an introduction to ontologies

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quando sarò grande voglio diven

tare una brava attrice

???

quand je serai grand je

vais devenir une bonne

actrice

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What if they knew English??

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Same language, but different words for the same thing

“The printer near me” What does “near” means to “me”?

“X is at the bank” › river bank?› financial institution?(paradigm taken by ‘Cyc 101 Tutorial’, OpenCyc.org)

“Y is running”› Changing location?› Operating?(paradigm taken by ‘Cyc 101 Tutorial’, OpenCyc.org)

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…accessing heterogeneous data and information sources

.. input in natural language and output in machine-readable language

…increasing interoperability between systems

…clearly defined semantics

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Semantic Web – Web 3.0 Taxonomies Folksonomies Thesauri Controlled vocabularies Metadata

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Philosophy: the study of being (Plato, 400BC approx; Aristotle, 350 BC approx.)

Computer science: a formal, explicit specification of a shared conceptualisation (Gruber, 1993)

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Languages› Representation

Web Ontology Language (OWL) Resource Description Framework (RDF) Rule Interchange Format (RIF) CycL

› Markup eXtensible Markup Language (XML)

› Querying ARQL SPAQL

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Protege: ontology editor & knowledge-base framework › Languages: RDF, OWL, XML schema› http://protege.stanford.edu/

OpenCyc : the open source version of the Cyc Knowledge Base› Language: CycL› http://www.opencyc.org

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Classes, sub-classes Properties (attributes) Individuals (instances)

In order to model the domain knowledge

domain: requirements engineering10/04/23Anna Mavroudi 10

Figure taken by protégé OWL tutorial

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Figures taken by protégé OWL tutorial

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An ontology explains: What the domain concepts are How they are related Why they are related

ReasoningInference

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…are continuously evolving and might be complex & conflicting

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…need to be well-documented

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Requirements descriptions should be:

ConsistentStructurally complete

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Treceability Readability while maintaining Consistency

in requirements specification

Ontologies provide a mechanism of automated support of propagation of changes

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specification change management Specification Traceability Conflicts Impact analysis

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World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)http://www.w3.org/

Semantic Webhttp://www.w3.org/standards/semanticweb/

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The ‘Amigo ICCS’ ontology, part of ‘Service Description Vocabulary Ontologies’, Amigo projecthttps://gforge.inria.fr/frs/?group_id=160

The ‘DP-1.29’ ontology, Nokiahttp://sw.nokia.com/schemas/nokia/DP-1.29.owl

The ‘Travel’, ontology, Protégé Ontology libraryhttp://protege.cim3.net/file/pub/ontologies/travel/travel.owl

The ‘ExecutionRequirements’ ontologyhttp://www.isi.edu/ikcap/Wingse/executionRequirements.owl

The ‘Requirements’ ontology, part of the ‘Engineering Ontologies’http://protegewiki.stanford.edu/wiki/Engineering_ontologies

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All comics are taken by Dilbert, http://www.dilbert.com/

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