containing anaerobic
microbes and siteof fatty acid absorption
http://www.borderouge.com/http://www.borderouge.com/photos/chai.jpgphotos/chai.jpg
Four compartment stomach
Four compartment stomach
Omasum epithelium
3. Omasum – lined by muscular folds, reduces
particle size, absorbswater (and any
leftover fatty acids)
3. Omasum – lined by muscular folds, reduces
particle size, absorbswater (and any
leftover fatty acids)
1. Reticulum – form food bolus and initiate
regurgitation
1. Reticulum – form food bolus and initiate
regurgitation
2. Rumen – digestiveand fermentation vat,
contains anaerobicmicrobes, site
of fatty acid absorption
2. Rumen – digestiveand fermentation vat,
contains anaerobicmicrobes, site
of fatty acid absorption
Four compartment stomach
Four compartment stomach
1.1. ReticulumReticulum – form food bolus and initiate
regurgitation
1.1. ReticulumReticulum – form food bolus and initiate
regurgitation
2.2. RumenRumen – digestiveand fermentation vat,
contains anaerobic microbes, site of fatty acid absorption
2.2. RumenRumen – digestiveand fermentation vat,
contains anaerobic microbes, site of fatty acid absorption
3.3. OmasumOmasum – lined by muscular folds, reduces particle size,
absorbs water (and any leftover fatty acids)
3.3. OmasumOmasum – lined by muscular folds, reduces particle size,
absorbs water (and any leftover fatty acids)
4.4. AbomasumAbomasum – trueglandular stomach where bacteria and pathogens
are killed
4.4. AbomasumAbomasum – trueglandular stomach where bacteria and pathogens
are killed
What do the microbes provide to the ruminants?
What do the microbes provide to the ruminants?
1. Digestion of cellulose1. Digestion of cellulose
Symbiotic Microorganis
ms
2. Provision of organic acids2. Provision of organic acids
3. Provision of protein3. Provision of protein
4. Provision of B vitamins4. Provision of B vitamins
5. Detoxify compounds5. Detoxify compounds
What do the ruminants provide to the microbes?
What do the ruminants provide to the microbes?
1. Housing with reliable heat1. Housing with reliable heat
2. Adequate nutrition2. Adequate nutrition
3. Garbage removal3. Garbage removal
4. Neutral environment4. Neutral environment
Symbiotic Microorganis
ms
Campbell; Fig. 41.21
EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATIONS
OF VERTEBRATE DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
EVOLUTIONARY ADAPTATIONS
OF VERTEBRATE DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
1. Foregut fermenters
a. Cows, sheep, goats
2. Hindgut fermenters
a. Horses, rodents, rabbits
b. Coprophagy
a. Using feces as a nutritional resource
b. Food passes through entire digestive tract a second time
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