ancient italy report
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Ancient ItalyGianan, Eleonor F. and Maglaqui, Ramon Joseph N.
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Facts
Historical
BackgroundCity of Rome
Government
Famous PlacesItaly
Italian Deities
Roman Empire
Rome Vs Greece
Great Leaders
Eras and Timelines
Wars and Battles
I.T.A.L.Y.
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Official Name Italia
The name Italy comes from the Latin word Italia thatreferred to a territory owned by Rome, but was later
applied to the Italic peninsula. Capital Rome
Official Language Italian
Total Land Area - 301,338 km2 (71st)116,346 sq mi
Total Water Surface 2.4%
Currency - Euro ()2 (EUR)
Facts about Ancient
Italy
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A. MapB. Location
C. Flags and symbols
D. EtymologyE. People
Historical Background of
AncientItaly
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Map of Italy
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Located in southern Europe.
Italy is a peninsula extending into the CentralMediterranean Sea.
It is shaped like a high-heeled boot kicking a"triangle"the island of Sicily.
Italy borders France to the west, Switzerlandand Austria to the north, and Slovenia to theeast.
Location
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Flag of Italy
Italy's flag is a tricolor featuring three equally sized
vertical bands of green, white and red, with the
green at the hoist side.
Meaning of National Italian Flag
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Italys Flag
Il Tricolore, is a vertical tricolour with from left to
right the colours green, white and red. When used for
seafaring, the white bar in the Italy flag should have
added the combined weapons of four of the mostimportant seafaring republics of Italy.
The four most important seafaring republics in Italy
are Venica, Genua, Amalfi and Pisa. A lion represents
Pisa, Genua is represented by a red cross on a whitebackground, Amalfi and Pisa are also represented by
a cross, that of Amalfi being white on blue and Pisa
being a white cross on red background.
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Kinds of
ItalianF
lagWar Flag Italian Emblem
The emblem comprises a white five-pointed
star, with a red border, superimposed on a
five-spoked cogwheel which stands between
an olive branch on its left and a branch of oak
on its right; the branches in turn are bound by
a red ribbon bearing the legend
"REPVBBLICA ITALIANA" (Italian Republic)
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Italian
National Anthem "Il Canto degli Italiani" (The Song of the Italians), was
written in 1847, with lyrics by Goffredo Mameli.
Subsequently, the song is often known as L'Inno diMameli (Mameli's Hymn). When Italy united as a
nation in 1861, the song was then known as the "March
of the House of Savoy" and it became the official
Anthem in 1947, one year after Italy was proclaimed aRepublic.
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Etymology
The term Italia was borrowed through greek from the oscan Vteli,
meaning "land of young cattle.
The bull was a symbol of the southern Italian tribes and was often
depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during
the Samnite Wars.
The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern
Italy: according to Antiochus of Syracuse, it defined the southern portion
of the Bruttium peninsula (modern Calabria). But by his
time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also
applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply
the name "Italia" to a larger region, but it was not until the time of theRoman conquests that the term was expanded to cover the entire
peninsula.
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City of Rome
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Government
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Ancient People of Italy
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Ancient People of Italy
1000 BC
most of the peoples in Italy were Indo-European, a term
that declares common origin (at least 10,000 years ago) of
people as different as Swedes and Iranians or Punjabis andSpaniards.
In Italy this meant that the speakers of Latin (hence Lazio,
the area around Rome) spoke a language like Oscan, the
language of their neighbors the Sabines, Samnites and
Campanians (Naples is in Campania).
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Ancient People of Italy
The Etruscans
Having mentioned Indo-European it is noteworthy that
this truly great ancient culture was not Indo-European.
Their language (written in an alphabet borrowed from theGreeks) has never been deciphered. At one time, scholars
thought they might have arrived in Italy long enough ago
to be called indigenous perhaps descendants of the
stone-age cave painters of 20,000 years ago
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Ancient People of Italy
The Greeks (Between 800 and 500 BC) The peoples of the Aegean peninsula and archipelago colonized portions
of Sicily and the southern Italian peninsula. Those settlements made up
Magna Grecia Greater Greece. There arose in Italy centers of Hellenic
culture, marketplaces for the ideas of Archimedes, Pythagoras andPlato, ideas that so influenced later Roman conquerors that today most
Europeans regard themselves as inheritors of a wondrous hybrid culture
called 'Greco-Roman'.
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Ancient People of Italy
Other peoples lived along the Tiber river; among
these were, of course, the Latini. There is confusing
historical overlap of Latini and Romans. Traditionally,
Rome is said to have been founded in 753 by
descendants of Aeneas, a refugee from the Trojan
War.
The Umbrians, too, have given their name to a
region of modern Italy. They fought and lostalongside of the Etruscans against the Greeks at the
famous battle of Cuma in the 6th century BC, a
defeat that marked the end of Etruscan power in
Italy. Back
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Ancient People of Italy
Sabines
Various accounts of The Abduction of the Sabine
Women show just how dangerous it was to live next-door to
Romulus & Sons. The proximity of the Sabines to Rome hasmade it difficult to identify their ruins with certainty,
although there are some from as early as the 9th century
BC. The Sabines were related to the Samnites to the south,
and they adopted writing from the Etruscans.
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Ancient People of Italy
The Samnites were an important sister tribe of the
Latins. Their capital was modern Benevento in
the rugged terrain east of Naples. At the time of the
first contacts between Roman and Samnite (around
350 BC), Samnium was larger than any other
contemporary state in Italy.
The Opicians lived in ancient Campania, the region
in which Naples is located. The Greeks, themselves,
wrote of having founded Cuma in Opicia. Pre-
Greek Opician items have, in fact, been found at
Cuma. The Opicians were a farming people and had
early contact with the Etruscans.Back
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Ancient People of Italy
The Siculians inhabited Sicily, migrating there from
Campania. Remains from 1000 BC have been found
that show the influence of the earlier great
Mycenaean culture of Crete. The Greeks later wrote
that they had received land from the Siculian King,Hyblon, to build a city. The ancient peoples of Sicily
were assimilated into Magna Grecia.
The Enotrians inhabited the Ionian and Tyrrhenian
coasts. The Greeks, upon their arrival in Italy,
regarded the Enotrians almost mythically, holding
them to be descended from the ancient pastoral
people of Arcadia Back
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Famous Places
The Pantheon The Pantheon stands as the mostcomplete Roman structure on earth,
having survived 20 centuries of
plunder, pillage and invasion.
The original Pantheon was arectangular temple built by Marcus
Vipsanius Agrippa, son-in-law of
Augustus, the first Roman emperor,
as part of a district renewal plan in
27-25 BC.The Pantheon contains the tombs of
Rafael and of several Italian Kings.
Pantheon is a Greek word meaning
"to honor all Gods."
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Famous Places
Roman Forum The Roman Forum (also
known as the Foro Romano, in
Italian, or just the Forum) is
one of the Top Ancient Sites inRome as well as one of the Top
Rome Attractions for visitors.
The Forum was the center of
political, religious, and
commercial life of ancient
Rome and provides insight into
the splendor that once was the
Roman Empire.
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Famous Places
The Capitoline Hill The Capitoline Museums in
Rome, or Musei Capitolini, were
established by Pope Clement
XII in 1734, making them thefirst museums in the world
open to the public. Actually
one museum spread out in two
buildings the Palazzo dei
Conservatori and the PalazzoNuovo the Capitoline houses
numerous artistic and
archeological treasures that
help to tell the story of Rome.
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Famous Places
Piazza Navona
It built as a stadium in the first
century for athletic contests
and chariot races, Piazza
Navona is lined with luxurious
cafes and Baroque palaces and
is the home to three lavish
fountains. It was laid out in the15th century on the ruins of the
stadium.
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Famous Places
The Palantine Hill The area of the Palatine is about 25acres. It is the central hill of the
seven hills of Rome. It was the first
hill area to become a settlement.
Much of the Palatine has not beenexcavated, except for the area
nearest the Tiber. The residence of
Augustus (and Tiberius, and
Domitian), the Temple of Apollo
and temples of Victory and theGreat Mother are there. The exact
location on the Palatine of Romulus'
home and the Lupercal cave are
unknown.
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Famous Places
Baths of Diocletian The Baths of Diocletian, oncecovering 32 acres, were the largest
public baths or thermae in ancient
Rome. Opened in 306 AD, the baths
were used for more than 200 yearsand accommodated up to 3000
bathers. Besides baths and pools,
there were two libraries, a garden,
and an exedra, probably used as a
theater, where Piazza dellaRepubblica is today. The baths were
richly decorated with marble,
sculptures, and floor mosaics.
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Famous Places
Baths of CarcallaAt the foot of the Aventine
hill are the monumental ruins
of the Baths of Caracalla,
used from the Second to Sixth
century AD. Taking a bathwas a social event for the
people of ancient Rome and
the huge complex could hold
up to 1600 bathers! Besidesbaths, they held an array of
facilities such as a gym, art
galleries, gardens, and shops
selling food and drinks.
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Famous Places
Trajans Market Trajan's Market are now believedby many to be administrative
offices for Emperor Trajan. The
shops and apartments were built in
a multi-level structure and you can
visit several of the levels. Highlights
inlcude delicate marble floors and
the remains of a library. The
new Museum of the Imperial
Forums houses a wealth of artifactsfrom all of ancient Rome's forums.
Trajan's Market is at Via Quattro
Novembre 94, closed on Mondays.
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Famous Places
Castel Sant AngeloIt is known to be one of the
most marvelous monuments
over the entire Rome. Whats
more, it can give you the most
fantastic panoramic views ofTiber.
Castel Sant Angelo has
become the haven of numerous
popes, as it contains apassageway going to the
Vatican, as well as Roman
emperors. This massive structure
also served as Roman fortress.
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Famous Places
CatacombsCatacombs are interesting
burial places in Italy and
some of the best are in Rome.
Mazes of underground
tunnels were used to bury
thousands of bodies and
some of them are open to the
public for tours. Here are thebest places to visit catacombs
in Rome.
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Italy
A. Culture
B. Daily Life
C. Cuisine
D. Latin Literature
E. Money
F. Religion
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Culture
Identity
The Italians identify first with their village, this is
known as "Campanilismo" - that area visible from the
bell tower of the church in their village. "Campanile"meaning bell tower.
But first and foremost Italians give priority to
themselves, then their families, the village, province,
region, and finally the country.
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Culture
Italian Family and Values
The family is the centre of the social structure and
provides a stabilizing influence for its members.
. In the north, generally only the nuclear family livestogether; while in the south, the extended family often
resides together in one house.
. The family provides both emotional and financial
support to its members.
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Culture
Italian Style
- Appearances matter in Italy.
- The way you dress can indicate your social status,
your family's background, and your education level.- First impressions are lasting impressions in Italy. The
concept of 'bella figura' or good image is important to
Italians. They unconsciously assess another person's age
and social standing in the first few seconds of meetingthem, often before any words are exchanged.
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Culture
Italian Style
- Clothes are important to Italians.
- They are extremely fashion conscious and judge
people on their appearance.- You will be judged on your clothes, shoes, accessories
and the way you carry yourself.
Bella figura is more than dressing well. It extends to
the aura your project too - i.e. confidence, style,demeanour, etc.
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Culture
Catholicism
- The primary religion in Italy is Roman Catholic.
- There are more Catholic churches per capita in Italy
than in any other country.- Although church attendance is relatively low, the
influence of the church is still high.
- Many office buildings will have a cross or a religious
statue in the lobby.- Each day of the year has at least one patron saint
associated with it.
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Culture
Catholicism
- Children are named for a particular saint and
celebrate their saint's day as if it were their own
birthday.
- Each trade and profession has a patron saint.
- The church promulgates hierarchy, which can be
seen in all Italian relationships.
- They respect and defer to those who are older, thosewho have achieved a level of business success, and
those who come from well-connected families
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Daily Life
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Money
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Italian Deities
Anteros
Italian-Roman god of love
and passion. He was,specifically, the god of
mutual love and would
punish those who did not
return love.
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Italian Deities
Aradia
Italian witch goddess. She
came to earth to teach hermother Diana's magic.
Symbolizes the air element,
the moon.
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Italian Deities
Astraea
Italian goddess of truth andjustice. Also known as
Astria.
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Italian Deities
Carmen
Italian goddess of spellcasting and
enchantments.
Cel
Italian god of death and the
underworld.
Comus
Italian god of revelry, drinking, and
feasting.
Copia
Italian goddess of wealth plenty.
Corvus
Italian messenger god.
Fauna
Italian goddess of the earth, wildlife,
forests, and fertility. Symbolizes
prosperity as well.
Faunus
Roman and Italian god of woodlands.Symbolizes love. Also known as
Pan [Greek].
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Italian Deities
Frebruus
Italian god of purification,
initation, and of the dead.
Fortuna
Italian goddess of fortune, fate,
destiny, blessings, luck, and fertility.
Often invoked when one wants to
receive money by chance, like in a
lottery or contest.
Jana
Italian goddess of the moon.
Jove
Italian-Roman sky god.
Lethns
Italian earth and nature deity.
Invoke during sky, water, or
element of earth, or for divination.
Lucifer
Italian god of sun and light.Brother and soulmate of Diana,
father of Aradia.
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Italian Deities
Lucina
Italian goddess of childbirth.
Lupercus
Italian god of agriculture, wolf-
god.
Marica
Italian goddess of agriculture.
NoxItalian goddess of the night.
Pertunda
Italian goddess of sexual love.
Umbria
Italian goddess of shadows and
things which are hidden or secret.
Uni
Italian goddess of witchcraft.
Vertumnus
Roman-Italian god of fruits.
VirbiusItalian god of outlaws and
outcasts; the guardian of
sanctuaries.
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Famous Places
The Colosseum of Rome The Colosseum, sometimes
spelled "Coliseum", was built
between 70 and 82 AD in the
heart of Rome. It was called
the Amphitheatrum Flavium
or Flavian Amphitheater
because it was built by the
the Flavian emperors,
Vespasian and Titus. Some sayis was able to hold 87,000
spectators, but more likely it
was around 50,000, still
monumental for the time.
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