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All of the Parts of Speech
You Will Need to Know to EXCEED STANDARDS
on the CRCT
Nouns: Beyond the Basics
Appositive Abstract Plural
Collective PossessivePredicate
Noun
Common Noun
NOUNS: COMMON & PROPER•Names one person, place, thing or
idea• i.e. shoe, fish, bubble, head, girl, trash.
• I threw my shoe in the trash.
SINGULAR
•A general name for a person, place, thing, or idea• girl, hand, face, school, car, hospital
Common
Nouns
• Names a specific person, place, thing or idea
•i.e. Michael Jackson was a fabulous dancer.
•Campbell Middle School is where I go to school.
Proper
Nouns
NOUNS : ABSTRACT & CONCRETE
Abstract Nouns are “ideas” such as freedom, peace, devastation or unity. They are also “emotions” such as pain, pleasure, joy, happiness, or anger.
Concrete Nouns person, place or things such as desk, shoe, aunt, school, ball, kids, or basketball practice
NOUNS: PLURAL & COLLECTIVE
Collective Nouns
Refers to a group of collection of things but is
singular
•class
•team
•group
•collection
Plural Nouns
Names more than one person, place, thing or idea. Often formed by adding an
–s or –es.
•Boys
•churches
•children
•women
•men
NOUNS: POSSESSIVE•Shows ownership or relationship.
•Use an apostrophe to show possession.
•Example: The man’s car broke down.
•Add an apostrophe and -s
•Example: I ate the dog’s bone.SINGULAR
• Add an apostrophe. Example. The dogs’ race was long.
• EXCEPTION – Proper Names. Ex. Mrs. Jenkins’s desk.
PLURAL
ENDING IN -S
•Add an apostrophe and –s
•Example: The children’s book was good.
PLURAL NOT
ENDING IN -S
APPOSITIVEa special kind of noun
•is a noun that identifies or explains the noun or
pronoun it follows. May use commas to set off an
appositive or appositive phrase
•Examples
•My brother Kevin arrived late.
•My dog, Fido, won a medal.
KINDS OF ADJECTIVES
Proper Adjective
Common (descriptive) Adjective
Article
Demonstrative Adjectives
Describes or modifies a noun or pronoun
A descriptive adjective…
describes (modifies)a noun or
pronoun
will usually proceed the noun that it is
describing
EXAMPLE:
The big black cat with the white mustache
farted on my dumb little brother.
Articles are Adjectives
A
An
The
Proper AdjectiveAn adjective formed from a Proper Noun.
Proper Adjectives are always capitalized.
ChinaChinese
food
MexicoMexican
flag
Pronouns
Demonstrative Pronouns
Interrogative Pronouns
Indefinite Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
Possessive Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
ANTECEDENT OF A PRONOUN
An antecedent is the name of the noun that the
pronoun replaces
My father opened his mail first. He
couldn't wait any longer.
My mother bought her shoes at the
shopping mall.
SINGULAR PLURAL
This These
That Those
•Points out a person, place, thing or idea.
•The Demonstrative Pronouns are used alone in the
sentence.
•Never use he4r or there with a Demonstrative
Pronoun
OBJECT SUBJECT OR PREDICATE
PRONOUN
Whom Who
What, which, whose
•Used to introduce a question in an interrogative3
sentence
•Who is always used as a subject or predicate pronoun.
•Whom is always a direct object, indirect object or object
of preposition
• **Don’t confuse who’s with whose.
RELFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
Myself Yourself herself, himself, itself
Ourselves Yourselves themselves
•An indefinite pronoun does not refer to a specific person, place or
thing, or idea. Indefinite Pronouns often do not have antecedents.
•Indefinite pronouns can be singular, plural and singular or plural
•Use a singular pronoun to refer to a singular indefinite pronoun
•Use plural personal pronouns to refer to a plural personal pronoun
•Use his or her when the antecedent could be either masculine or
feminine
•Often the phrase following the indefinite pronoun tells whether the
indefinite pronoun is singular or plural.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
SINGULAR PLURAL
My, mine Our, ours
Your, yours Your, yours
her, hers, his, its Their, theirs
•The possessive pronouns: my, you, her, hi, our and their come
before nouns.
•The possessive pronouns mine, ours, yours, his, hers and theirs
can stand alone in a sentence.
•Some possessive pronouns can sound like contractions.
(Your/You’re, they’re/their, its/it’s)Don’t them confused.
Possessive Pronouns never have an apostrophe.
Transitive & Intransitive
VerbsAction Linking
State-of-Being
Verb Types Verb Forms
Verb Phrases Main VerbHelping Verbs
ACTION VERBS A verb is a word used to express an action, a
condition or state of being. The two main kinds of verbs are action verbs and linking verbs. Both kids can be accompanied by helping verbs.
Action Verbs….tells what the subject does, even when the action cannot be seen. The action may be physical or mental.
The cook picked up the fish.
I believe the fish spit at me.
Linking VerbsA linking verb links the subject of a sentence to a word in the
predicate. The most common linking verbs are forms of the verb “be”
Forms of Be
• be
• is
• am
• are
• was
• were
• been
• being
Express a Condition
•appear
•become
•feel
•grow
• look
•seem
•smell
•sound
•remain
•taste
STATE-OF-BEING VERBS
State-of-being
verbs are a
kind of linking
verb that
expresses a
state of being
State of being verbs
•has
•was
•is
•have
•were
HELPING VERB Helping verbs help the main verb express action or
show time.
Forms of
be
• is
• am
• was
• are
• were
• be
• been
Forms of
do
•do
•does
•did
Forms of have
•has
•have
•had
Others
• may
• might
• can
• should
• could
• would
• shall
• will
VERB PHRASE & MAIN VERB A main verb can stand by itself as the
simple predicate of a sentence.
The verb phrase is made up the main
verb and any helping verbs. Together,
these words are called the verb phrase.
Transitive & Intransitive Verbs
Transitive Verb is an action verb that has a direct object
Good drivers avoid accidents.
Intransitive Verb is an action verb that
does not have a direct object.
They stay alert.
PRINCIPAL PARTS of a VERB 4 Principal Parts - present, present participle, past,
past participle
The principal parts are used to make all tenses and forms
Used to indicate time of action
Present Present
Participle
Past Past
Participle
May add a "S"
Helping verb + "ing" to the present part
Add -ed or -d to the present
part
Helping verb + past part
PRINCIPAL PART OF IRREGULAR VERBSPresent Past Past Participle
GROUP 1
Forms of the present,
past, and past participle
are all same
hit
hurt
let
Put
Set
split
hit
hurt
Let
Put
Set
split
(have) hit
(have) hurt
(have) let
(have) put
(have) set
(have) split
GROUP 2
The forms of past and
past participle are the
same
Bring
Catch
Lead
sit
Brought
Caught
Let
sat
(have)
brought
(have)
caught
(have) led
(have) sate
PRINCIPAL PART OF IRREGULAR VERBSPresent Past Past Participle
GROUP3The past participle is formed
by adding –n or –en to the
past.
Break
Lie
Speak
Steal
wear
Broke
Lay
Spoke
Stole
wore
(have) broken
(have) lain
(have) spoken
(have) stolen
(have) split
GROUP 4The past participle is formed
from the present, often by
adding –n, -ne, or -en
Do
Drive
Eat
Fall
Go
Know
See
take
Did
Drove
Ate
Fell
Went
Knew
Saw
took
(have) done
(have) driven
(have) eaten
(have) fallen
(have) gone
(have) known
(have) seen
(have) taken
PRINCIPAL PART OF IRREGULAR VERBSPresent Past Past Participle
GROUP 5
The last vowel changes
from “i” in the present to
“a” in the past and to “u”
in the past participle
Begin
Drink
Ring
swim
Began
Drank
Rang
swam
(have) begun
(have) drunk
(have) rung
(have) swum
GROUP 6
The different forms of the
verb “be” do not follow
any pattern.
Am, is, are Was,
were
(have) been
SIMPLE VERB TENSESA tense is a verb form that shows the time of an action or condition. Verbs have 3 simple tenses.
TENSE Singular or plural
Present principal part of the verb
Past Past principal participle
Future “Will” + the present principal
part
THE PERFECT TENSES
Present Perfect Tense
(Have/has + past participle
Past Perfect Tense
(Had) + past participle
Future Perfect Tense
(Will have) + past participle
Present perfect tense shows an action or condition that began in the
past and continues into the present. Past perfect tense shows an action
or condition in the past that came before another action. Future
perfect tense shows an action or condition in the future that will occur
before another action.
THE SIX VERB TENSES
Present add -s to the present part
Past past participle
Future (Will) + present part
Present
Part
Present
Participle
Past
Part
Past Participle
PartHelping verb + ing -ed or -d Helping verb + past
form
CONJUNCTIONS A word used to join words or groups of words.
Coordinating
Subordinating
Correlative
Coordinating Conjunctions
F A N B O Y S
for and nor but or yet so
Subordinating Conjunction
A subordinating conjunction joins a subordinate
clause to a main clause.
An adverb clause is always introduced by a
subordinating conjunction. A noun clause and
adjective clause sometimes are.
A subordinating conjunction is always followed by a
clause. Many subordinating conjunctions can be other
parts of speech.
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONSTIME CAUSE &
EFFECT
OPPOSITION CONDITION
after because although if
before since though unless
When,
whenever
now that even though only if
while as whereas whether or
not
since in order that while even if
until so than in case (that)
As soon as which
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION..
…is a pairedconjunction that links balanced words, phrases, and clauses.
both . . . and
either . . . or
just as . . . so
neither . . . nor
not only . . . but also
whether . . . or
• An adverb describes a verb, adjective or
another adverb
• It answers the questions: how, when, where or
to what extent.
• The most commonly used adverbs: Very, really
• Adverbs are formed by adding the suffix –ly to
adjectives. i.e. bright – brightly cozy – cozily
ADVERBS
Some Adverbs that are confused with
adjectives.
Here are the troublesome adverbs/adjectives
Good/well
real/really
bad/badly
One Word Prepositions
Two Word Prepositions
Three Word Prepositions
Object of Preposition
Prepositional Phrase
Prepositional PhraseA prepositional phrase is a group of words that starts with a preposition and ends with a noun or pronoun called the Object of the Preposition. It may also include the adjectives that describe the noun.
The bee flew (into the hot bee hive).
Object of PrepositionThe noun or pronoun that ends the prepositional phrase is the Object of the Preposition.
***Knowing the OP will help you avoid many easy mistakes. This is important because if a word is an OP, then it can’t be a subject, predicate, DO, IO, PN, PA and others. The OP is Queen Bee!
The bee flew (into the hive).
OP
I gave the box (to her.)
OP
Common One Word PrepositionsAbout
Above
After
Across
As
Around
Aside
At
Atop
Against
Along
Before
Behind
Below
Beside
Between
Beyond
But
By
Despite
Down
During
Except
Excluding
For
From
Given
In
Inside
Into
Like
Near
Next
Of
off
to
On
Onto
Out
Over
Past
Per
Plus
since
Than
Up
With
upon
Through
Following
Regarding
Outside
Including
Towards
Unlike
Until
Via
Within
without
Two-Word Prepositions
• According to
• Ahead of
• As of
• In regards
• Aside from
• Because of
• Close to
• Due to
• Except for
• Far from
• Instead of
• Near to
• Next to
• Out from
• Out of
• Outside of
• Prior to
• Regardless of
• Thanks to
• That of
Three Word Prepositions
•As far as
•As well as
•By means of
•In accordance with
•In addition with
•In addition to
•In case of
•In front of
•In place of
•In spite of
•On account of
•On behalf
•On top of
•With regard to
InterjectionsA word or short
phrase used to
express emotions
“wow”
“OMG”
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