amnesty bericht syrien 1983
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an amnesty international briefing
Human rights violations:
Political arrests and preventive
detentions under 20-year-old
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ana
First issued November 1983
Amnesty International Publications1 Easton Street
London WC1X 11D.1
United Kingdom
AI Index: AIDE 24/13/83ISBN: 0 86210 065 8
Copyright Amnesty International Publications. Original langu age English. All rights reserved. No part
of this publication may be reproduced. stored in a retrieval system. or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, ph otocopying, recording and /or otherwise, without the prior permission of
the publishers.
Printed by Redesign, 9 London Lane, London Et
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HIS brie fing is part of Amnesty International's worldwide campaign for the international protectio nof human rights.
Throughout the world thousa nds of people are in prison because of their beliefs. Many are held withoutcharge or trial. Torture and executions are widespread. In many countries men, women and children have disappea red after being taken into official custody . Still others have been put to death without anypretence of legality: selected and killed by governments and their agents.
These abuses—taking place in countries of widely differing ideologies— demand an internationalresponse. The protection of human rights is a un iversal responsibilit y, transcending the boundaries ofnation, race and belief. This is the fundamental principle upon which the work of A mnesty International isba sed.
Ma ny thousands of people have been arbitrarily arrested and detained withoutch arge or trial in Syria since the country's state of emergency came into force morethan 20 years ago. There have also been reports of torture, disappearances andextrajudicial executions carried out by the security forces .
The targets of these human rights abuses have come from a wide range of back-
grounds and have included a former President, former governm ent ministers, tradeunionists, traders, doctors, lawyers and students—and even a number of children.
On 26 April this year l su bmitted a memorandu m on its concerns to the SyrianGo vernment and subsequently offered to publish any comments it had. No responsewas received. A 72-page Rep ort from mne sty Interna tional to the Governme nt of th eSyrian rab Republic based on the memorandum was published on 16 November.The following material is based on the report.
In
Amnesty Internatio nal is a worldwide movement independent of any government , political persuasionor religious creed. It plays a specific role in the international protection of human rights:
it seeks the elease of prisoner s of conscience These are people de tainedfor their beliefs, colour, sex, ethnic origin, language or religion who have
not used or advocated vio lence;it works for air and prompt trials or all po litical prisonerc and on beha lfof political prisoners detained without charge or trial;
it opposes the death pen alty and orture or other cruel, inh uman ordegrading treatment or punishment of all prisoners wit hout reservation.
Amnesty International is impartial. It does not suppo rt or oppose any government or po litical system,nor does it support or oppose the views of the prisoners whose rights it seeks to protect. It is concernedsolely with the protect ion of the human rights involved in each case, regardless of the ideology of thegovernment or the beliefs of the victims.
Syrian security forces have practised
systematic violations of human
rights, including torture and political
killings, and have been oper ating
with impun ity under the coun try's
emergency laws.
There is overwhelming evidence
that thousands of Syrians not
involved in violence hav e been
harassed and wrongfully detained
without chance of appeal an d in
some cases have been tortured;
others are reporte d to have dis-
ap peared or to have been the vic-
titns of extra judicial killings car ried
out by the security forces.
Amnesty International, as a matter of princip le, condemns the torture and execution of prisoners byanyone, including opposit ion groups. Governments have the re sponsibility for dealing w ith suchabu ses, acting in conformity with international standards for the p rotection of human rights.
Amnesty Internat ional does norgrade governments according to their record on human rights: insteadof attemptin g comparisons it concentrates on trying to end the specific viola t ions of human rights ineach case.
•
Amnesty International has an active worldwide membership, open to anyone who supports its goals.Through its network of members and supporters Amnesty Internation al takes up individual cases,mobilizes public opinion and seeks improved internatio nal standards for the protect ion of prisoners.
Mijali Nasrawin . . . in his 13th year
of preventiv e detention withou t
charge or tri al. A lawy er, aged 44,
and a form er member of the N ational
Command of Syri a's ruling Ba'th
Party , he is held in al-Mene military
pr ison, Dama scus, and is one of a
group of people who either serve d in
or were connected with the previous
Syr ian Government and were arrested
reportedly for refusing to cooperate
with the present rulers. During the
early part of their imprisonmen t they
are reported to have been tortured
and denied medical treatment.
Amnesty Internationa l's work is based on the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Theorganizat ion has formal relat ions with the United Nations (ECOSOC), UNESCO, the Council of Europe,the Organizat ion of African Unity and the Organization of American States.
for iner 12 years and another 300 held
for between two and nine years.
On ce arrested, political sus pects face
indefinite incommu nicado de tention and
Pattern of arrests/W s new repor t on Syria describes a
pa ttern of arbitrary arrests by the secu rity
forces using the State of Emergenc y Law
which has been in force throughout the
count ry for mor e than 20 years. Syrian
cit izens are liable to arb itrary arrest or
abduction and no one can depend on the
pro tection of the law, the report says.
A/ h as collected the names of over
3,5(X) people reported arrested and
detained without trial in a two-year
pe riod up to Dec ember 1981 . Arrests on
th is scale result from the power security
forces have to seize any suspect at any
time without immed iate refere nce to a
cent ral aut hority.
The organiza tion has received repo rts
of relatives being hel d hostage while
security forces sough t political suspects.
Suc h hostages have included wives and
you ng children —and in one case three
relatives were held hos tage in det ention
for six years before being released in
1980.
Those arrested may be held without
charge or trial for year s—at the end of
Octobe r, was w orking for the release
of 17 p eople held in preventive detention
possible tortu re. Even their whereab outs
may rema in secret.
,41's report list s 23 meth ods of ill-
treatment and torture reported by forme r
de tainees, including electric sho cks,
burnings, whippings with braided steel
cable, sexual violations and the forcing
of detainees to watch relatives be ing
tortured or sexually assaulted.
Ext rac ts from testimonies by 12 former
de tainees who alleged torture are cited in
the report. They include a 15-yea r-old
schoolboy who said he had been whipped
and that his interrogator had threatene d
to gouge out his eyes if he did not rev eal
his father's whereabou ts.
Another former de tainee desc ribes a
sound-proofed torture cha mber in
Aleppo equipped with torture tools ,
inc luding electrical appa ratus, pinc ers,
scissors, a machine used for sexu al viol-
ation and an imp lem ent for ripping out
finger-nails .
Persistent allegations
- 1he extent, consistency and deta il of
the allegations which AI has received
persistently over the years —some sup-
po rted by medical evidence—lead s the
organiza tion to concl ude that torture is
frequent ly inflicted in the course of inte r-
roga ting arrested individu als, both in
order to ext ract a conf ession and as a
punishm en t.
Al is concerned also about reported
dis app earances in Syria as well as
abou t political killing of selected indi-
viduals or groups by the security forces
who have also rep ortedly been respon-
sible for the killing abroad of several
oppo nents of the Syrian Government .
1he repor t cites six cases of alleged
mass po litical killings said to have been
car ried out by the authorities between
Ma rch 1980 and February 19 82.A/ be lieves there is an urgent need for
the Syrian authorities to contr ol, super-
vise and monitor the act ivities of the
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2 SYRIA BRIEFING SYRIA BRIEFING
sectiruY forces, V. hose noviers under the
country's emergency legislation have
he en wArd tor Aidespread idolmions UIhuman rights
Security forcenetw orks
State ofEmergency
Law
al-Men e prison, Damascus, and fled to
Iraq. Seven of his relat ives were arrested
immediately afterwards —four were held
for up to a year and three were held for
six years befor e being released.
More recently , four bro thers, 'AM al-
Qassim, 'Abd al-Majid andSatoh, were deta ined in J une 1980 while
Military Intelligence searched for theirbrother, 'Abd al-Jalil, who had fled the
country. At the time of the 41 report's
go ing to press, they were reportedly still
in detentio n— but the rest of the family
did not know their whereabou ts.
Detention witho uttrial
Ka me l Hussein, former Syrian ambassa-
dor to Fran ce and m ember of the Regiona lCom mand of the Syrian Ba'th Part y
. . . he has be en held under preYentive
det ention sin ce mid-I971.
Dr Nour al-Din al-Atassi, former Pres i-
dent and Prime Min ister of Syria andSe cre tary Gene ral of the Syrian Belli
Party, has been heldwithout charge ortrial for more than12 y ears at a l-Meznmilitary p rison, Dam ascus. He is one of
17 detained former governm ent officialswhos e release 4 1 is at pr esent seek ing—all have been held under pre ventivedetention s ince ate 1970-early 1971.
any respons e and partly for fear of
reprisals by the local security forces.
-The thousands of arbitrary arrests
and dete ntions of political suspec ts
in Syria have bee n carried out unde r
the State of Eme rgency IAD SEE)
which has been in force since March
1963.
Under this law "all powers of
internal and external security" are
put at the dispos al of a Martial Law
Governo r (the Prime Minister) who
is appo inted by the Pre sident. The
Martial Law Governor delegat es
emergenc y functions to the Minister
of the Interior, who in turn fulfils
the role of Deputy Martial Law
Governor .
The se two officials may iss ue "written
orders" for, am ong other things:
"The placing of res trictions on free-
dom of ind ividuals with respec t to meet-
ings, residence, travel and passage in
spe cific places or at pa rticular times.
Pre ventive arrest of anyone suspected of
endangering public security and order.
Authorization to investigate persons and
pla ces . Delegation of any person to per-
form any of these task s" (Article 4a of
the SEL).
entand torture
Th ere are several security force net-
works in Syria, ea ch with its own
branches, detention cells and inter-rogation centres throu gh out the
co untry, and eac h po ssessing its
ow n intelligence se rvice.
These networks ope rate indepen -
dently and ther e appear to be no
clear boundarie s to the ir areas of
jurisdiction.
For example, the activities of al-Muk hah arat af'Askariyya Military
Inte lligence) have not been limited to
matters affecting the armed forces but
have inc luded the arrest and interroga tion
of me mbers of prohibited political parties
and , after April 1980 , of mem bers of
medical and enginee rs' associ ations.
Th e Sar aya al D ifa an al-Thaw ra(Brigades for the Defenc e of the Revol-
ution), hea ded by the President's brother,
Rif'at al-Assad, and said to have betweenI 5, (XX ) and 25,0 00 members, are bas ed in
Dam ascus pri marily to protect the Presi-
dent—but they were reportedly active in
Aleppo during house-to-hous e search es
in March 1980 and are also alleged tohav e taken part in a mas sacre of prisoners
at Palmyra (Tadmur ) prison in June
1980.
l'he Sa raya al D tfa' are described by anumber of Syrians as being above the
law of the land and answerab le only to
Rif'at al-Assad.
Al has received reports that me mbers
of these forces are reg ularly sen t abroad
to monito r the activities of Syrian politi-
cal exiles and to impede such activities
throu gh haras sment and even vio lence.
Arresting age ntsArticle 4a therefore permit s wide powers
of arrest and preventive detention to be
delegated to members of the security
forces—w ho carry out most arrests of a
po litical nature in Syria.
3
my body, mv head and my legs with a
hraided cop per cable until I passed
out He threw wate r on me to revive
me and continued to beat me. They
ca rried me bac k to the cell as I could
not move. On the third day they
applied electricity. Hies: tied me down
on a piece of wood cut into the shape
of a human and used electricity to
torture me."
(Student from Aleppo detained from7 A ugust to 3 September 1980.)
"Th ey raised my feet and caned
the m until they bled . kicked me,
strapped and blindfolded, from the
top of the stairs to the bottom .
applied electricity to the sens itive parts
of my body."
(S hopkeeper from Aleppo detainedfrom 5 to 26 May 1980.)
"My hands and feet were tied and
my feet whipped until they became
swollen. My torturer threa tened togoug e out my eyes if I did not tell
them where my father was .
(15-year -old schoolboy held for two
days in August 1979.)
"I was stripped naked. I was put in
t he dul lah and caned. My wrists were
then tied and I was hung up and
whipped on my back and all ov er my
body. . . Next day I was strapped to
a w oode n apparatus nicknamed Bisatal-Rih (flying carpet) and caned and
whipped. I was bea ten on the toes
until my nails fell out."
(A tra der detained from January to
Apri l 1980.)
"Th e torture room is square and is
situat ed inside another room which is
sou nd-proo fed . . . In side there is an
electrical apparatu s, a Russian tool
for ripp ing out finger-na ils, pincers
and scissors for plucking flesh and an
app aratus called al-'Abd al-Asw ad(the black slave) on which they force
the to rture vic tim to sit. When
switched on, a very hot and sharp
metal skewer enters the rear. . . ."
(Student from Aleppo detained from
28 July 1979 to 8 March 1980.)
However, al though the Martial LawGovernor is invested with "all powers of
internal and externa l security" by the
SEL, he does not appear to have over all
control of securi ty branch activities and
it is not at all clear to wh at extent security
force com manders are answ erable to
him or to their respective min istries—the
Min istries of the Interior and of Defe nce.
Most repor ts receive d by Al sugges t
that wherea s in theory these com manders
are direct ly respons ible to the ir ministries
and via them to the Mar tial Law Gov-
ern or, in prac tice they answer onl y to the
Presiden t, via the Presidential Security
Council.
Th is body is chaired by the P resident
and appears to be the means whereby the
heads of the security forces receive the ir
orders.
rbitraarrests anddetentions
De nial of right s
during de tention al proc edur esAlth ough Syria's state ofemergenc yhas produ ced a numbe r of spe cialme asuresan d led to a n expans ion ofexecutive powers w hich are not part
of nor mal crim inal proc edure, the
SEE does not suspend existing le galor administrative procedure s—the
security forces are s till legally bound
to operate within the limits of existing
laws and es tablish ed procedu reswh en arrestingand detaining suspects.
For exa mple, under the SyrianCod e of Crimina l Procedu re anyonewho is arrested has the right tosee
an d keep a copy of th e arrest warrant.
In practice, howev er, in mos t cases
of political impriso nm ent that havecome to A 's attention, no warrantor othe r authorizing docu ment was
pro duc ed at the timeof arrest.
In a few cases, form er detaineeshave told A/ they were shown a list
with their names on it—b ut this
usu ally took pla ce after the actual
arres t, during interrogation.
A/ believes hat details about arrest smade by the various ocal branches ofthe security forces are seldom for-
warded immediately to a central
authori ty and a re sometim es delayedfor weeks or months.
The impuni ty with which security
forces may arrest any sus pects at
an y time and hold them withoutim mediate refere nce to a centra l
auth ority has led to a pattern of
arb itrary arrests an d th e routine
infringe ment by thos e forces of the
fundamental rig hts of peo ple in
custody.
The extent of such violations may
be gauged from reports received by
AI hat rela tives— including young
children—have been arrested by
security forces and held hostage
wh en suspects thems elves cou ld not
be found.
In December 1974 Ham ud Qaba ni, amin ister in th e previou s governm ent who
had been arrested inJune 1971, escaped
from the military hospital attach ed to
AI believes that Article 4a of the SU L
is use d to detain arbitrarily a wide range
of people, including non-violent critics
of the gov ernment.
In many cases such de tentions have
lasted months or severa l years.
At the tim e of going to press , Al was
working for the release of 17 people who
had been in preve ntive dete ntion for over
12 years and of ove r 300 similarly
detained without trial for be tween two
and nine years.
A/ knows too of a n um ber of cases oftried political prisoners who have been
kept in pri son after the expiry of their
sentences on the specific ins tructions of
the Deputy Martial Law Governo r or
President.
Zuhair al-Shulak, a Syrian lawyer fromDam asc us who was reporte dly senten ced
in 1971 to five years' imprisonment by a
state securi ty court, remained in prison
after com pleting his sentence and was
eventua lly released only in April 1980.
Al believes that in many cas es the
actual decision to pro long the detentionwithout trial of arrested individuals is
tak en not by a central authority in
Dam ascus but by loc al security force
commanders .
For me r detainees have tol d the o rga n-
iza tion that the security forces, to help
them prolong periods of detention, have
blank Preventive De tention Orders signe d
by the Deputy Martial Law Governor to
whic h the names of detainees may be
added after arrest.
The dates on these ord ers are report-
edl y filled in at the time of the de tainee's
release, understat ing the leng th of time
spen t in detention.
Th is means the vast majority of non-
violent political detainees are held with-
out trial under the authori ty of the
secu rity forces without any cha rges
against them or any further legal
proceedings.
Their families and lawyers may appea l
to the local comm ander of the s ecu rity
force , the Deputy Martial Law Governor
or the Presi dent, but there is no legal
right to claim wron gful dete ntion and
challenge the lawfu lness of the arrest.
Fam ilies of de tainees have told A/ they
were reluctan t to appro ach high er auth-
orities partly because they did not expect
Detain ed security suspect s are not
brought to court and there appear s
to be no established procedure
whereby a detainee canapp eal to an
outside au thority against ill-treatm ent
during detention.
Allega tions of torture or ill-
treatmen t are therefore made only
af ter the detainee has been released,
which is often months or several
years after the even t.
Ever sinc e its 1978 mission to Syria,
when it expressed concern in detail about
allegations of to rture to the Syrian auth-
orities, A/ has continued to receive
reports of torture or ill-treatm ent of
prisoners by the security forc es.
Th e following are extract s taken from
separ ate statem ents made to Al by 12former detainees, arre sted and detained
at various times since July 19 79.
"They tied my hands behind my
bac k and put me in the dullah la sus-pended tyre throu gh whic h the
prisone r is forced ). They beat my legs
un til I passed out. I cou ld not wa lk.
On the seco nd day they tied my feet
and hung me upside down from a tree
for abo ut two hours. One of them the n
cam e back and whipped me all over
In most cases brought to Ai's attention,
people arrested by the secu rity force s
have not been t old, on a rrest, the official
reaso n for the arrest. At first, whi le still
in custody of the arres ting autho rity, the
detainee is kept inc ommunicado, often
in solitary confinement.
There appea rs to be no clear limit
under the procedures followed during
the state of emergen cy to the length of
time de tainees may be held incommun i-
cado— this may last days, several months
or even yea rs.
By Octo ber this year, Riad al-Turk,
First Secretary of the proh ibited Com-
mu nist Party Political Bu rea u, had beenhel d in communicado without charg e or
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4 SYRIA BRIEFING
trial for three years, since his arrest
on 28 October 1980. lie is all eged to
have heen tortured and twice taken to
intens ive care units in Dam ascus hospitals
for treatment. Al the time of going to
press, his family did not know his
whereabouts.
I.ormer detainees hase reported
was during the early stage ot
incommunicado detention that
were ill treated or tortured
worldwide campaignheir transfer from a prison in the town
Of Deft al-Zor, eastern Syria, to an
unknown destination three months after
their arrest in M arch 1980. Thei r where-
abouts have bee n unknown to their fam-
ilies tor the past three years.
that it
then
thes Extra judicialki llings
Disappe areddetainee s
Ars report cites six cases of alleged
mass political killings said to have
been carried out by the security
forces between Ma rch 1980 an d
Fe bruary 1982.
They include the reported killing
on 27 June 1980 of between 6(X) and
1,(X)0 inmates of Palmyra Prison
suspected of belonging to the banned
Muslim Brotherhood. The force
responsible for the a lleged massacre
is said to have included 350 com-
mandos of the Sar aya al Dila .
Fhe report refers also to thousands of
killings in February 19142,whe n the auth
orities announced that their forces had
crushed an uprising in the town of
Ilarna. According to various estitnates,
betsseen 10,000 and 25,(XX) people died
before order was restored.The four other cases refer to reported
killings in the towns of lisr al -Shughur
in March 1980; Sarmada in tub/ 1980;
Aleppo in August I 980; and Hama in
April 1981.
/1/ has not been able to investigate
fully the precise circumstances ot the
killings alleged to have been carried out
by the security. forces in these cases—hut
it is deeply conce rned about the pattern
and increasing number of such reports.
In earlier years, the organization asked
the Syrian Government to set up a corn-
mission of inquiry to investigate the facts
and make puhlic their findings, but the
government did not respond to such
reques ts.
Since early 1980, A/ has received
reports about the "disappearances"
of detainees following the ir arrest
by the security forces, in many
instance s following the sealing off
of whole areas of tow ns, hou se-to-
house searches and widespread
arrests of the inhabitant s.
Detainees have frequentlY been
taken away in lorries to unknown
destinations, and their families and
lawyers hase in many cases remained
ignorant of their whereabouts for
weeks, months and sometim es years.'fins h as given rise to fears that they
may have bee n ill-treated or tortured
or that they may b e dead.
Attempts by relative; or lawyers to
discover the whereabout s of newly
arrested detainees are often hindered by
the fac t that prisoners are held incom -
municado for prolonged periods and
that they are regularly transferred from
one place to another.
Officials have also frequently denied
that the person concerned had been
apprehended or was in custody, and have
refused eit her to investigate such cases
of "apparent kidnapping" or to report
fully the results of an investigation.
A/ has the names of 38 youths who
are reported to have "disappeared" after
Human rights are a human responsibility. Whenever t hey are viola ted people are the victims. They and theirfamilies need pract ical help.
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Amn esty Internatio nal began in 1961 with a newspape r article, "The ForgottenPrisoners" , by British lawyer Peter Benenson. He urged people everywhere to beginworking impart ially and peacefully for the victim s of political persecution. "Open yournewspaper any day of the week and you will find a report from somewhere in the worldof someone being imprisone d, tortured or executed because his op inions or rel igion areun acceptable to his government," he wrote. Within a month more than a thou sandpeople from various countries had sent in o ffers of prac tical help. They were ready tohelp collect information on cases, publicize the m and appro ach governments. Whatstarted as a brief publicity effort became a growing international movement.
Amnesty International now has more than 500,000 members, supporters and subscribers in over 160countrie s and territories. They come from all walks of life, ref lect ing a wide variety of points of view. Mostare organized into small local groups. There are now more than 3,000 groups in Africa, Asia, the Americas,Eu rope and the Middle East. Each group works on behalf of prisone rs held in co untries other than its own—emphas izing the need for ntern ational hum an rights work. No group or member is expected to provide
information on their own country, nor do they have any respons ibility for ac tion taken or statements issuedby the internation al organizat ion concern ing their cou ntry.
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ter mit,
•
Amnesty Internationa l relies for its funding on donations from members and supp orters. Its financialindependence is vital to en sure its political independence. By far the greatest part of the movement's fundscom e from small, individual do nations, mem bership fees and local fund-raising ef forts. It doe s not seek oraccept government money for its budget.
1 his photograph , taken after the authorities had announced that their forces hadcrushed an uprising in the town of Hama in February 198 2, shows buildings reduced
to rubble in the anc ient quarter of Nedr a. Most of the quarter is reported to have b een
destroyed by artillery fire and tanks during the first four days of fighting. A/ has
received information alleging tha t Saraya al-Difa troops summ arily executed a num-
ber of Hadra residents on 19 February.
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In its memorandum to the Syrian
Government of 26 April 1983, Al
mad e the following recommendations.
I. That steps be taken to enforce
existing legislation which requires the
production of arrest warrants and
provides those arrested with direc t
app eal machinery against wrongful
arrest; that the Syrian Government
consider revoking all provisions for
the prev entive detention of political
prisoners and that, until preventive
detention is ab olished , the nam es of
ind ividuals arrested or released b e
published regularly in the press; hat
in all cas es relatives be informed
Nam e
pre vent abuses by the security for ces
be carried out and an impartial inves-
tigation be initiated in to complaints
abo ut abuses or exc esses by the
sec urity forces and allegations of tor-
ture or ill-treatment; that those
responsible for the infliction of tor-
ture be brought to trial and adequate
co mpensation be m ade to the victims.
4. Thal a full and impartial inv esti-
gation be instituted into all cases
mentioned in 4 's mem orandum of
al leged "disappearance" and extra-
jud icial execution; and that the find-
ings of the investigation be made
pub lic and those responsible punished.
Ad dre ss
immediately of the arrest of the
prisoner and the place of detention ;
that current detention cases be
reviewed in order to release all thos e
detained for the non-violent exe rcise
of their huma n rights.
That legal provision be made
for any arrested individual to have
immediate access to a lawyer; that
close relatives be notified of the a rres t
and allowed to visit the detainee
within 48 hours of arrest and that
reg ular visits be permitted throughout
the detention period.
That an examination of current
legislation and practice designed to
8/12/2019 Amnesty Bericht Syrien 1983
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