android– forensics and security testing

ANDROID – FORENSICS AND SECURITY ANALYSIS

Santhosh Kumar

r00t@b0x : whoami?

Security Researcher for a quite sometime (certs:CEH)

POC at Defcon Chennai. Currently Working on ARM based Exploitation.

Reported some Web apps at Microsoft , yahoo,intel,ibm,cisco etc.

Currently doing Bachelors in Computer Science.

Agenda:

Introduction to android and its History. Study the Android File systems and

Directories. Bypass Passcodes (All types of locks). Physical and Logical data extraction

techniquies. Reverse engineer Android application. Indian cyber Laws.

Why forensics ? WTH is this?

Evidence for legal proceedings. Financial Crime. Pornography/Child Pornography (pedophiles). Sexual harrasment! (against women) Terrorism activity or national threat. Cyber threats. Counter intelligence. Murder or other crimes. Eg:Georgia wieldman attacked @confidence

conference Poland.

Introduction to Android.History ??

Introduction to Android!History?

Widely Used Smartphone OS with over 77% share in 2013. The man behind Android was “andy rubin” orginally which now

developed by google(2007) Android now has over 900 million devices as per the IO event

in 2013. Android Open Source Project (AOSP) which was primarily

based on the LINUX which is now responsible for the Development and Maintanence Commits and Releases.

AOSP Follows the GPL v2 license and the Apache V2.0 license.The GPL v2 makes it mandatory to keep the source code as open source.Apache 2.0 is used for commericial entities

Android Features.

Android has key features which are useful as the forensic point of view.

Features like GSM,CDMA,LTE,WiMax,Wifi,Bluttooth etc.

Google Play Store/Android Market is Rich source for forensic Analysis.

Data Storage. Flash(or nand) memory . Internal Memory. External Memory.

Android Overview:

Global System for Mobile Communications – GSMSubscriber Identity Module or Unique Subscriber Identity Module (SIM OR USIM) to identify the user for the celullar network. Eg:AT&,T-Mobile (US) India-BSNL,AIRTEL

Code Division Multiple Access – CDMAEg:Sprit,version – US INDIA- Tata Docomo,MTS INDIA

Intergrated Digital Enhanced Network – IDENwhich is yet to be avaible in india | US- Sprit.

WorldWide internop for microwave access – WiMaxUS-Sprit INDIA- BSNL,Reliance.

Long Term Evolution – LTS (4 G)US-AT&T,Sprit,T-MOBILE,Verizon INDIA- Airtel,Aircel(TD-LTE)

Android Overview:APPS

Android Overview:Apps

The Total Android Apps Crossed Over 1 Million in NOV 2013 with another 70000 Apps Published in JAN 2014.

The other competitor,Apple which has the Strict App Uploading and Review Process which can go through long amount of time,on Fullfilling many criteria and condtions.Sometimes the apps are denied over after long review. iOS doesn’t allow the apps which are away from the App Market.

Google,Which requires less process for submitting the app (such as the secure key) While google has the power to Remove the app from the market,Ban Hammer the Developer and Remotely uninstall the app.

AOSP importance

As Said Earlier AOSP maintains the development and releases new versions and fixes.

Compiling the AOSP is the best way to understand the working of the Android.

http://source.android.com/source/initializing.html

Not necessary for the Forensics analysts but useful for the Deep Experimentation.

We don’t be Doing that now

Linux,Open source Software in Forensics

Open source forensic tools have always been more effective in the digital forensic discipline.Open source tools always has upper hand than closed source tools The Power to View the source code and understand the working of it.The ability to share software and improve it by working together with the forensic community.Free or Low Cost.

Linux is not only a critical component in Android but can be effectively used in forensic analysis.

LINUX commands:

Android Forensics involves

some of the Linux knowledgefollowing commands are useful

man help cd mkdir mount rmdir/rm –rf nano ls tree

cat dd find chown chmod

sudo

apt-get grep | and >

Many more …………..

Environment Setup

Ubuntu 32/64 bit ( I recommend 64 bit) with Android SDK

Ubuntu 12.04 (precise) 64 bit running on vmware/virtual box

http://www.vmware.com or http://www.virtualbox.org Have atleast 20 Gb free Space and 2 GB ram . Have Windows for Some commercial tools (explained

later) I recommend Santoku Linux which is a entire hacking

distro dedicated to Mobile forensics and Security. http://www.santoku-linux.com which is indeed made by

http://www.viaforensics.com a Mobile Pentesting company.

Workstation Setup:Caution

Disable Automount (file systems) Command:gconf-editor It is because auto mounting of file system can screw

our setup and alter the evidence . Go to apps : nautilus>preferences > remove “media

_automount” and “media_automount_open”

Android Architecture

HARDWARE DEVICES

Smartphones Tablets Google Tv Car Audio Systems Google Glasses Smart Watch GPS Fridge and Washing Machine

(DAFAQ) Mirrors (you Saw it right :P)

cybertecturemirror.com

Cameras Gamming consoles DECT phones

(a Android Landline) Smart TV’s

a 800+ android devices

ROM Booting process

Stock Rom varies from manufacturer to manufacturer

Acutally Phone booting process.

Short Seven ROM booting process

Power on and boot ROM code execution

The boot loader The Linux kernel The init process Zygote and Dalvik The system server Boot completed

ROM booting process

http://www.androidenea.com/2009/06/android-boot-process-from-power-on.html

Android Application Security Model

Android at the installation of the App(.apk) check for the developers unique signature. (Not CA).

Next it gives out the display of the android app file permission.The source is located in the androidmanifest.xml

This file is the potential when it comes to forensic analysis and determine the permission(malicious app).

Application process

Quick review of the android app execution. Even though Android apps are made in java but they are not

executed in java format. Each app gets a unique linux ID(uid) and Groud ID(gid). Gets own dedicated process and dedicated dalvik VM. The App Data gets stored in Data /data/data/<app

process>accessible only by UID and GID.(root exceptional). Apps can share the data with other apps using content

providers.

Some files which is useful

Cache.img :disk image of the /cache partion. Sdcard.img:disk img of the cache partion(img here is from AVD

emulator) Userdata-emu.img: disk image of the data partion.

…. Useful in the areas of forensics

USB connection of the evidence device

Different Devices have different options. The common four are

Charge onlyfile transfer

SyncInternet tethering.

Check the connection to the hostby typing “dmesg”.

Make sure you take care not to alter the evidence much…..

Checking USB connection

Precautions : (must needed)

Make sure to Disable auto mount feature in ubuntu to prevent automatic detection and mounting of USB storage.

Every fragile change could lead to alteration of evidence. Hardware write blocker useful to some extent.

SD card info

Most of the SDCARD details are stored in /data/ App details in /data/data(it differs :P)

Android Debug bridge

Android Debug Bridge

Most important component when it comes to android forensics. Consider it as a swiss army knife for forensics and security

analystis. Enable usb debugging developer options > usb debugging. This will run adbd (daemon) on the devices. Adbd runs on the user account(UID) unless promted with the

root privileges. If your device is locked then it is difficult to unlock usb

debugging.(not 100% impossible)

ADB components

Adbd on the devices. Adbd on the workstation. Adb on the workstation. Adb is free,primary tool for forensics and ofcourse opensource

Adb shell example

Adb shell gives out lot of information(depends on root or not). The Data folder is useful when you are rooted.

Data from adb

Sms History (Deleted). Contacts(com.phone.android) Call history

received,deleted,missed etc. Databook Events. Calender.

File Systems

Lot of file systems in the android operating system. More than a dozen is in use. The main three are

EXTFAT32YAFFs2 Source for the user data

Data to expect in /data/data

Apps that are shipped with stock rom : browsers. Apps that are manufacturer specific : eg : HTC

sense,touchwiz,motoblur Wireless carrier apps (not common in india) : carrier IQ Apps installed by google default : play store,play music , maps Apps installed by user (both marketplace and unknown source

installation)

Data Storage methods

The main methods where sensitive data stored.

Shared preferences Internal storage External storage Sqlite3 Network

Shared preferences

It is where all the data which is shared between the apps are stored.

Key values are stored in XML files

Internal Storage

Common in most of the systems :ext3,ext4,yaffs2 Unrooted user cannot access /data/data as it is

encrypted.root is needed for viewing the contents

Internal storage

U0_a0 is the owner means it is that user who installed the app “truecaller”.

These apps and their directories are damn useful when it comes to finding evidence.

External Storage

It has less restrictions when compared to the internal storage. FAT 32 is commonly found file system on the sdcard. As suggested earlier most apps data is stored here it is better

to look here.

SQLITE3-Native app database.

Lightweight RDBMS which has the c programming library. Entire DB stored in single file. Most of the App developers store the database in internal

memory eg /data/data/<app name>/database.

SQLITE3-some useful commands

Sqlite3 <dbfilename> .tables .headers on|off .mode Select * from <table> .dump?table? .quit

Loads the db Shows the tables Turns headers on/off Output mode file type Displays the table attirubutes

Dump the table Exit the shell prompt

Sqlite3 datbase example

Little catch : sqlite3 is not installed in real phones by default. For test conditions I have used avd emulator from android. Those databases have lot of tables which can be real handy. Some native roots have sqlite3 symlinked by default.

Network & linux kernel

Network storage in java and android classes Not locally but on the on network and relative datbases. The least place we look at the heart:linux kernel | kernel logs. To access the kernel logs we have “dmesg” command on the adb shell

Source:andrew hoog

Logcat

Displays almost eveything that’s been going around your device in the adb shell http://developer.android.com/tools/help/logcat.html

Has different parameters.

Device Handling & forensic rule

The main motto:Avoid modification to evidence at all costs. Simple mounting of device could lead to altering of evidences. Increase the sleep timeout which could lead to locking of the

device. Logcat everything what is going on. Make sure minimal modification to the evidence. Enable do not sleep while charging. Put the device on the flightmode or remove the sim card(I don’t

recommend this). Never switch off the device if it is on unlocked or on locked. Work where no network connnectivity (REMOTE WIPE & SMS

malwares to rip evidences?)

Phone switched off? What to do?

Try to boot into the recovery~ most of the devices power+vol up +down or power + vol down and then up .

If you cant come up search xda-developers.com Connect to adb,check for the root permission Usb debugg enabled you are lucky or else you have find a way

to remote activate usb debugg

Enable usb debugging when locked ?? Possible

Enable usb debugging when locked ?? PossibleBST(best smart tools)

Crack the codes

Unlucky still? Here comes the passcodes breaking!

Very useful when it comes to forensic! Nothing beats this .

Various techniques for breaking android passcodes.

Few will be discussed here. There is no direct rule for breaking

passcodes.

Types of passwords ?

Types of passwords ?

Cracking techniques

Smudge attack. Pattern lock vulnerability. Psneuter with adb,usb debugg(if enabled). Cracking the password key. Face unlock pwn with a picture.

Continues to evolve …………

Smudge attack

Screen(digitalizer) is reflective surface,smudge(pattern) which diffuse in the glass.

Being dust particle,when exposed to light reflect them.

camera setup to capture the overexposed image around 6-8 times will give a 80% correct image.

It gives out the display pattern. Not always working,like playing temple run could

remove the smudge totally.

Smudge attack

Pattern Lock crack

Pattern creates a file in /data/system/gesture.key

Hash is stored there.if custom recovery is installed like TWRP recovery,CWM recovery etc.

Remove the key using the rm command and recreate it using your own hash.

Pattern Lock crack

Key can also be decrypted ! Some sites do give services for free.

Cracking pins

When password/pins are used they are stored in /data/system/passwords.key

As you can see it is not in plaintext but as Random+sha1+md5. Not easy depends on the nature of password. Pull the salt

from/data/data/com.android.providers.settings/databases/settings.db and get the password from above.

Put them in the folder and try to attack them in password recovery tools such as hashcat/john the ripper by bruteforcing them

Pwn face & voice unlock

Not secure at all when google introduced it in android 4.0.

Reported to unlock with the photo of the person.

After kitkat android update the face unlock when to a change where the person have to unlock by blinking the eye which shows the alive ness of the captured image.

Again easily broken by duck faces,smiling images from facebook :P

“In June 2013, details emerged of a Google patent, pictured, that would let users unlock their phones by pulling silly faces, such as frowning, poking out their tongue or wriggling their nose. The expression would then be scanned and

compared to a previously captured photo to confirm the user's identity”-dailymail(uk).Voice can easily spoofed by old schooltricks

Android Encryption

Encrypts the entire device with AES encryption. Denoted to reduce in performance. Takes at Least a Hour for Encryption of Data.

Get fRoSted

Frost Security Team was able to break the encryption by cooling the device to -15 c in 60 minutes.

Switch off and Flash the Frost Recovery. Not the entire AES keys are decrypted.Some bits were

decayed.

g0t r00t?

g0t root?

90% of forensics trick depends on the root? Not enabled even in a single device.(unless suspect

rooted on his own). Not possible on all devices without altering the

evidence. Gaining root will leave a lot of traces. Many data’s they get altered. Takes lot of time searching for the correct exploit

sometimes lead to hard brick/soft brick. Root could make the device more vulnerable for

future exploits.

Types of r00t?

Temp root: gives you root access till you reboot the device.

Recovery root: custom recovery such as clockworkmod(CWW),twrp etc will give root access in the recovery.

Permanent root:install su to the system leaving a huge footprint.most custom roms have perm root by default eg:cyanogenmod,omni,panodroid etc.

Temporary root

Temp root is something essential when it come to forensic.(z4root.apk)

Doesn’t work on all devices,test it first before using.

Psneturer a temp root solution.

Neturer is a android server.this app exploits that server giving us a temprarory solution.

adb devices adb push psneuter /data/local/tmp adb shell cd /data/local/tmp chmod 777 psneuter ./psneuter

Permanent root

not good as far as forensic is concerned. Leaves a huge footprint altering the evidence. Search xda for

more roots.

R00t with binary

Gives root to almost all the 4.0 to 4.1 devices.

Kingo android root

This one gives root over all 4.2.x,4.3.x,4.4.x

Android forensic techniques

Logical and physical acquisition. Open source tools and some commerical

tools.qtADBAndrillercellebriteparabenviaextract ….

Logical vs physical Acquisition

Logical physcial

Access to file systems Data which is already

available to user

Eg:ADB pull,aflogical

Exploring the memory,not the file system.

More data than logical,by breaking passwords etc

Hardware and software

Logical Sdcard anquisition

Apps Data gets stored in /data which is encrypted and root access.

SD cards where the user stuffs stays.(audio,video,maps).

Uses cross platform FAT FS. Most backup stored in Sdcard. .apk’s in sdcard might be encrypted.

Useful done when 3rd party apps are analysis.

ADB pull -logical

qtADB

AFlogical

Data Extraction tools. Free for law enforcement agencies. Records call logs,contact etc.

DEMO

UFED touch ultimate

UFED Touch Ultimate, enables the most technologically advanced extraction, decoding, analysis and reporting of mobile data. It performs physical, logical, file system and password extraction of all data (even if deleted) from the widest range of devices including legacy and feature phones, smartphones, portable GPS devices, tablets and phones manufactured with Chinese chipsets.Cost:10000$

UFED what’sapp analysis

Device Seizure

Device Seizure:Report

Andriller

A alternative and a powerful open source tool.

http://android.saz.lt/ Made by Denis Sazonov @den4uk  Give it a try you wont regret it

DEMO…………………..

Photos

Try looking here for more evidence.

Reversing Apk’s

Rename Android app (.apk) to .zip. Extract zip Run dex2jar on the extracted file. Open the .jar in a java decompiler. APKTOOL Androguard Apkinspector

Android/Torec.A

First every Android based Tor malware which was found in the wild.

REVERSING DEMO

Future of Android forensics

The future research work will be on the Seandroid.

Contributed by National Security Agency (NSA) *cough*

Motto to have secure android.

Then there is ?

Ill just leave this here :P

Wait ! Wait ? Wait ?

SeAndroid was already defeated.The CVE 2013-6282 Pau Olivia Had a POC based a toshiba tablet running 4.3 JB.

INDIAN cyberlaws

Device as target or weapon IT act 2000 IT amendment ACT (2008) Rules under 66A,43A,79 SECTION 65A

http://www.cyberforensics.in/http://deity.gov.in/content/cyber-laws

ANY QUESTIONS?

Recommended starters

Andrew Hoog Steve robinson

Feedback welcomed :D

Twitter: https://twitter.com/security_b0x

securitypentrator@live.com

References:

viaforensics.com Forensicfocus.com cellebrite.com android.saz.lt exploit-db.com www.forensicswiki.org/wiki/Cell_Phone_

Forensics Xda-developers.com