android introduction - university of waterloo · architecture 5 §applications are built in java...

Android IntroductionArchitecture

Activities, Lifecycle

Development Environment

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Why Android?

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§ Pervasive Mobile Platform- Runs on hundreds of millions of mobile phones, tablets

- World’s most popular & frequently installed mobile OS

- Open Source (minimum-definition).

§ Developer Friendly

- Familiar language (e.g. Java, Kotlin)- Multi-platform support

- Android Studio, IntelliJ support

§ See http://developer.android.com/tools/index.html

Development Environment

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§ Java JDK - https://adoptopenjdk.net/index.html

§ Android SDK- https://developer.android.com/studio- Included in the Android Studio installation

§ Development Environment- Plan on using IntelliJ or Android Studio - Examples are provided as IntelliJ projects- https://www.jetbrains.com/idea/download

Architecture

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§ Applications are built in Java (or Kotlin, or C++)- Android compiler generates an Android Package (.apk file), which

contains code, resources etc.- Package is installed using SDK, which sets up environment for that app.

§ Applications run securely in the environment- Android is a Linux environment where every app is a distinct user!- When the app is installed, permissions are set to restrict access

(resources, data).- Every app runs in its own process.- Apps must request access to shares resources (e.g. file system,

camera)

§ As a developer, you create a manifest file in your package that describes how your application should be installed, what permissions it requires.

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Setup

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1. Download and install Java JDK.

2. Download and install Android Studio to get the Android SDK.

3. IntelliJ has an Android plugin that will use the Android SDK. Both IDEs work, but IntelliJ may be more familiar.

4. Open a sample project (or create one) to check that it works.

If you use IntelliJ, make sure that the Android plugin is installed.

https://www.jetbrains.com/help/idea/getting-started-with-android-development.html

Setup

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Android SDK tools are accessed through a drop-down menu in your IDE.

§ AVD Manager: manage Android Virtual Devices (AVDs) for testing.

§ SDK Manager: maintaining the SDK itself.

SDK Manager

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AVD Manager

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Sample Code

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§ File -> Open (Project from Examples Directory)

§ Run, Select Deployment Target- Can launch AVD or push to connected device

Getting Started: Project Wizard

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§ Company Domain- only important if you release your

app, can just use something like:cs349.uwaterloo.ca

§ API to target is the minimum Android version on target devices- Use API 15 for Phone and Tablet

(we won’t be doing anything restrictive)

§ SDK version is the version of the dev tools, libraries etc.- Android Studio defaults to 29

§ Activity: Whatever you start with, do NOT use fragments

Project Structure

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§ Manifest (app/manifests/)- Application setting

§ Java (app/java/)- (*.java) source code

§ Resources (app/res/)- layout: (*.xml) UI layout and View

definitions- values: (*.xml) constants like strings,

colours, …- also bitmaps and SVG images

(mipmap*, drawable*, ….)

Manifest - Activities

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§ Metadata about the app

§ App components, Intent filters

<applicationandroid:allowBackup="true"android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"android:label="@string/app_name"android:theme="@style/AppTheme"><activity android:name=".MainActivity">

<intent-filter><action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" /><category

android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" /></intent-filter>

</activity></application>

Manifest – Permissions

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§ Android must request permission to access sensitive user data

§ User is prompted once on application launch

§ Do not request more than you need (please!)

<manifest><uses-permission

android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" /><uses-permission

android:name="android.permission.ACCESS_FINE_LOCATION" /><uses-permission

android:name="android.permission.SEND_SMS" /></manifest>

App Resources

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§ Each type of resource in located a specific subdirectory of your project's res/ directory

§ Access them using resource IDs that are generated in the project's R class

app/ manifest/ java/ res/

drawable/ graphic.png

layout/ activity_main.xml

mipmap/ icon.png

values/ strings.xml

Activities

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§ The “standard” application component is an Activity

§ Typically represents a single screen of your application (and you may have multiple activities, one of which will be running at a time). - Not a view, since it can contains both model + view

§ One activity will be the Main entry point for your application (aka Main).

Activity Navigation

§ You can have multiple activities in your application (e.g. different screens), and switch between them as-needed.- Activities can create other activities (i.e. “back stack” of activities that

you can reach by using the back button)- Navigation forward/back through activities is typically triggered by

user actions

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Activity Lifecycle

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§ Activities have an explicit lifecycle, and have a state reflecting what they are doing (e.g. “started” or “stopped”)

§ Changing state fires a callback method that corresponds to that state (e.g. going from “stopped” to ”started” causes the onStart() method to fire).

RunningPaused

/ Stopped

https://developer.android.com/guide/components/activities/activity-lifecycle.html

Managing the Activity Lifecycle

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Core callback functions:

§ onCreate()- being created or launching

§ onStart()- becomes visible to user

§ onResume()- prior to user interaction

§ onPause()- loses focus or background

§ onStop()- no longer visible to user

§ onDestroy()- being recycled and freed

Interrupted Workflow

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§ Applications can stop at any time (i.e. user quits, OS kills it, user presses the Back button- the activity transitions through

the onPause(), onStop(), and onDestroy()callbacks.

- the activity is also removed from the stack.

§ onRestoreInstanceState() is automatically called by the system after onStart().

§ onSaveInstanceState() is automatically called by the system after onStop().

§ To preserve simple transient-state data, override these methods- Save data in onSaveInstanceState()- Restore data in onRestoreInstanceState()

Intents

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§ An Intent is a messaging object you can use to request an action from another application component- Starting an activity- Starting a service- Delivering a broadcast

§ This allows an application to use other application services! e.g. Instagram app can request access to the Camera activity to take a picture.- Eliminates the need to have functionality embedded in an application.- Allows the OS to control access/permissions to services.

§ We use intents to pass data between activities.- Basically a data structure holding an abstract description of an action

https://developer.android.com/guide/components/intents-filters.html

Intents

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§ Use startActivity() method to launch an activity with an intent.- Can call explicit named activity (e.g. mySettingsActivity) or an

implicit activity based on its capabilities (e.g. some camera activity)

Android UI DevelopmentView hierarchies

Using different layouts

Using UI widgets

MVC

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Building User Interfaces

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android.view.ViewGroup

§ Abstract container class that includes the layout

§ Subclasses: LinearLayout, RelativeLayout, GridLayout, …

android.view.View

§ Base widget class (i.e. drawing and event handling)

§ Subclasses: android.widget.Buttonandroid.widget.ImageViewandroid.widget.ProgressBarAndroid.widget.TextView...

User Interface Classes

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§ UI is built using a hierarchy of View and ViewGroup- A ViewGroup is an invisible container that defines the layout structure for View and other ViewGroup objects

- A View usually draws something the user can see and interact with

https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/declaring-layout.html

Common Layouts

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§ Each subclass of the ViewGroup class provides a unique way to display the views you nest within it

Grid ViewDisplays items in a two-dimensional,

scrollable grid

Linear LayoutA layout that organizes

its children into a single horizontal or

vertical row

Relative LayoutEnables us to specify the location of child objects relative to

each other or to the parent.

Specialized Layouts

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RecyclerView

§ Display very long lists of items (and have the OS load/unload the items as you scroll).

§ https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/layout/recyclerview

CardView

§ Customized cards (e.g. panels) that needs to be repeated over and over again.

§ e.g. blog posts each with a card

https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/layout/cardview

UI Definition and Layout

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§ Layout can be handled in one of two ways:- Programmatic: write code. You write code to instantiate ViewGroups,

Views and bind them together (like in Java Swing).- Declarative: use XML to describe your layout. In XML describe the screen

elements (view groups and views) along with properties, and then tell your application to dynamically load it.

§ Using XML is the preferred way- Android Studio & IntelliJ both include a GUI builder to make this easier!

Layout: WYSIWYG Version

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Layout: XML Version

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Layout Example

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<RelativeLayout xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"android:layout_width="match_parent"android:layout_height="match_parent">

<EditTextandroid:id="@+id/editTextName”android:layout_alignParentTop="true”android:layout_marginTop="30dp"android:ems="12"android:text="@string/name”… />

<Buttonandroid:id="@+id/btnConfirm"android:layout_below="@id/editTextName"android:layout_marginTop="40dp"android:text="@string/confirm"… />

</RelativeLayout>

Layout

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§ When you compile your app, each XML layout file is compiled into a View resource

§ calling setContentView(), passing it the reference to your layout resource in the form of: R.layout.layout_file_name.

§ app/java/MainActivity.java

protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);

}

Linear Layout

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§ LinearLayout is a view group that aligns all children in a single direction, vertically or horizontally.

§ You can specify the layout direction with the android:orientationattribute.

§ All children of a LinearLayout are stacked one after the other - a vertical list will only have one child per row, no matter how wide is it- a horizontal list will only be one row high

https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/layout/linear.html

Key Attributes

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§ Orientation- Should the layout be a column or a row? Use "horizontal" for a

row, "vertical" for a column.

§ Fill model - MATCH_PARENT: the view wants to be as big as its parent- WRAP_CONTENT: the view wants to be just large enough to fit its

own internal content

§ Weight- android:layout_weight attribute assigns an "importance"

value to a view in terms of how much space it should occupy on the screen.

Attributes

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§ Gravity - Specifies how an object should position its content, on both the X

and Y axes (top, bottom, center,…)

§ Padding/margin- Setting padding/margin

LinearLayout

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<LinearLayoutxmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"android:layout_width="match_parent"android:layout_height="match_parent"android:paddingLeft="16dp"android:paddingRight="16dp"android:orientation="vertical" ><EditText

…/><EditText

…/>

<Button…

/></LinearLayout>

LinearLayout

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<LinearLayout …><EditText

android:layout_width="match_parent"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:hint="@string/to" />

<EditTextandroid:layout_width="match_parent"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:hint="@string/subject" />

<EditTextandroid:layout_width="match_parent"android:layout_height="0dp"android:layout_weight="1"android:gravity="top"android:hint="@string/message" />

<Buttonandroid:layout_width="100dp"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:layout_gravity="right"android:text="@string/send" />

</LinearLayout>

Fill

Relative Layout

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§ RelativeLayout is a view group that displays child views in relative positions.

§ The position of each view can be specified as - relative to sibling elements (such as to the left-of or below another view) - in positions relative to the parent’s area (such as aligned to the bottom,

left or center).

https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/layout/relative

View Positioning

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§ RelativeLayout lets child views specify their position relative to the parent view or to each other (specified by ID).

§ By default, all child views are drawn at the top-left of the layout

§ Example of some layout properties : - android:layout_alignParentTop- android:layout_centerVertical- android:layout_below- android:layout_toRightOf- More: RelativeLayout.LayoutParams

https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/layout/relative

View Positioning in Relative Layout

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android:layout_aboveandroid:layout_below

android:layout_toLeftOfandroid:layout_toRightOf

android:layout_alignBottomandroid:layout_alignTop

android:layout_alignLeftandroid:layout_alignRight

Widget 1

Widget 2

Widget 2

Widget 1

Widget 1Widget 2 Widget 2Widget 1

Widget 1Widget 2

Widget 1Widget 2

Widget 1

Widget 2

Widget 1

Widget 2

Relative layout alignment parameters

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android:layout_alignParentTopandroid:layout_alignParentLeftandroid:layout_alignParentRight

android:layout_centerInParentandroid:layout_centerVerticalandroid:layout_centerHorizontal

android:layout_alignParentBottom

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<RelativeLayoutxmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"android:layout_width="match_parent"android:layout_height="match_parent"android:paddingLeft="16dp"android:paddingRight="16dp" ><EditText

…/><Spinner

…/>

<Spinner…

/><Button

…/>

</RelativeLayout>

Relative Layout

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<RelativeLayout …<EditText

android:id="@+id/name"android:layout_width="match_parent"android:layout_height="wrap_content” />

<Spinnerandroid:id="@+id/times"android:layout_width="96dp"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:layout_below="@id/name"android:layout_alignParentRight="true" />

<Spinnerandroid:layout_width="0dp"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:layout_below="@id/name"android:layout_toLeftOf="@id/times”android:layout_alignParentLeft="true” />

<Buttonandroid:layout_width="96dp"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:layout_below="@id/times"android:layout_alignParentRight="true"android:text="@string/done" />

</RelativeLayout>

Layout test

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§ Check the layout with multiple screen sizes

Code Demo: WidgetDemo

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§ Notes- TextView- EditText- RadioButton- CheckBox- Spinners- Relative Layout- Linear Layout- Nested Layout

Nested Layout

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<RelativeLayoutxmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"android:layout_width="match_parent"android:layout_height="match_parent"><TextView

android:id="@+id/name_title"android:text=“@string/name">……

</EditText>……

<LinearLayoutandroid:layout_below="@+id/session">………<CheckBox

android:id="@+id/checkbox_morning"android:text="@string/morning”…… />

<CheckBox…… />

</LinearLayout></RelativeLayout>

Views

Views

View (Widget)

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Properties:

§ Background color, text, font, alignment, size, padding, margin, etc

Event Listeners and Handlers:

§ respond to various events such as: click, long-click, focus change, etc.

Set focus:

§ Set focus on a specific view requestFocus() or use XML tag <requestFocus />

Visibility:

§ You can hide or show views using setVisibility(…).

Views: TextViews

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<TextViewandroid:id="@+id/txtHello"android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="Hello World!" />

TextView helloTextView = findViewById(R.id.txtHello);helloTextView.setText("CS349 W19");

Views: EditText

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<EditTextandroid:id="@+id/name"android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:layout_height="wrap_content”android:inputType="textPersonName" android:text=”@string/name” ><requestFocus/>

<EditText/>

EditText nameView = findViewById(R.id.name);String name = nameView.getText().toString();

Views: Buttons

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<Buttonandroid:id="@+id/btnAlarm"android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:text="@string/alarm" />

https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/controls/button.html

Button button = (Button) findViewById(R.id.btnAlarm);. . .

Responding to Events

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<Buttonandroid:id="@+id/btnAlarm"……android:onClick="sendMessage"/>

/** Called in activity when the user touches the button */public void sendMessage(View view) {

// Do something in response to button click}

Button button = (Button) findViewById(R.id.btnAlarm);button.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {

public void onClick(View v) {// Do something in response to button click

}});

§ Option 1: Listeners

§ Option 2: Registered in Layout file

Radio Buttons

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<RadioGroupandroid:layout_width="fill_parent"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:orientation="horizontal"><RadioButton

android:id="@+id/radio_yes"android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:weight=”1"android:onClick="onRadioButtonClicked"android:text="@string/yes" />

<RadioButtonandroid:id="@+id/radio_no"android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:weight=”1"android:onClick="onRadioButtonClicked"android:text="@string/no" />

</RadioGroup>

Radio Buttons

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public void onRadioButtonClicked(View view) {// Is this button checked?boolean checked = ((RadioButton) view).isChecked();

// Check which radio button was clickedswitch (view.getId()) {

case R.id.radio_yes:if (checked)

// code for yesbreak;

case R.id.radio_maybe:if (checked)

// code for may bebreak;

case R.id.radio_no:if (checked)

// code for nobreak;

}}

https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/controls/radiobutton

Checkboxes

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<CheckBoxandroid:id="@+id/checkbox_morning"android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:onClick="onCheckboxClicked"android:text="@string/morning" />

<CheckBoxandroid:id="@+id/checkbox_afternoon"android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:layout_height="wrap_content"android:onClick="onCheckboxClicked"android:text="@string/afternoon" />

https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/controls/checkbox.html

Checkboxes

60https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/ui/controls/checkbox.html

public void onCheckboxClicked(View view) {// Is the view now checked?boolean checked = ((CheckBox) view).isChecked();

// Check which checkbox was clickedswitch (view.getId()) {

case R.id.checkbox_morning:if (checked)// Add morning session

else// Remove morning sessionbreak;

case R.id.checkbox_afternoon:if (checked)// Add afternoon session

else// Remove afternoon sessionbreak;

}}

ImageView

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§ Display images

§ Save image resources to drawable folder- app/src/main/res/drawable/

<ImageViewandroid:id="@+id/imageView"android:layout_width="wrap_content"android:layout_height="wrap_content”android:src="@drawable/lollipop" />

Multiple Views ApplicationUsing intents to launch activities

MVC in Android

ViewModel

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Activity Lifecycle

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§ Usually, one view per activity

§ Only one activity is running at any given time

§ We often want to let users navigate between different views.

§ How can we share data between views? Intents

RunningRunning

Paused

Start Another Activity: Pass Data

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int version = 0;switch (radio_id){

case R.id.radioButton1:version = 6;break;

…

Intent intent = new Intent(this, VersionActivity.class);intent.putExtra("version", version); // data to passstartActivity(intent);

Start Another Activity: Receive Data

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// Get the Intent that started this activity //and extract the value in intIntent intent = getIntent();int v = intent.getIntExtra("version",0);

// Set the string match to the valueTextView label = findViewById(R.id.version_txt);switch(v){

case 6:label.setText(R.string.v6);

Return “Home” to Previous Activity

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§ In Manifest file, specify “parentActivity”

<applicationandroid:allowBackup="true”

…>

<activity android:name=".MainActivity">…

</activity>

<activity android:name=".VersionActivity"android:parentActivityName=".MainActivity”>

</activity></application>

MVC in Android

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With MVC, there is a data model that ensures consistent state across views.

Android makes MVC difficult, because

§ Activities cannot easily share data (since they exist independently)

§ An activity that creates a model may be later paused or destroyed.

How do we share our data across activities? Options:

1. Save and restore data within each activity.

2. Create a static model that is shared between activities.

3. Use Google’s ViewModel, a persistent Model class that survives activity changes.

MVC Structure Option 1: Save and Restore Data

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view2.xmlView2

MainActivity

Model

view1.xmlView1

ViewGroup

ViewGroup

Activity Other ClassUI xml

Code Demo: MVC1

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§ Views as Android ViewGroups- similar to desktop MVC we discussed earlier

§ Notes:- Model essentially identical to desktop Java- “Inflating” view layouts into main view- onPostCreate() when inflating view layouts- Save and restore model

Recreating an Activity

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protected void onSaveInstanceState(Bundle outState) {outState.putInt("Counter", model.getCounterValue());...

}

protected void onRestoreInstanceState(Bundle savedInstanceState) {model.setCounterValue(savedInstanceState.getInt("Counter"));...

}

Use built-in methods to save and restore model state.

Application

MVC Structure Option 2: Shared Static Model

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View1Activity

Model

view1.xmlcontentView

Activity Other ClassUI xml

View2Activity

view2.xmlcontentView

intents

Code Demo: MVC2

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§ Views as Activities, global static model

§ Notes:- Application class- onDestroy(), deleteObserver()

- Create options menu- Intents to start activity- finish()

- no need to persist model!

MVC Structure Option 3: ViewModel

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Google provides a ViewModel helper class

§ Use to asynchronously fetch data.

§ Persists across Activities.

https://developer.android.com/topic/libraries/architecture/viewmodel#java