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Ancillary Services from Wind Farms
Hansen, Anca Daniela; Margaris, Ioannis; Zeni, Lorenzo; Sørensen, Poul Ejnar; Cutululis, NicolaosAntonio
Publication date:2011
Document VersionPublisher's PDF, also known as Version of record
Link back to DTU Orbit
Citation (APA):Hansen, A. D. (Author), Margaris, I. (Author), Zeni, L. (Author), Sørensen, P. E. (Author), & Cutululis, N. A.(Author). (2011). Ancillary Services from Wind Farms. Sound/Visual production (digital)
An
cilla
ryS
ervi
ces
from
Win
dFa
rms
An
cilla
ry S
ervi
ces
from
Win
d F
arm
s
Anc
a D
. H
anse
nI
iM
iIo
anni
s M
arga
ris
Lore
nzo
Zen
iPo
ul S
øren
sen
Nic
olao
sA
Cut
ulul
is(p
rese
nter
)N
icol
aos
A.
Cut
ulul
is (
pres
ente
r)
An
cilla
ry s
ervi
ces
Anc
illar
ySe
rvic
esar
esu
ppor
tse
rvic
esin
the
pow
ersy
stem
,pa
rticu
larly
thos
ew
hich
are
nece
ssar
yto
supp
ort
the
trans
mis
sion
itd
tili
it
ii
litli
bilit
dca
paci
tyan
dar
ees
sent
iali
nm
aint
aini
ngpo
wer
qual
ity,
relia
bilit
yan
dse
curit
yof
the
grid
Cla
ssifi
catio
n(A
lvar
ado,
199
6):
(,
)R
eal v
s re
activ
e po
wer
, tim
e an
d in
sura
nce
Rea
l pow
er: f
requ
ency
regu
latio
n, ra
mpi
ng s
ched
ules
, ene
rgy
imba
lanc
elo
ssco
mpe
nsat
ion
and
unit
com
mitm
ent
imba
lanc
e,lo
ssco
mpe
nsat
ion
and
unit
com
mitm
ent
Rea
ctiv
e po
wer
: vol
tage
regu
latio
n, c
apac
itor s
witc
hing
and
gen
erat
or
sche
dulin
g
Ris
ø D
TU,
Tech
nica
l Uni
vers
ity o
f D
enm
ark
2
Dan
ish
TS
O r
equ
irem
ents
Bal
ance
con
trol
Del
ta c
ontr
ol
Dan
ish
TSO
sre
quire
men
ts:
Faul
t Rid
e Th
roug
h C
apab
ilitie
s
Pow
erPo
wer
+
Pow
er c
ontro
lCap
abilit
ies:
-Act
ive
pow
er c
ontro
lfun
ctio
ns:
Bal
ance
con
trol
Del
ta c
ontro
l
time
time
Pow
er g
radi
ent l
imite
rA
utom
atic
freq
uenc
y co
ntro
l
-Rea
ctiv
epo
wer
con
trolf
unct
ions
:Po
wer
droo
p
Freq
uenc
y co
ntro
lRe
activ
e
pow
erdr
oop
Volta
ge c
ontr
ol
pR
eact
ive
pow
er c
ontro
lA
utom
atic
vol
tage
con
trol
freq
uenc
y
droo
p
Ris
ø D
TU,
Tech
nica
l Uni
vers
ity o
f D
enm
ark
3
freq
uenc
yde
adba
ndvo
ltage
dead
band
Win
d t
urb
ine
con
trol
Trad
ition
ally
:to
pro
duce
max
imum
pos
sibl
e po
wer
to re
duce
the
stru
ctur
al lo
ads
on th
e m
echa
nica
l com
pone
nts
and
thus
thei
rs c
osts
Add
ition
ally
now
: to
opt
imiz
e th
e in
tegr
atio
n of
the
win
d tu
rbin
es in
the
pow
er s
yste
m, i
n or
der t
o se
cure
qu
ality
, sta
bilit
y an
d re
liabi
lity
td
thi
did
tit
to re
duce
the
requ
ired
grid
con
nect
ion
cost
s
Win
d tu
rbin
eco
ntro
llers
Win
d tu
rbin
eco
ntro
llers
Win
d tu
rbin
eco
ntro
llers
Win
d fa
rm c
ontr
olle
rW
ind
farm
con
trol
ler
Win
d fa
rm c
ontr
olle
r
Ris
ø D
TU,
Tech
nica
l Uni
vers
ity o
f D
enm
ark
4
Grid
sup
port
!
Win
d f
arm
hie
rarc
hic
al s
up
ervi
sion
Dem
ands
Win
d fa
rmW
ind
turb
ine
lll
Syst
em
ref
P
cont
rol l
evel
cont
roll
evel
oper
ator
sav
ail
P
PCC
mea
sPC
Cm
eas
QP
Win
d fa
rm c
ontr
olle
r’s g
oal
is to
mee
t grid
inte
grat
ion
chal
leng
es !
Syst
em o
pera
tors
:C
tl
id
fd
ti•S
uper
vise
the
win
d fa
rm p
rodu
ctio
n :
win
d fa
rm c
ontro
l lev
elw
ind
turb
ine
cont
rol l
evel
•Con
trol w
ind
farm
pro
duct
ion
max
imum
pro
duct
ion
cont
rolle
d pr
oduc
tion
(con
trol t
asks
)
Di
th
Cl
wfc
ref
P
Win
d fa
rmco
ntro
ller
Win
dtu
rbin
ei
WT f
Pw
fcou
tP
Dis
patc
hM
ain
Con
trol
Win
d fa
rm c
ontro
l lev
el
Sys
tem
wfc
ref
Pw
fcou
tP
WT
ref
PD
ispa
tch
func
tion
Mai
n co
ntro
ller
Con
trol
func
tions
ref
Win
dtu
rbin
eco
ntro
l lev
eli
ref WT
ref
P Qw
fcre
fQ
out wfc
out
Q
Dis
patc
hfu
nctio
nM
ain
cont
rolle
rC
ontro
lfu
nctio
nsS
yste
mop
erat
ors
wfc
ref
Qw
fcou
tQ
WT
ref
ref
Q
Ris
ø D
TU,
Tech
nica
l Uni
vers
ity o
f D
enm
ark
5
Avai
labl
e po
wer
Mea
sure
men
tsin
PC
C
Win
d f
arm
con
trol
leve
l
Win
d fa
rm st
atus
Ava
ilabl
e po
wer
sR
equi
red
oper
atio
nN
orm
al o
pera
tion
Impo
sed
limite
d op
erat
ion
Win
d fa
rm co
ntro
l lev
el
pow
ers
oper
atio
ni
WT
rate
dP
iW
Tav
aila
ble
P
PI
Pow
erra
mp
rate
WF
set
P
ne control level
+_
WF
ref
Pi
WT
ref
P
Mai
n co
ntro
ller
freq
P+
+
Disp
atch
cont
rol
Pow
erre
fere
nce
setti
ngs
Pow
erra
mp
rate
limite
r
Bal
ance
Del
ta l
PC
Cm
eas
P
Wind turbin
Freq
uenc
y co
ntro
lP
CC
mea
sf
setti
ngs
Freq
uecy
, vol
tage
WF
ref
Qi
WT
ref
Qdr
oop/
dead
band
PI+
_
Volta
get
l
volt
Q+
+W
Fse
tQ
Ris
ø D
TU,
Tech
nica
l Uni
vers
ity o
f D
enm
ark
6
PC
Cm
eas
Q
cont
rol
PC
Cm
eas
U
Pow
er c
ontr
ol g
rid
su
pp
ort:
AS
WT
win
d f
arm
ASW
T eq
uipp
ed w
ith a
ppro
pria
te c
ontr
olle
r:D
ynam
ic p
hase
con
trol
idi
tt
Qd
dca
n pr
ovid
e a
rela
tivel
ly fa
st re
spon
se
to c
hang
es in
act
ive
pow
er d
eman
ds.
new
P s
etpo
int r
each
ed w
ithin
a fe
w s
econ
ds
imm
edia
te re
spon
se to
Qde
man
ds( in
the
limits
of c
apac
itor b
ank)
ne
w Q
refe
renc
e re
ache
d in
less
than
0.5
s.
quic
kly
cont
rol o
f vol
tage
6.50
0
DIgSILENT
6 M
WPo
wer
dem
and
from
syst
em o
pera
tor
Pow
er
refe
renc
e
4.00
0
3.00
0
DIgSILENT
Rea
ctiv
e po
wer
dem
and
4.00
0
3.00
0
DIgSILENT
Rea
ctiv
e po
wer
dem
and
5.00
0
3.50
0
Win
d fa
rm a
vaila
ble
pow
er
W]
yp
refe
renc
e
700.
056
0.0
420.
028
0.0
140.
00.
00[s
]
2.00
0
1.00
0
0.00
-1.0
00
Win
d fa
rm re
activ
e po
wer
in P
CC
[MVar] in PCC70
0.0
560.
042
0.0
280.
014
0.0
0.00
[s]
2.00
0
1.00
0
0.00
-1.0
00
Win
d fa
rm re
activ
e po
wer
in P
CC
[MVar] in PCC
2.00
0
0.50[MW
1 M
W
2 M
W
Pow
er
refe
renc
e4.
000
3.00
0
2.00
0
1.00
0
[MVar] in PCC4.00
0
3.00
0
2.00
0
1.00
0
[MVar] in PCC
Ris
ø D
TU,
Tech
nica
l Uni
vers
ity o
f D
enm
ark
7
1830
.14
64.
1098
.73
2.0
366.
00.
00[s
]-1
.000
Win
d fa
rm P
CC
pow
er0
MW
[sec
]20
6.0
204.
020
2.0
200.
019
8.0
196.
0[s
]
0.00
-1.0
00[s
ec]
206.
020
4.0
202.
020
0.0
198.
019
6.0
[s]
0.00
-1.0
00[s
ec]
Pow
er c
ontr
ol g
rid
su
pp
ort:
DFI
G/
PM
SG
w
ind
farm
win
d f
arm
Varia
ble
spee
dw
ind
turb
ines
(DFI
Gor
PMSG
)re
spon
dim
med
iate
lyto
chan
ges
inP
and
Q
PMSG
have
bette
rgrid
supp
ortc
apab
ility
than
DFI
G
idhi
ht
fti
resp
ond
imm
edia
tely
toch
ange
sin
Pan
dQ
dem
ands
from
pow
ersy
stem
oper
ator
.co
ntro
lind
epen
dent
lyP
and
Q
can
prov
ide
ahi
gher
amou
ntof
reac
tive
pow
erca
nsu
ppor
tvol
tage
leve
lto
ahi
gher
leve
lre
cove
rsfa
ster
the
volta
ge
4.60
0
3.88
0
DIgSILENT
Avai
labl
e po
wer
260.
020
8.0
156.
010
4.0
52.0
00.
000
[s]
13.0
012
.00
11.0
010
.00
9.00
08.
000
DIgSILENT
Wind speed [m/s]
260.
020
8.0
156.
010
4.0
52.0
00.
000
[s]
13.0
012
.00
11.0
010
.00
9.00
08.
000
DIgSILENT
Wind speed [m/s]12
00.
960.
072
0.0
480.
024
0.0
0.00
[s]
3.16
0
2.44
0
1.72
0
1.00
0
Del
ta c
ontro
l =
0.5
MW
dow
n
Bal
ance
Del
ta c
ontro
l =
0.5
MW
dow
nM
ax. p
rodu
ctio
nM
ax.
prod
uctio
nM
ax. p
rodu
ctio
n
Actu
al p
ower
Bala
nce
2MW
2MW
260.
020
8.0
156.
010
4.0
52.0
00.
000
[s]
20.0
016
.00
12.0
08.
004.
000.
00-4
.00
1.05
01.
025
1.00
00
975
Pitchangle [deg] d [pu]
260.
020
8.0
156.
010
4.0
52.0
00.
000
[s]
20.0
016
.00
12.0
08.
004.
000.
00-4
.00
1.05
01.
025
1.00
00
975
Pitchangle [deg] d [pu]
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
ctive power [MVar]
260.
020
8.0
156.
010
4.0
52.0
00.
000
[s]
0.97
50.
950
0.92
5
260.
020
8.0
156.
010
4.0
52.0
00.
000
[s]
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.5
0
Speed Pgrid[Mvar]
260.
020
8.0
156.
010
4.0
52.0
00.
000
[s]
0.97
50.
950
0.92
5
260.
020
8.0
156.
010
4.0
52.0
00.
000
[s]
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.5
0
Speed Pgrid[Mvar]
Ris
ø D
TU,
Tech
nica
l Uni
vers
ity o
f D
enm
ark
8
1200
.96
0.0
720.
048
0.0
240.
00.
00[s
]
0.00
-0.5
0
-1.0
0
Reac
[sec
]
Qde
man
d= 1
Mva
rQ
dem
and
= 0
Mva
r
260.
020
8.0
156.
010
4.0
52.0
00.
000
[s]
2.00
1.00
0.00
-1.0
0
-2.0
0[s
ec]
Qgrid[Mvar]
260.
020
8.0
156.
010
4.0
52.0
00.
000
[s]
2.00
1.00
0.00
-1.0
0
-2.0
0[s
ec]
Qgrid[Mvar]
DFI
G w
ind
turb
ine
PMSG
with
full
scal
e co
nver
ter w
ind
turb
ine
Vol
tag
e co
ntr
ol g
rid
su
pp
ort
DFI
G/
PM
SG
w
ind
farm
win
d f
arm
Varia
ble
spee
dw
ind
turb
ines
(DFI
Gor
PMSG
)pa
rtici
pate
topr
oper
lyre
esta
blis
hth
egr
idvo
ltage
durin
ga
grid
faul
tpa
rtici
pate
topr
oper
lyre
esta
blis
hth
egr
idvo
ltage
durin
ga
grid
faul
t.ca
nhe
lpa
near
byac
tive
stal
lwin
dfa
rmto
FRT,
with
outa
nyad
ditio
nalr
ide
thro
ugh
cont
rols
etup
inth
ene
arby
activ
est
allw
ind
farm
1.50
0
1.20
0
0.90
0.60
DIgSILENT
age WFT [pu]
12
300.
00
200.
00
DIgSILENT
WFT [MW]
ba
190.
0
150.
0
110.
0
70.0
0
5.00
3.75
2.50
1.25
0.00
[s]
0.30
-0.0
00
Volta wer WFT [MW]
12
210
.00
7.50
5.00
2.50
0.00
[s]
100.
00
0.00
-100
.00
300.
00Active power ]
cd
dam
ping
effe
cton
ASW
F fo
r (b)
and
(c)
wor
stca
se fo
r ASW
F is
(a)
bt
fAS
WF
i(b
)
5.00
3.75
2.50
1.25
0.00
[s]
30.0
0
-10.
00
150.
0
100.
0
50.0
0
0.00
Active pow ower WFT [Mvar]
1
12
200.
00
100.
00
0.00
-100
.00
active power WFT [Mvar]
cd
best
case
for A
SWF
is(b
)
Ris
ø D
TU,
Tech
nica
l Uni
vers
ity o
f D
enm
ark
9
5.00
3.75
2.50
1.25
0.00
[s]
-50.
00
-100
.0
Reactive po
[sec]
1-
DFIG
win
d fa
rm w
ithou
t vol
tage
grid
supp
ort
-DF
IG w
ind
farm
with
volta
ge gr
id su
ppor
t2
a -
DFI
G-W
F w
ithou
t/ A
S-W
F w
ithou
tb
-D
FIG
-WF
with
/AS-
WF
with
out
10.0
07.
505.
002.
500.
00[s
]-2
00.0
0
Rea
[sec
]
ab
c -
DFI
G-W
F w
ith/A
S-W
F w
ith
d
-DFI
G-W
F w
ithou
t/ A
S-W
F w
ith
Freq
uen
cy c
ontr
ol
Ris
ø D
TU,
Tech
nica
l Uni
vers
ity o
f D
enm
ark
10
Freq
uen
cy c
ontr
ol –
pri
mar
y re
spon
se
df dtin
ertia
Kf
droo
pK
(ii) D
roop
Con
trol
(i) In
ertia
Con
trol (
“virt
ual i
nerti
a”)
dt
Ris
ø D
TU,
Tech
nica
l Uni
vers
ity o
f D
enm
ark
11
Freq
uen
cy c
ontr
ol s
chem
e
PIPI
casc
ade
rPef
iM
axim
umPo
wer
Tki
P
++
gen
int
Trac
king
Po
Gen
eral
freq
uenc
y co
ntro
l sch
eme
Ris
ø D
TU,
Tech
nica
l Uni
vers
ity o
f D
enm
ark
12
Dro
op c
ontr
ol
Ris
ø D
TU,
Tech
nica
l Uni
vers
ity o
f D
enm
ark
13
Sou
rce
:I. E
rlich
, 201
0
Kin
etic
en
erg
y 1
(vi
rtu
al i
ner
tia)
Ris
ø D
TU,
Tech
nica
l Uni
vers
ity o
f D
enm
ark
14
Sou
rce
:I. E
rlich
, 201
0
Kin
etic
en
erg
y 2
(te
mp
orar
y d
roop
)
Ris
ø D
TU,
Tech
nica
l Uni
vers
ity o
f D
enm
ark
15
Sou
rce
:I. E
rlich
, 201
0
Freq
uen
cy c
ontr
ol
Ris
ø D
TU,
Tech
nica
l Uni
vers
ity o
f D
enm
ark
16
Sou
rce
:I. E
rlich
, 201
0
Enha
nced
Anc
illar
y Se
rvic
es fr
om W
ind
Pow
er
Plan
ts(E
AS
EW
IND
)
Tode
velo
pas
ses
and
dem
onst
rate
tech
nica
lsol
utio
nsTo
deve
lop,
asse
san
dde
mon
stra
tete
chni
cals
olut
ions
for e
nabl
ing
win
d po
wer
to h
ave
sim
ilar p
ower
pla
nt
char
acte
ristic
s as
con
vent
iona
l gen
erat
ion
units
.
es
oordination with ects
t of ancillary service
ation
Part
ners
:Ve
stas
Pow
er P
rogr
amm
e
Management and CoSynergy proje
tional value and cost
WP7 Dissemina
Ris
ø D
TU –
VES
and
IES
DTU
/IMM
AA
U/IE
T
Ris
ø D
TU,
Tech
nica
l Uni
vers
ity o
f D
enm
ark
WP0M
WP4 Operat
DC
grid
s fo
r int
egra
tion
of la
rge
scal
e w
ind
pow
er(O
ffsho
reD
C) –
ww
w.o
ffsho
redc
.dk
Ove
rall
obje
ctiv
e:To
dev
elop
and
appl
yth
e Vo
ltage
Sou
rce
Con
verte
r (V
SC
) bas
ed H
VD
C g
rid te
chno
logi
es in
th
ede
ploy
men
tofo
ffsho
rew
ind
pow
er
Bal
anci
ngre
spon
sibl
e
TSO
(s)
the
depl
oym
ento
foffs
hore
win
dpo
wer
.
Part
ners
:R
isø
DTU
VES
Cen
tral C
lust
er
Con
trolle
r
Ris
øD
TU –
VES
Vest
as T
echn
olog
yR
&D
DTU
Ele
ktro
AB
BD
ON
GEn
ergy
Win
d Po
wer
Pla
ntCo
ntro
ller
Win
d Po
wer
Pla
ntCo
ntro
ller
Win
d Po
wer
Pla
ntCo
ntro
ller
DO
NG
Ener
gyEn
ergi
Net
.dk
Cha
lmer
sU
nive
rsity
SIN
TEF
VTT
Win
d tu
rbin
e co
ntro
ller
Win
d tu
rbin
e co
ntro
ller
Win
d tu
rbin
e co
ntro
ller
Win
d tu
rbin
e co
ntro
ller
Win
d tu
rbin
e co
ntro
ller
Win
d tu
rbin
e co
ntro
ller
Clu
ster
cont
rol(
PhD
stud
ent):
VTT Ris
ø D
TU,
Tech
nica
l Uni
vers
ity o
f D
enm
ark
Clu
ster
cont
rol(
Ph.D
stud
ent):
Com
mun
icat
ion
and
cont
rol i
n cl
uste
rs o
f win
d po
wer
pla
nts
conn
ecte
d to
HV
DC
offs
hore
grid
s(c
ontro
l sys
tem
arc
hite
ctur
e, a
lloca
tion
of c
ontro
l tas
ks, c
omm
unic
atio
n pr
otoc
ol)
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