amazon in perspective: integrated science for a sustainable future estimated levels of exposure to...
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Amazon in Perspective:
Integrated Science for a Sustainable Future
ESTIMATED LEVELS OF EXPOSURE TO PM2.5 IN THE BRAZILIAN LEGAL AMAZON REGION AND
INDICATORS OF HUMAN HEALTH
Manaus, 2008Manaus, 2008
PROJETO MILÊNIO/LBA CNPQ/FAPEMAT - 2006
Eliane Ignotti – UNEMAT e ISC/UFMT
Karla Longo - CPTEC/INPE
Saulo Freitas - CPTEC/INPE
Paulo Artaxo Netto - IFUSPJoaquim Gonçalves Valente – ENSP/FIOCRUZ e IMS/UERJSandra de Souza Hacon – ENSP/FIOCRUZ
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
In the Amazon region the forest burning occurs during the
dry season, typically between July and October.
Most of the burning occurs around the edge of the forest.
“Arco do desmatamento” - Maranhão / Acre.
Pyrocumulus CloudsPyrocumulus Clouds
Alta Floresta Aerosol Mass Concentration 1992-2000
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Mas
s co
nce
ntr
atio
n (
µg/m
³)
Coarse Mode
Fine Mode
Dry season (400- 600 μg/m³)Dry season (400- 600 μg/m³)
The air quality for small towns can be The air quality for small towns can be much worse during the dry season much worse during the dry season compared to polluted mega-cities in compared to polluted mega-cities in South AmericaSouth America
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
The concentrations of particulate matter (PMThe concentrations of particulate matter (PM1010 and and
PMPM2.52.5) are important environmental indicators of ) are important environmental indicators of
regional air pollution. regional air pollution.
Fine particles (PMFine particles (PM2.52.5) persist longer in the atmosphere. ) persist longer in the atmosphere.
Their rate of sedimentation is slower, causing theseTheir rate of sedimentation is slower, causing these
finer particles to be transported over longer distances finer particles to be transported over longer distances
(Adreae et al 2001). (Adreae et al 2001).
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
PMPM2.52.5 may be a better indicator for health effects than may be a better indicator for health effects thanPMPM1010 but as still significantly less monitoring data area but as still significantly less monitoring data area available. available.
Setting up permanent air quality monitoring sites in the Setting up permanent air quality monitoring sites in the entire Brazilian Amazon region and vicinity would be entire Brazilian Amazon region and vicinity would be prohibitively expensive, and presents immense logistic andprohibitively expensive, and presents immense logistic andoperational difficulties operational difficulties
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Burning frequently occurs not only in forest areas but also inBurning frequently occurs not only in forest areas but also in
the course of clearing huge areas of grass-land, savanna the course of clearing huge areas of grass-land, savanna
fields, as well as prior to the sugar-cane harvest.fields, as well as prior to the sugar-cane harvest.
Sugar - Cane Tangará da Serra/ MT65% manual harvest 91.850,18 ha burned (2006/2007)
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
The particulate matter concentrations in the Amazon region The particulate matter concentrations in the Amazon region suggest the need of a new methodological approach of suggest the need of a new methodological approach of environment indicators capable of detecting spatial and environment indicators capable of detecting spatial and temporal variations of exposure levels. temporal variations of exposure levels.
This region encompasses an area of about 4-5 million km2 This region encompasses an area of about 4-5 million km2 with an estimated population of 24 million inhabitants,with an estimated population of 24 million inhabitants,distributed among more than 805 municipalities which makedistributed among more than 805 municipalities which makeup a total of 107 micro regions.up a total of 107 micro regions.
OBJECTIVEOBJECTIVE
To analyze the association between critical hours To analyze the association between critical hours percentagepercentage of PMof PM2.52.5 as an indicator of exposure to as an indicator of exposure to
atmospheric pollution, and the rate of hospital atmospheric pollution, and the rate of hospital admissions for respiratory diseases (RD) in the admissions for respiratory diseases (RD) in the
Amazonian micro regions during 2004 and 2005.Amazonian micro regions during 2004 and 2005.
METHODMETHOD
This ecological study uses an environmental exposureThis ecological study uses an environmental exposure
indicator known as indicator known as critical hours percentage critical hours percentage (CH%) of (CH%) of
PMPM2.52.5. .
The following outcome variables were considered: The following outcome variables were considered:
rates of hospitalization due to respiratory disease in childrenrates of hospitalization due to respiratory disease in children
(< 5), the elderly (> = 65) and other age groups (5 – 65), (< 5), the elderly (> = 65) and other age groups (5 – 65),
as well as rates of hospitalization for birth (15 – 45).as well as rates of hospitalization for birth (15 – 45).
METHODMETHOD
The environmental exposure indicator was derived from theresults of CATT-BRAMS Model (Coupled aerosol and trace gases transport model to the Brazilian developments of the developments of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling SystemRegional Atmospheric Modeling System))
Longo et al., 2007 ; Freitas et al., 2007
The limiting value for PM2.5 violations was set to 80µg/m3..
METHODMETHOD
For this study the value chosen was that used by theFor this study the value chosen was that used by the
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, USAOregon Department of Environmental Quality, USA
<{http://www.deq.state.or.us}>, which defined air quality<{http://www.deq.state.or.us}>, which defined air quality
indices for biomass burning emissions.indices for biomass burning emissions.
Even using the Oregon experience, we are applying in different Even using the Oregon experience, we are applying in different
conditions. conditions.
The level of 80 - 175 mg/mThe level of 80 - 175 mg/m33 (Oregon) refers to right measure. In this (Oregon) refers to right measure. In this
case it is from model produced each 3 hs, and represent a spatial case it is from model produced each 3 hs, and represent a spatial
average equivalent to cells of the model (48x48 kmaverage equivalent to cells of the model (48x48 km22).).
http://www.deq.state.or.us
METHODMETHOD - - EXPOSUREEXPOSURE
The indicator (% of CH) is the number of observations in which the value defined as the cut-point was violated divided by the total number of observations during the year in question.
The hour during which the violation occurred is called a "critical hour" and the number of critical hours is expressed as a percentage of the total number of hours of the period studied.
(www.cptec.inpe.gob.br)
METHOD - METHOD - OUTCOMEOUTCOME
Respiratory diseases are directly related to air pollution;
It is the most evident effects in human health – children and elderly are vulnerable age groups;
The rates of hospitalization by birth - was chosen for comparison with the association found between RD and CH%.
(www.datasus.gov.br)
METHODMETHOD
The control variables were chosen to be:
- average number of blood tests (per 100 inhabitants) and - HDI (Human Development Indicator) -PNUD
- meteorological data as humidity, temperature, and wind direction are included at the model of exposure indicator.
RESULTSRESULTS
Nível de exposição em “percentual de horas críticas” (%CH) para PM2,5 definido em 80 µg/m3 e coeficiente de variação entre os
municípios inseridos nas microrregiões. Amazônia Legal, 2004 – 2005.
Nível de exposição em “percentual de horas críticas” (%CH) para PM2,5 definido em 80 µg/m3 e coeficiente de variação entre os
municípios inseridos nas microrregiões. Amazônia Legal, 2004 – 2005.
RESULTSRESULTS
Indicator of exposure CH% for PM2,5 defined in 80 µg/m3, rates of hospitalization by RD by groups of age and by birth, average number of blood tests per 100 inhabitants, and HDI. Measurement and their correlations coefficients.
RESULTSRESULTS
Children Elderly
Rate of hospitalization by RD by groups of age, and by birth per terciles of indicator of exposure “critical hour’s percentage” (CH%) for PM2,5 defined in 80 µg/m3 . Legal Amazon, 2004 and 2005.
5 – 65 years of age
Rate of hospitalization by RD by groups of age, and by birth per terciles of indicator of exposure “critical hour’s percentage” (CH%) for PM2,5 defined in 80 µg/m3 . Legal Amazon, 2004 and 2005.
RESULTSRESULTS
Female pop 15 – 45 years of age
RESULTSRESULTS ANOVA of rates of hospitalization by respiratory diseases for groups of age, rates of hospitalization by delivery per terciles of indicator of exposure CH% for PM2.5 defined in 80 µg/m3
Multiple regression of rates of hospitalization by RD by groups of age, by birth and the predicts variables: %CH for PM2,5 in 80 µg/m3, Human Development Indices (HDI) , average number of blood count.
CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
The percentage of critical hours of PMThe percentage of critical hours of PM2.52.5 indicator of indicator of
atmospheric pollution in the Legal Amazon region atmospheric pollution in the Legal Amazon region
showed an association with the occurrence of RD, showed an association with the occurrence of RD,
especially in the more vulnerable groups.especially in the more vulnerable groups.
This is an indirect and aggregated indicator that reflects This is an indirect and aggregated indicator that reflects
differences in exposure to atmospheric pollutants differences in exposure to atmospheric pollutants
and, therefore, opens up new approaches to the and, therefore, opens up new approaches to the
effects of forest burning on human health.effects of forest burning on human health.
% CH of PM 2.5 limit of violation in 25 µg/m3 - 2005
Challenges...
% CH of PM 2.5 limit of violation in 50 µg/m3 - 2005
% CH of PM 2.5 limit of violation in 80 µg/m3 - 2005
Thank you!
eignotti@uol.com.br
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