animal kingdom comparative anatomy
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Animal Kingdom:Comparative Anatomy
A.Collins
JSHS
Pre-AP Biology
Animal Types
All animals are grouped as either an invertebrate or a vertebrate. 95% of all animals are invertebrate
organisms. The animals do not have a backbone or
vertebral column. 5% of all animals are vertebrates.
These animals do have a backbone.
Section 26-1
have are carry out
with such as
What do animals do to survive? Concept Map
AllAnimals
Feeding Respiration Circulation Excretion Response Movement Reproduction
Eukaryoticcells Heterotrophs Essential
functions
No cell walls
Feeding
Most animals do not absorb food; instead they ingest it.
Animals range from filter feeder and herbivores to carnivores and from commensalites to parasites.
All animals have developed different mouth structures and different digestive systems based on food and environmental adaptations.
Invertebrate feeding and digestion
Invertebrates can either have intracellular or extracellular digestion: Intracellular meaning that food is digested within
each individual cell of the organism. Examples: Sponges
Extracellular means that digestion occurs inside a digestive tract or cavity, then absorbed into the body. Examples: mollusks, worms, arthropods, echinoderms
Section 29-2
Arthropod
Annelid
Flatworm
Cnidarian
Mouth/anus
Mouth/anusMouth
Mouth
Gastrovascularcavity
Gastrovascularcavity
Pharynx
Pharynx
PharynxCrop
Crop
Gizzard
Intestine
Intestine
Rectum
Anus
Anus
Stomachand
digestive glands
Figure 29–8 Invertebrate Digestive Systems
Mammalian Teeth
Incisors – cut food Canine – pointed to stab, hold, tear
food Molars and pre-molars – flat
surfaces to grind and chew food
Section 32-1
CARNIVORE HERBIVORE
Molars crush and grind food. The ridged shape of the wolf’s molars and premolarsallows them to interlock during chewing, like the blades of scissors. The broad,flattened molars and premolars of horses are adapted for grinding tough plants.
Chisel-like incisors are used forcutting, gnawing, and grooming.
Canines are pointed teeth. Carnivoresuse them for piercing, gripping, and tearing.In herbivores, they are reduced or absent.
Jaw jointJawjoint
WolfHorse
Figure 32–4 The Jaws and Teeth of Mammals
Digestion
The digestive systems of many vertebrates have organs that are well adapted for different feeding habits.
Carnivores, such as sharks have short digestive tracts that produce fast-acting digestive enzymes.
Herbivores have long intestines that have large colonies of bacteria that help in digesting the cellulose fibers in plant tissues.
Section 33-3
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Cloaca
Crop
Gizzard
Cecum
Rectum
Shark Salamander Lizard Pigeon Cow
Figure 33–8: The Digestive Systems of Vertebrates
Respiration in animals
Whether they live in water or on land, all animals must respire. To respire means to take in oxygen and give off
carbon dioxide. Some animals rely of simple diffusion
through their skin to respire. While others… Have developed large complex organ
systems for respiration.
Invertebrate respiration
Invertebrate respiratory organs have large surface areas Are in contact with air or water If require diffusion they must be moist.
Aquatic invertebrates
Aquatic animals have natural moist respiratory surfaces, and some respire through diffusion through their skin. Example: jellyfish and anemones
Some larger aquatic animals like worms and annelids exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through gills. Gills are organs that have lots of blood vessels
that bring blood close to the surface for gas exchange.
Terrestrial Invertebrates
Terrestrial invertebrates have respiratory surfaces covered with water or mucus. (This reduces water loss)
There are many different respiratory specialized organs in terrestrial invertebrates. Spiders use parallel book lungs Insects use openings called spiracles where air enters the
body and passes through a network of tracheal tubes for gas exchange
Snails have a mantel cavity that is lined with moist tissue and an extensive surface area of blood vessels.
Section 29-2
MolluskInsect
Spider
Gill
Siphons
Movement of water
Booklung
Airflow
Trachealtubes
Spiracles
Figure 29–9 Invertebrate Respiratory Systems
Vertebrate respiratory systems
Chordates have one of two basic structures for respiration: Gills – for aquatic chordates
Example: tunicates, fish and amphibians Lungs - for terrestrial chordates
Examples: adult amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals
Aquatic Gills
Water flows through the mouth then over the gills where oxygen is removed
Carbon dioxide and water are then pumped out through the operculum
Vertebrate lungs
The basic function of all of the different types of respiratory organ systems is to bring oxygen rich air from outside the body through the trachea and into the lungs. This allows for oxygen to reach the blood
stream and carbon dioxide to leave the blood stream.
Vertebrate lungs
As you move from amphibians to mammals the surface area of the lungs increase in order to allow a great amount of gas exchange (or a two way flow of air).
Birds, by contrast birds have lungs and air sacs which have only a one-way flow of air This allows for them to have constant contact with fresh air. This adaptation enables them to fly at high altitudes where there is less oxygen.
Section 33-3
Salamander Lizard PigeonPrimate
Nostrils, mouth, and throat
Trachea
Lung
Air sac
Figure 33–10: Vertebrate Lungs
Animal circulation
Circulation systems are the systems used to transport oxygen through the body to the cells so they can perform the essential process of cellular respiration.
Invertebrate Circulatory systems
Invertebrate circulatory system can range from a system where cells simply do diffusion to take in oxygen or systems with many hearts and even systems with one heart. The heart in any circulatory system is
simply used for pumping the blood. Circulatory systems can either open
systems or closed systems.
Open circulatory systems
Blood is pumped through a system of vessels BUT is only partially contained in these vessels. Most of the time the blood is pumped through open cavities. This system is beneficial to arthropods
and mollusks because the blood comes into direct contact organs and tissues.
Closed circulatory systems
A closed system forces blood through vessels that extend throughout the body of the organism. Since the system is “closed” the blood never leaves the vessels. This system is beneficial to larger
organisms because the blood is kept at a higher pressure which allows for more efficient circulation within the organism.
Section 29-2
Insect:Open Circulatory System
Annelid:Closed Circulatory System
Heartlikestructures
Bloodvessels
Heartlike structure
Small vessels in tissues
Bloodvessels
Hearts
Heart
Sinusesand organs
Figure 29–10 Invertebrate Circulatory Systems
Vertebrate circulatory systems
Chordate circulatory systems range from a single loop system (found in organisms with gills) to double loop systems. Double loop systems of most reptiles
have three chambered hearts Double loop systems of crocodiles, birds
and mammals have four chambered hearts.
Section 33-3
Double-Loop Circulatory SystemSingle-Loop
Circulatory System
FISHESMOST REPTILES
CROCODILIANS, BIRDS,AND MAMMALS
Figure 33–11 The Circulatory Systems of Vertebrates
Animal Excretion
The main waste product created by animals is ammonia. Ammonia is a chemical that is toxic to animals and must
be released through the excretory systems of animals. Most animals have systems that eliminate ammonia
quickly or convert it into a less toxic substance first then removed from body.
Animals excretory systems can be very complex with the main organ being the kidney’s to extremely simple with cells that simply pump the chemicals out.
Aquatic Invertebrate excretion
Some aquatic invertebrates simply diffuse ammonia out their bodies into the surrounding water where it is diluted and carried away. Example: sponges, cnidarians, and some round
worms. Other aquatic invertebrates swell up with
water, dilute the wastes and excrete the wastes through tiny pores in their skin.
Terrestrial Invertebrate excretion
Many terrestrial invertebrates convert ammonia into urea. Urea is a simpler nitrogenous compound
that is much less toxic than ammonia. This urea is eliminated from the body in
urine
Section 29-2
Annelid
Arthropod
Flatworm
Malpighian tubules
Digestive tract
Nephridia
Excretory pore
Excretory tubule
Flame cell
Flamecells
Excretorytubules
Nephrostome
Figure 29–11 Invertebrate
Excretory Systems
Vertebrate Excretion
Aquatic vertebrates kidneys and rely on gill slits to release excretory wastes into surrounding water for dilution.
Terrestrial vertebrates rely on the kidney’s to filter out the ammonia and change it into urea and send it to be released in urine.
Response to the environment
All animals respond to their environment through specialized cells called nerve cells.
In most animals nerve cells hook together to form the nervous system.
Nervous systems can range from fairly simple to extremely complex.
The arrangement of nerve cells from phylum to phylum can be dramatically different.
Section 29-2
GangliaGanglia
Brain
BrainNerve Cells
Arthropod
Mollusk
CnidarianFlatworm
Figure 29–12 Invertebrate Nervous Systems
Reproduction:Early Development of an Animal Embryo
During the early development of animal embryos, cells divide to produce a hollow ball of cells called a blastula.
An opening called a blastopore forms in this ball. In protostomes, the blastopore develops into the
mouth. In deuterostomes, the blastopore forms an anus.
Animal Body Types
Symmetry With the exception of sponges all animals
exhibit some kind of body symmetry. Radial symmetry: where any number of
imaginary planes can be drawn through the center of the organism giving the body equal halves.
Bilateral symmetry: only have a single imaginary plane that divides the organism into two equal halves.
Section 26-1
Radial SymmetryBilateral Symmetry
Planes ofsymmetry
Plane ofsymmetry
Ventral side
Dorsal side
Posterior end
Anterior end
Figure 26–5 Body Symmetry
Animal Body Types
Cavity Formation: Acoelomates are animals that do not have a
cavity or open coelom between the tissues (ectoderm and endoderm) of the body.
Pseudocoelomates are animals that have a partially lined cavity with mesoderm
A coelomate is an animal that is completely lined with tissue derived from mesoderm.
Note: Refer to the cladogram to distinguish between the different organisms that have these characteristics and how they have evolved.
Section 29-1
RadialSymmetry
Deuterostome Development
Coelom
Pseudocoelom
Protostome Development
RadialSymmetry
Three Germ Layers;Bilateral Symmetry
Tissues
Multicellularity
Chordates Echinoderms Arthropods
Annelids Mollusks
Roundworms
Flatworms
Cnidarians
Sponges
Single-celled ancestor
Invertebrate Cladogram
Section 33-1
Nonvertebrate chordates
Jawless fishes
Cartilaginous fishes
Bony fishes
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
Figure 33–2 A Cladogram of
Chordates
Section 33-1Figure 33–4 Diversity of Chordates
Directional Anatomy Terms
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