an intro to 4d

A short seminar on

4D and its applications

By- Pramit Jain

INTRODUCTION

4D opened one new door for imagination and challenge, creating new types of technology and design.

4D - “the dynamic form resulting from the design of the behavior of artifacts and people in relation to each other and their environment”.

4D SPACE

Mathematically, four-dimensional space ("4D") is an abstract concept derived by generalizing the rules of three-dimensional space.

Algebraically it is generated by applying the rules of vectors and coordinate geometry to a space with four dimensions.

A vector with four elements (a 4-tuple) can be used to represent a position in four-dimensional space.

4D SPACE

A four-dimensional space is simply a space with four spatial dimensions, which is a space that needs four parameters to specify a point in it- Euclidian space.

. For example a general point might have position vector a, equal to

4D SPACE

This can be written in terms of the four standard basis vectors (e1, e2, e3, e4), given by

So the general vector a is

Vectors add, subtract and scale as in three dimensions.

What is 4D ?

Scientifically speaking, the 4th dimension is said to be time. There are 3 spatial dimensions (x,y,z) and one temporal dimension-time. In common use 4D generally refers to coordinates in 3D space/time.

This dimension is being implemented in various fields of film making, aerospace, medical, computing etc.

VIEWING IN 4D

Four-dimensional viewing is the process of projecting a 4D scene onto a 3D region, which can then be viewed with regular 3D rendering methods.

Viewing parameters for the 4D to 3D projection are similar to those for 3D to 2D viewing.

In the 4D viewing model, we need to define the from-point. This is conceptually the same as the 3D from-point, except that the 4D from-point resides in four-space.

VIEWING IN 4D

The from-point and the to-point together define the line of sight for the 4D scene.

The orientation of the image view is specified by the up-vector plus an additional vector called the over-vector. Up-vector, over-vector and line of sight must all be linearly independent.

RAY-TRACING ALGORITHM

Ray tracing solves several rendering problems in a straight-forward manner, including hidden surfaces, shadows, reflection, and refraction.

It can handle any object that can be interrogated  to find the intersection point of a given ray with the surface of the object.

RAY-TRACING ALGORITHM

          The main loop in the raytracing algorithm shoots rays from the viewpoint through a grid into the scene space.

As a ray is “fired” from the viewpoint through the grid, it gathers light information by back propagation.

In this way raytracing approximates the light rays that scatter throughout the scene and enter the eye by tracing the rays back from the viewpoint to the light sources.

BASICS OF 4D DESIGN

4D designs stresses the relationships of people to the material forms, and to each other within the spaces, whether these are pre-mediated by the professional designer or spontaneously designed by the users of the spaces.

It considers- 4D Virtual Design and Dynamic 4D.

VIRTUAL DESIGN

Interactive information points Computer games On-line shopping Interactive television programmes Computer flight simulations Metamorphic internet site design

DYNAMIC 4D PRODUCTS

From the dynamic lighting designs in a discotheque or office using computer control technology

To the ‘staging’ of Rave concerts.

From the Fire Alarm that shouts “Fire on the first floor”

DYNAMIC 4D PRODUCTS

From the ‘smart’ focusing of a domestic video camera

And automatic doors that open as you approach.

To solar heat collectors that create imaginative visual effects on buildings as they follow the path of the sun across the sky using robotics technology.

DISCIPLINES IN 4D DESIGN

It depends on the exact nature of the problem.

DISCIPLINES IN 4D DESIGN

VOLOCITY- a new dimension

For high performance imaging.

Provides the scientist with an interactive volume visualization system that will run on a standard desktop computer.

Volume interactivity is the key to providing the user with an enhanced perception of depth and realism. Interactivity also allows the scientist to rapidly explore and understand large volumes of data.

VOLOCITY

First true color 4D rendering system designed for biomedical imaging.

Uses new highly advanced algorithms to provide

high-speed, easy to use, interactive rendering of time resolved color 3D volumes.

Allows the user to visualize a 3D object and then observe and interact with it over time

VOLOCITY ACQUISITION

Designed for high performance acquisition of 3D sequences.

Provides easy to use, high speed image capture capability and is compatible with a range of scientific grade cameras and microscopes.

Acquisition incorporates a unique parallel processing   and

video streaming architecture. This technology is designed to acquire image sequences direct to hard disk at the maximum frame rate possible from each supported camera.

VOLOCITY ACQUISITION

Fast and highly interactive volume exploration in 3D and 4D.  

High speed parallel imaging and video streaming architecture.

Fly-through rendering for visualizing events inside biological structures.

Real time Auto Contrast for fast focusing and acquisition. Intuitively easy to use for increased productivity. Object classification, measurement and tracking in all

dimensions. High quality restoration of confocal and wide field

microscope images.

4D Film Making

Combining a 3-D film with physical effects in the theatre, which occur in synchronization with the film.

Films include rain, wind, strobe lights, and vibration. Water sprays and air jets are also common.

Wind blowing, water spraying, leg and back ticklers,

is usually considered as a 4-D experience.

4D Aroma-space/ Smell-O-Vision

Aroma space- Technology that provides platform for 4D experience.

Allows people to smell odors and aromas from the film via scratch and sniff cards.

Smell-O-Vision, created by Hans Laube, process injected 30 different smells into a movie theatre’s seats when triggered by the film’s soundtrack.

4D Aroma-space/ Smell-O-Vision

Scratch and sniff is created through the process of micro encapsulation.

Have been used in films like “polyester” and “Spy Kids “.

The desired smell is surrounded by micro-capsules that break easily when gently rubbed.

4D Ultrasound Scanning

A new dimension in medical imaging, represents the difference between a video and a still photograph.

The entirely digital platform and very fast processors cope with the large volume of data required to reconstruct 3D images again and again, giving the impression of a moving image.

4D Ultrasound Scanning

4D ultrasound takes multiple 2-dimensional ultrasound images, creates a three dimensional image and adds the element of time to the process.

Machine utilizes a colored image rather than black and white,

which provides any viewers with a more realistic portrait of the fetus.

4D cardiac is used for real time imaging of the structures of the heart to help diagnose congenital heart disease.

Provides three different axis concurrently as well as a composite view of the heart in real time

4D Ultrasound Scanning

The 4D scan displays 4 dimensions as height, width, depth and movement of the baby.

4D scan is also referred to as "Live 3D" as the 4th dimension is time which is the actual movement of the baby.

4D IN AIRCRAFT NAVIGATION

Replaces the concept of Air Traffic Control with Trajectory Management.

Allows the controller to send little messages to the flying plane that will notify what route he’ll be directed to and at what time should he be at a certain fix.

Message can be automatically added to the plane’s flight management system

4D IN AIRCRAFT NAVIGATION

Allowing on-time scheduling Allowing closer aircraft spacing for arrivals Allowing continuous descent approaches Protection of environment

Cinema 4D- A TOOL

A 3D modeling, animation and rendering application developed by MAXON Computer of Germany.

Capable of procedural and polygonal/modeling, animating, lighting, texturing, rendering, and common features found in 3d modeling applications.

Application relies on widely used computer 3D technology which works by creating groups of "points" (known as vertices) who form surfaces when connected.

Cinema 4D- A TOOL

When a scene is finished it is normally rendered. Rendering refers to the act of calculating the scene, the shading, the colors and the textures.

It then saves the project in many different file formats including high resolution image and video files (such as AVI or QuickTime).

CINEMA 4D has its own programming language,

C.O.F.F.E.E., to develop platform independent plug-ins.

Thank U….!!!