akuntansi manajemen

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PowerPoint Presentation by

Gail B. WrightProfessor Emeritus of AccountingBryant University

© Copyright 2007 Thomson South-Western, a part of The Thomson Corporation. Thomson, the Star Logo, and

South-Western are trademarks used herein under license.

MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING

8th EDITION

BY

HANSEN & MOWEN

12 TACTICAL DECISION MAKING

STUDENT EDITION

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1. Describe the tactical decision-making model.

2. Explain how the activity resource usage model is used in assessing relevancy.

3. Apply tactical decision-making concepts in a variety of business situations.

LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES

Continued

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4. Choose the optimal product mix when faced with one constrained resource.

5. Explain the impact of cost on pricing decisions.

6. Use linear programming to find the optimal solution to a problem of multiple constrained resources. (Appendix)

LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES

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TACTICAL DECISION MAKING: Definition

TACTICAL DECISION MAKING: Definition

Consists of choosing among alternatives with an immediate

or limited end in view.

LO 1

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STRATEGIC DECISION MAKING: Definition

STRATEGIC DECISION MAKING: Definition

Is selecting among alternative strategies so that long term

competitive advantage is established.

LO 1

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TACTICAL MODEL

A general approach to tactical decision making includes:

1. Recognize, define the problem2. Identify alternatives, eliminating those that are

unfeasible3. Identify costs & benefits4. Total relevant costs, benefits of each

alternative5. Assess qualitative factors6. Select alternative with greatest overall benefit

LO 1

Assess qualitative factors

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TIDWELL PRODUCTS: BackgroundTIDWELL PRODUCTS: Background

Tidwell Products Inc. is facing expanded production that is straining the capacity in facilities with 5 years remaining on their lease. Two feasible alternatives under consideration are a) to rent an additional building for warehousing and b) outsource production. The CFO will prepare a report of detailed costs for these alternatives.

LO 1

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APPLYING TACTICAL MODELAPPLYING TACTICAL MODEL

LO 1

Step 1: Define the problem Increase capacity for warehousing & production

Step 2: Identify alternatives 1. Build new facility2. Lease larger facility; sublease

current facility3. Lease additional facility4. Lease warehouse space5. Buy shafts & bushings; free

up space

Continued

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APPLYING TACTICAL MODELAPPLYING TACTICAL MODEL

LO 1

Step 3: Identify costs, benefits Alt 4: <Costs> + BenefitsAlt 5: <Costs> + Benefits

Step 4: Total relevant costs & benefits

Alt 4: Relevant <Costs> + BenefitsAlt 5: Relevant <Costs> + Benefits

Differential cost

Step 5: Assess qualitative factors 1. Quality of external supplier2. Reliability of external

supplier3. Price stability4. Labor relations & community

image

Step 6: Make decision Continue producing & lease warehouse

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RELEVANT COSTS: DefinitionRELEVANT COSTS: Definition

Are future costs that differ across alternatives.

LO 1

differ across alternatives.

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RELEVANT VS. IRRELEVANT COSTS

LO 1

Cost to MakeCost Not to

MakeDifferential

Cost

Direct labor $ 150,000 --- $ 150,000

Depreciation 125,000 $ 125,000 ---

Allocated lease 12,000 12,000 ---

$ 287,000 $ 137,000 $150,000

Direct labor is the relevant cost because it differs between

alternatives.

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MANUFACTURING FIRM: Background

MANUFACTURING FIRM: Background

Suatu perusahaan memiliki lima orang insinyur produksi yang menyediakan kapasitas 10.000 jam manufaktur (2000 jam per insinyur) dengan biaya kapasitas $250,000 ($25 per jam). Perusahaan berharap menggunakan 9.000 jam manufaktur untuk operasi normalnya pada tahun ini. Hal ini berarti 1.000 jam kapasitas yang tidak terpakai.

LO 2

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Haruskah perusahaan mempertimbangkan menerima

pesanan khusus yang membutuhkan 500 jam manufaktur?

Yes. Perusahaan harus mempertimbangkan menerima

pesanan khusus, jika sebaliknya menguntungkan, karena akan

didukung dengan kapasitas teknik yang tidak terpakai .

LO 2

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SWASEY MANUFACTURING : Make-or-Buy Background

SWASEY MANUFACTURING : Make-or-Buy Background

Swasey Manufacturing, sebuah produsen printer, akan mengganti produksi untuk printer jenis lain dan komponen elektronik tersebut tidak akan digunakan. Haruskah Swasey memproduksi 10.000 komponen untuk printer lama atau haruskah mereka membeli komponen seharga $4.75?

LO 3

Continued

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SWASEY MANUFACTURING: Informasi Biaya Relevan

SWASEY MANUFACTURING: Informasi Biaya Relevan

LO 3

Membuat Membeli Biaya untuk Membuat

Sewa Peralatan $ 12,000 --- $ 12,000

Bahan Baku Langsung 5,000 --- 5,000

Tenaga Kerja Langsung 20,000 --- 20,000

Overhead Variabel 8,000 --- 8,000

Biaya Pembelian --- $ 47,500 (47,500)

Tenaga Kerja Paruh Wkt --- 8,500 (8,500)

Total biaya relevan $ 45,000 $ 56,000 $ (11,000)

Alternatif Perbedaan

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NORTON MATERIALS: Keep-or-Drop Background

NORTON MATERIALS: Keep-or-Drop Background

Norton Materials memproduksi 3 produk: balok beton, bata, dan genteng. Proyeksi kinerja lini genteng menunjukkan margin segmen yang negatif. Haruskah Norton mengehntikan lini genteng?

LO 3

Continued

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NORTON MATERIALS: Keep-or-Drop NORTON MATERIALS: Keep-or-Drop

LO 3

Blocks Bricks Tiles Total

Sales $ 500 $ 800 $ 150 $ 1,450

Less Variable exp. 250 480 140 870

Contribution margin $ 250 $ 320 $ 10 $ 580Less direct fixed exp

Advertising $ 10 $ 10 $ 10 $ 30

Salaries 37 40 35 112

Depreciation 53 40 10 103

Total $ 100 $ 90 $ 55 $ 245

Segment margin $ 150 $ 230 $ (45) $ 335

Less Common fixed exp 125

Operating income $ 210Continued

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NORTON MATERIALS: Keep-or-Drop NORTON MATERIALS: Keep-or-Drop

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NORTON MATERIALS : Keep or Drop Analysis

NORTON MATERIALS : Keep or Drop Analysis

LO 3

Because Norton will lose sales in both blocks and brick if ceiling tiles are dropped and replacing ceiling tiles with floor tiles is less profitable, the firm is better off to keep the ceiling tile division.

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ICE CREAM: Special Order BackgroundICE CREAM: Special Order Background

An ice cream company is operating at 80% of its 20 million gallon capacity. The company receives an offer to purchase 2 million gallons for $1.55 per gallon. This is below the wholesale price of $2.00. Should the company accept the offer?

LO 3

Continued

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ICE CREAM : Special Order AnalysisICE CREAM : Special Order Analysis

LO 3

Even though the special order price for 2 million gallons of ice cream is below the normal selling price of $2.00, it will be profitable because there is spare capacity and only relevant variable costs are considered in the decision.

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JOINT PRODUCTS: DefinitionJOINT PRODUCTS: Definition

Have common processes & cost of production up to a

split-off point.

LO 3

cost of production

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APPLETIME JOINT PRODUCTION

LO 3

EXHIBIT 12-3

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APPLETIME : Process Further AnalysisAPPLETIME : Process Further Analysis

LO 3

Even though processing grade B apples further increases costs, there is more profit to be made from making pie filling than from selling grade B apples by the bag.

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CONSTRAINTS: DefinitionCONSTRAINTS: Definition

Are limitations a business faces such as limited resources or demand.

LO 4

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PRICING: Legal Aspects

Predatory pricingA means of setting price to eliminate competitionDumping on international market

Price discriminationCharging different prices to different customers

Price gougingUsing market power to set prices too high

LO 5

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GRAPHING SOLUTION

LO 6

EXHIBIT 12-4

Linear programming demonstrates the feasible production region & optimal solution for complex problems.

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THE ENDTHE END

CHAPTER 12