anatomy: muscular systemhome.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ana... · cardiac...

In the name of God

Anatomy:

Muscular System

Moradian MD, MPH, PhD candidate

Tehran University of Medical Sciences

drmoradian@sums.ac.ir

Anatomical Terminologyتعاريف آناتىميک

superiorفىقاني •inferiorتحتاني •

anteriorقدامي •

posteriorخلفي •

midlineخط وسط •

midclavicularوسط ترقوه اي•

supine خىابيده بو پشت •

prone خىابيده بو رو •

خىابيده بو پهلى••

medial داخلي •

lateral خارجي •

distal دور •

proximal نسديک •

Adductionنسديك كردن بو تنو •

Abductionدور كردن از تنو •

Flexion( روي مفصل)خم كردن•

Extension( مفصل) بازكردن•

2http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp

Movement:

Flexion and Extension

Flexion

Bending or

decreasing angle

between bones

Extension

Straightening or

increasing angle

between bones

Hyperextension

Extension beyond a

normal limit

Elbow joint flexedFlexor muscles contractedExtensor muscles relaxed

Elbow joint extendedExtensor muscles contracted

Flexor muscles relaxed

biceps

triceps

Section through arm

Flexormuscles

Extensor muscles

HumerusBone

______- Muscle that bends the joint when

contracted.

________- Muscle that straightens the joint

when contracted.

Flexor

Extensor

Flexion

Extension

Lateral flexion

Rotation

Movements of the spine

Movement:

Abduction and Adduction

Abduction (ab = “away”)

Moving away from the

midline in the coronal

Adduction (ad = “to”)

Moving toward the

midline in the coronal

Abduction-Adduction

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Pronation- Supination

Rotation

Movement:

In, Out, Up and Down

Retrusion vs. Protrusion Elevation vs. Depression

Movement:

Extremity Movements

Opposition vs. reposition

Eversion vs. inversion

Supination vs. pronation

Muscle

Is responsible for almost all the movements in animals

3 types

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

Involuntarycontrolled byautonomicnervous system

Skeletal muscle(aka striped orstriated muscle)

voluntarycontrolled bysomatic nervoussystem

Types of Muscle Tissue

There are three main types of muscle tissue

Skeletal(striated)

Cardiac(heart)

Smooth(visceral)

Comparison of Muscle Types

Muscle Type Cardiac

FunctionMovement of

Walls of internal

organs + in skinLocationAttached to bone Heart

SmoothSkeletal

Striated- light and

dark bands

Many nuclei

Striated

One or two nucleiCharacteristicsNon-striated

One nucleus

(visceral)

Long + slender BranchingShape Spindle shape

Control Mode

Beating of heart

Involuntary Involuntary

Movement of

internal organs

Voluntary

Muscles & the Skeleton

Skeletal muscles cause the skeleton to

move at joints

They are attached to skeleton by tendons.

Tendons transmit muscle force to the

Tendons are made of collagen fibres & are

very strong & stiff

Antagonistic Muscle Action

Muscles are either contracted or relaxed

When contracted the muscle exerts a pullingforce, causing it to shorten

Since muscles can only pull (not push), theywork in pairs called antagonistic muscles

The muscle that bends the joint is called theflexor muscle

The muscle that straightens the joint iscalled the extensor muscle

The best known example of antagonistic

muscles are the bicep & triceps muscles

Muscle Movement

______- Muscle that bends the joint when

contracted.

________- Muscle that straightens the joint

when contracted.

__________ muscle

is short, firm, tight

and thicker around.

_______ muscle is

stretched, long, loose

and thinner around.

Flexor

Extensor

Relaxed

Contracted

Macroscopic Structure of Muscle

_________- attaches muscle to bone

_______- attachment of muscle to immovable (fixed) bone (anchors muscle)

________- attachment to bone that moves when muscle contracts

_____- bulging middle part of the muscle

Belly of

Biceps

Tendon

Origin

Insertion

Muscle + Bone Interaction

• Ligament

• Tendon

• Cartilage

• Body (Belly)

• Origin

• Insertion

• Contracted muscle

• Relaxed muscle

• Flexor

• Extensor

Muscle

Filaments

Myofibrils

Muscle Fibers

Fascicle

Muscles are made up of bundles

of muscle fibers, called fascicles

Fascicle is a bundle of muscle

fibers

A muscle fiber is a muscle

cell….made up of many

small myofibrils

Myofibrils

contain filaments

Two types of

protein

filaments

Muscle Structure

• Each muscle fibre is actually a single muscle cell

• These giant cells have many nuclei

• Their cytoplasm is packed full of myofibrils

• These are bundles of protein filaments that cause contraction

• Sarcoplasm (muscle cytoplasm) also contains mitochondria to provide energy for contraction

nuclei stripes myofibrils

Muscle Tissue

AnatomyWhat parts do you

remember?

1. Muscle

2. Fascicle

(bundle of fibers)

3. Muscle fiber

(muscle cell)

4. Myofibrils3

Head and Neck

عضالت سرو گردنMasseter جونده

Temporalis گیجگاهی

Pterygoid medial/Lateral

Sternocleidomastoid

پستانی-چنبری-جناغی

Frontalis

Sternocleidomastoid

Biceps barchii

Brachioradialis

Brachialis

Triceps barchii

Subscapularis

Infra spinatus

Supra spinatus

نواحي دست

Cubital fossa

Tenar area

HypoTenar area

Upper Extremity

BrachialisOrigin: distal anterior

humerus

Insertion: ulnar

tuberosity and coronoid

process

Innervation:

musculocutaneous

Action: elbow flexion

CoracobrachialisOrigin: coracoidprocess

Insertion: medial humerus opposite deltoid tuberosity

Innervation: musculocutaneousnerve

Action: shoulder flexion

BrachioradialisOrigin: lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

Insertion: lateral aspect of radial styloid process

Innervation: radial nerve

Action: elbow flexion, especially w/ forearm in neutral position

Triceps brachiiOrigin: long head from inferior glenoid rim, lateral head from posterior humeral ridge, medial head from distal 2/3 of posteromedial humerus

Insertion: olecranonprocess

Action: elbow extension

AnconeusOrigin: lateral epicondyle

of humerus

Insertion: lateral aspect of

olecranon and posterior

Action: assists elbow

extension

Deltoid

Supra spinatus

Infra spinatus

Supra spinatus muscle

Subscapularis

:چرخش بازو به خارج

تحت خاری

گرد کوچک

:چرخش بازو به داخل

گرد بزرگ

ساب اسکاپوالریس

پهن پشتی

Flexor/pronator group

Pronator teres

Flexor carpi radialis

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Flexor digitorum profundus

Palmaris longus

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Pronator Teres

Origin: common flexor

tendon at medial

epicondyle and medial

coronoid process

Insertion: lateral surface

of radial shaft

Innervation: median

Action: forearm

pronation

Flexor Carpi Radialis

tendon at medial

epicondyle

Insertion: base of 2nd

and 3rd metacarpals

Innervation: median

Action: flexes and

abducst/radial deviate

the wrist

Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

Origin: common flexor tendon at medial epicondyle and proximal 2/3 of posterior ulnar border

Insertion: pisiform, hamate and 5th

metacarpal

Innervation: ulnar

Action: flexes and adducts/ulnar deviate the wrist

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

Origin: common flexor tendon at medial epicondyle, medial aspect of coronoid process and oblique line of radius

Insertion: sides of middle phalanges of 2nd

– 5th digits

Innervation: median nerve

Action: flexes PIP joints, assists flexion of MCP and wrist joints 58http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp

Flexor Digitorum Profundus

Origin: anteriomedial proximal ulna

Insertion: bases of distal phalanges (anteriorly) of 2nd-5th

digits

Innervation: 1st and 2nd

tendons by anterior interosseous nerve (median nerve), 3rd and 4th tendons by ulnar nerve

Action: flexes DIP joints, assists in flexion of PIP and MCP joints 59http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp

Palmaris Longus

Present in approximately

70% of population

tendon at medial

epicondyle

Insertion: palmar

aponeurosis

Action: flexes wrist and

tenses palmar

aponeurosis

Supinator

Extensor carpi radialis

longus

Extensor carpi radialis

brevis

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Extensor digitorum

Extensor/supinator group

Supinator

Origin: lateral

epicondyle, annular

ligament/RCL and

supinator crest of ulna

Insertion: lateral

proximal 1/3 of radius

Innervation: posterior

interosseous nerve

(deep branch of radial

nerve)

Action: forearm

supination 62http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp

Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus

Origin: lateral

supracondylar ridge of

humerus

Insertion: dorsal base of

2nd metacarpal

Action: extend and

abduct/radial deviate

the wrist

Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis

Origin: common

extensor tendon at

lateral epicondyle

Insertion: dorsal base of

3rd metacarpal

Action: extend and

abduct/radial deviate

the wrist

Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

Origin: common

extensor tendon at

lateral epicondyle

Insertion: ulnar side of

base of 5th metacarpal

Action: extend and

adduct/ulnar deviate the

Extensor Digitorum

Origin: common tendon

from lateral epicondyle

Insertion: bases of

middle and distal

phalanges via bands of

4 tendons

Action: MCP/IP joint

extension

Trunk Musclesعضالت تنه و پشت

Trapezius ذوزنقه

Latissmus dorsi پهن پشتی

Pectoralis major/ minor کوچک /سینه ای بزرگ

Serratus anterior دندانه ای قدامی

Obliques Externus/ internus داخلی /مایل خارجی

Transversus abdominis عرضی شکم

Rectus abdominis مستقیم شکمی

Diaphragmahttp://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp 68

http://www.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp69

Posterior

Muscles

Latissmus dorsi

Serratus

Rectus

abdominis

Obliques Externus

Pectoralis Minor

Trapezius

Latissmus dorsi

Deltoid

Supra spinatus

Infra spinatus

Lower Extremityعضالت پا

Quadriceps femoris

Gluteus maximums

Biceps Femoris

Tibialis Anterior

Triceps surae

Popliteal Fossa

Posterior Muscles of

Lower Extremity

Gluteus maximums

Quadriceps femoris

Hamsrtring MusclesBiceps femoris Semimembranosus Semitendinosus

Biceps femoris

Hip flexor stretch

Release soleus

Location of

Muscles

Skeletal

Muscles

Rectus abdominis

Quadriceps Group

External Obliques

Frontalis

Masseter

Tibialis Anterior

DeltoidPectoralis Majorbiceps brachii

Brachioradialis

Location

of Muscles

Skeletal

Muscles

Posterior

Hamstring

Trapezius

Hamstring

Gastrocnemius

Latissimus dorsi

Gluteus

maximus

Triceps brachii

Muscles You Need to Know• 1. brachioradialis

• 2. biceps brachii

• 3. deltoid

• 4. external oblique

• 5. frontalis

• 6. gastrocnemius

• 7. gluteus maximus

• 8. hamstring group

• 9. latissimus dorsi

• 10. masseter

• 11. pectoralis major

• 12. quadriceps group

• 13. rectus abdominis

• 14. tibialis anterior

• 15. trapezius

• 16. triceps brachii

You can see Mount Damavand on the Karkas mountains at 300 Km

distance- Iran

anatomy: muscular systemhome.sums.ac.ir/~moradij/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/ana... · cardiac...

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