air capture & carbon negative technology - graciela chichilnisky (october 17, 2012 @ cambridge...
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Air Capture&
Carbon Negative Technology™
Economics & Engineering
Graciela Chichilnisky -- www.chichilnisky.comColumbia University and Global Thermostat – www.globalthermostat.com
Cambridge University October 17 2012
A Human Dominated WorldHuman Beings are today the largest geological force in the planet
We are changing the planet’s atmosphere, its body of waters, and the complex web of species that makes life on earth
Climate Change?
The AnthropoceneThe change we are producing will be read in rock formations for thousands of years
Geologists define a new geological era - the ‘Anthropocene’ – follows the Holocene – starting 1945
The Bretton Woods Institutions after WWII led to
Globalization of Western Economics
Global Risks• Climate Change• Biodiversity Extinction• Clean Water scarcity• Life in the Seas going extinct
Avoiding Extinction
Are Humans Next?• Need Action Now• Waited too long• Industrial economies 20% of world population cause
most of world’s C02 emissions – the North
Energy from fossil fuels 45% of global emissions
$55 Trillion Infrastructure 89% based on fossil fuels (IEA)
Clean Energy is the Only Solution
6Columbia Consortium for Risk Management (CCRM) www.columbiariskmanagement.net
Sources: Earthtrends Database of the World Resource Institute (WRI) http://earthtrends.wri.org/
The North and the South• Since 2000, developing nations that did not yet
complete their industrialization are the engine of growth of the world economy – the South
Developing nations are for the first time the largest growth sector in the world economy – largest emitters in the future?
• Creation of G-20 in 2009:
Advocating Sustainable Development
8Columbia Consortium for Risk Management (CCRM) www.columbiariskmanagement.net
Source: World Bank (2009) and UN Millennium Development Goals Database (2009)
GDP and Carbon Emissions
9Columbia Consortium for Risk Management (CCRM) www.columbiariskmanagement.net
Source: World Bank (2009) and UN Millennium Development Goals Database (2009)
GDP and Carbon Emissions
Present & Future Energy Demand
• 15 TW: Current use• Double global use by 2030 • 10 fold increase by end of XXI Century (IEA)
The World Needs More EnergyToday Energy = CO2 Emissions
Sustainable Economics
2009 The newly created G-20 requires change: a Sustainable World Economy
How to do it
Changes Articulated by the
United Nations
Kyoto Protocol
The Kyoto Protocol Carbon Market
International Law since 2005
Compulsory Carbon Markets now exist in 4 continents:
EU ETS, Japan, Australia & California USA
December 2011:Kyoto Protocol extended 3 years
in Durban COP 17
• Existing KP limits valid until 2015
• New global emission limits pledged for 2020
The Carbon Market- by its author -
• What is it?
• What it is not
Emission Limits are the basis of Carbon Market
How does it Work
CHANGES THE ENTIRE GLOBAL
ECONOMY
$25/TON EMITTED
CARBON PRICES ARE THE Missing
Signal
Carbon Makes Clean Energy
profitable Dirty Energy
expensive and Undesirable
Dirty pays clean – ZERO overall costs
The Missing Signal• If we destroy all trees & make toilet paper our economy improves – why?• Because Toilet Paper has Market Value & Trees do not.
We lack Market Prices
New Market prices = New ValuesNew costs and New benefits
The Carbon Market Provides the Missing Signal
• 1997: KP Placed Limits on industrial emissions• 2005: KP Carbon Market International Law
New Markets
• SO2 market in CBOT – successful & 20 years old
• New markets for water and for biodiversity
• (Chichilnisky (1992, 1996, 2000, 2002, 2009, 2010, 2011)
The Carbon Market• Trades $215 Bn/year EU ETS
• Reduced 37% EU emissions
• CDM transferred $50 Bn for clean energy projects in poor nations
• Changes US$55 Trillion energy infrastructure
Carbon MarketLinks to Global Economy
Everything is made with energy Economic growth = Energy Use
Link to EnergyCarbon Market provides Missing Signal
New Market Prices = New Values
FOCUS of Carbon Market• Capping Emissions
• We can’t get there without emissions reductions
Markets for trading a Global Public Good: Compensates bringing down Atmospheric CO2
Creating Equity and Efficiency
Closing the Carbon Cycle
Where are We?
What comes Next?
What to do?• Changing International Law• Changing Economics
We may just have to do it
• For the survival of our Species
Change International LawBasic Needs
• 1974 This author created Basic Needs within the Bariloche Model of the World Economy
• 1002 The new concept of Basic Needs becomes the basis of Sustainable Development and is voted by 150 nations at UN Earth Summit in Rio Brazil
• 2009 G-20 adopts Sustainable Development
Sustainable Development
Change International LawThe Carbon Market
• 1997 The Carbon Market - designed and written by the author into the UN Kyoto Protocol - international law since 2005
• Since 2005 Productive clean CDM transfers to developing nations $50 Bn
• 2012 EU ETS Trades $215 Bn/year, decreased 37% EU emissions since it became law
• Makes profitable the use of clean energy for the production of all goods and services
• Changes the energy foundation of the Global Economy• China ratified the Kyoto Protocol and since 2005 leads the World
in Solar and Wind markets• US did not and we are left behind in clean technology
Change International LawThe Green Power Fund
• 1997 Sustainable Development requires Carbon Negative Technology™
• $200Bn/year private public Green Power Fund to support Sustainable Development in the short and the long term – and change the global energy industry
• Uses Kyoto Protocol and its Carbon Market to fund Carbon Negative Power Plants - in LA. Africa & 43 Small Island States
• 2009 GPF Created by the author in Copenhagen COP 15• 2011 Partially approved as the $200 Bn/year Green Climate
Fund in Durban COP17 December 2011
New types of Markets = New GDP• Market economics can be made consistent with sustainable goals• But markets themselves must change
• Individualistic markets must evolve into new types of markets that I postulated - markets for the global commons – which incorporate
connections between people and value Valuing the Global Commons
• They are slowly emerging due to new scarcities: carbon market I created within the Kyoto Protocol, international law since 2005
trading $200Bn/year; SO2 markets in CBOT, new markets for water and for biodiversity - Chichilnisky 1992, 1996, 2000, 2002, 2009, 2010, 2011, Chichilnisky
Heal and Starrett 1994, Chichilnisky & Heal 2000
New Global Markets value privately produced public goods: the Global Commons
Green Capitalism in the 21st Century
• The basis exists: international law and new economics
• Theoretically and in practice• New markets for the global commons, new
growth theory, new cost benefit analysis and new GDP measures, new international law
• New international law – self-funded and creating economic value (Kyoto Protocol)
The Global Commons
New Economics
From maximizing profits toeconomic progress
that ensures survival of our species
Technology Urgently Needed
• To Reduce Carbon from the Atmosphere
• In a Profitable Way
The Word needs Energy
CLEAN ENERGY FOR DEVELOPING NATIONS
Why Carbon Negative Technology™
Global Thermostat Company Confidential Page 31
Carbon Neutral is not enough• Neutralizing emissions does not prevent
further increases in atmospheric CO2 • Even the most aggressive efficiency
improvements and renewables adoption are unlikely to keep CO2 concentration at the generally agreed 450ppm to avoid catastrophic climate risk
Negative Carbon is the solution1
• Air capture enables direct and rapid reduction of CO2 concentration
• GT allows for the capture of even more CO2 than we are loading into the atmosphere or that the earth’s systems can absorb – Negative Carbon GT’s technology directly reduces
carbon concentration in the air, making carbon negative possible
Pre-Ind Ti
mes2010
20302050
20802100
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Reducing CO2 Concentrations in the Atmosphere
Business as Usual
Constant Growth
Wedges Ap-proach / Stabi-lization
Global Thermostat
Hazardous Level 450 ppm
CO2
Part
s per
Mill
ion
(PPM
)
1 United Nations Headquarters, New York, November 12, 2009. Presentation by G. Chichilnisky on "The Rising Tide at Copenhagen: A Win-Win Solution for Industrialized and Developing Nations“
Engineering:Closing the Carbon Cycle for Sustainability
A Key Strategy for Environmental Protection, Energy Security, and Economic Development
Global Thermostat
• GT creates Carbon Negative Power Plants™• More Energy for Development• While Cleaning the Atmosphere
• GT Transforms the worse emitters – the fossil power plants - into carbon sinks
• GT technology makes solar plants more profitable and even faster carbon sinks
Closing the Carbon Cycle™• GT Technology Captures Carbon from Air• Inexpensive: Uses Low Process Heat • Cogenerates Power Production with Carbon
Capture• With GT the More Power is Produced – the More
Carbon is Reduced• Makes Coal Plants Carbon Negative• Makes Solar Power Plants even more Carbon
Negative
Markets for Captured CO2
Global Thermostat Company Confidential Page 35
Storage Enhanced Oil Recovery*
Algae-Based Biofuels*
Hydrogen-Based Fuels
Products cement, fertilizer, plastics,
greenhouses
*EOR and Algae-based biofuels represent most
significant opportunities for commercial applications
of CO2 captured using GT’s technology
Global Thermostat:
Captures CO2 from Air
Transforms CO2 from a Global Threat Into A Massive Profit Opportunity
Benefits the Environment
globalthermostat Company Confidential 2
Global Thermostat:
Transforms Energy and Fuel Markets
Enables National Security & Economic Development
Turns CO2 from a global liability and pollutant into a profit center and source of clean fuel
Closing the Carbon CycleSM
globalthermostat Company Confidential 3
Graciela ChichilniskyManaging Director
• World leading economist, entrepreneur, inventor, & executive• Founder CEO of FITEL & Cross Border Exchange, financial
technology companies• Authored carbon market of Kyoto Protocol (EU ETS), and
formal theory of Sustainable Development• PhDs (2) in Mathematics and in Economics, MIT and UC
Berkeley• Tenured Professor Columbia University, previously Harvard &
Stanford
Peter Eisenberger Managing Director
• Leading physicist, R&D energy executive - 20 year career as head of R&D at Bell Labs and Director
• EXXON Global R&D, Vice Provost Columbia University• Expertise in innovation around CO2 - renewable gasoline,
chemicals, materials• Founding Director Princeton University Materials Institute• Founding Director Columbia University Earth Institute
Edgar Bronfman, Jr.Chairman
• Chairman, Endeavor Global• General Partner, Accretive LLC• Former President and CEO of the Seagram Company• Former Chairman and CEO, Warner Music Group• Recently and successfully sold Warner for $3.3 billion
Key Advisors
Ed HotardFormer COO, Praxair
Eric (Ric) RedmanPresident, Summit Power
Ron ChanceEmeritus Science Advisor, Exxon
Rocco FiatoAccelergy, Exxon
Richard KauffmanCEO, Energies
Nicholas EisenbergerPure Energy Partners
Ben BronfmanGlobal Thermostat
Chris JonesGeorgia Tech
Roger CohenEx-Exxon
Michael FleisherBain, Gartner
Eric RedmanPresident, Summit Power
Sasha MacklerSummit Power
Leadership Team
globalthermostat Company Confidential 11
39
CO2 Management and Commercialization
GT Pilot at SRI - October 1, 2010 – Commercial Demonstration Fall 2012
globalthermostat Company Confidential 16
September 2012 First Commercial Demonstration Plant at SRI
Commenced March 2012 - TRL 9 expected Fall 2012 Uses heat from SRI Co-gen Power Plant GT Tandem + Carburetor lowest cost embodiment full integration Cost Breakthrough
Powered by low-cost, process heat from SRI Co-gen Plant Eliminates transportation costs
Modular Design 5,000-1,000,000 tons CO2/year Locates anywhere with 100 C heat source
Flexible Integration Into Legacy or New Industrial Facilities
Carbon Negative Solution Captures more CO2 from SRI fossil fuel Co-gen power plants than is emitted by plant
Global Thermostat Company Confidential
Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL
42
Closing the Carbon Cycle
• Sustainability Requires Humans Close the Carbon Cycle– Climate Sustainability– Energy Security– Economic Development
• A Human System that Closes The Carbon Cycle– Flexibility in location of sources and sinks– Connectivity between different components – Serve both todays fossil fuel and tomorrows renewables – Consistent with existing infrastructure– Provide net carbon negative technologies to offset carbon emitters– Value carbon so as to support positive feedbacks– New types of cooperation between countries and companies
Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL 43
You need to know where you are going to get there…
44
Current Approaches to Climate Change
“Wedges” approach a good start…– Sensible, diversified strategy based on existing pathways– Portfolio of renewable energy and efficiency technologies– Potential to keep CO2 below 500ppm (still 2x pre-indust.
level)
But may not be enough to avoid climate change…– Depends on continued net natural absorption rate– Does not address 2000’s already elevated emissions – Underestimates projected growth rate by factor of two– No solution past 2055
Climate will change destructively on its own– Earth history has many climate disasters– New York City under a 1 mile high ice sheet
A safe, effective, and affordable solution to climate change is still urgently needed
Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL
Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL
45
Emissions Scenarios…
Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL
46
Future Atmospheric Concentrations…
Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL
47
What Carbon Negative Can Achieve…
Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL
48
The Cost of Atmospheric CO2…
Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL
49
The Need for Going Carbon Negative…
Carbon Neutral is not enough– Neutralizing new and existing
emissions does not prevent atmospheric concentration of CO2 from further increasing
– It doesn’t solve the climate risk problem (reducing atmospheric concentrations below 500 ppm)
Carbon-Negative Required– To reduce atmospheric
concentrations faster than the natural absorption rate
– To achieve a safe level of CO2 concentration
Air Capture Can Make Going Carbon Negative Possible Pacala and Socolow, Science, Vol 305, 8/13/2004, Pg 969.
Note: 7 Wedges refers to the seven stabilization wedges, created by Wigley, Richels & Edmonds, necessary to achieve an atmospheric concentration of CO2 of 500 ppm by 2125.
Business as usual
7 Wedges (aggressive renewable energy use, efficiency, point-source sequestration)
Negative Carbon Technology (such as Global Thermostat) with aggressive renewable energy
50
A Sustainable Solution
ENERGY SECURITY FOR ALL� AIR AND WATER MORE EQUABLY DISTRIBUTED
CONTROL HUMAN CO2 INPUT TO CARBON CYCLE� TEMPERATURE CONTROL
GREEN ENERGY FUND STIMULATES ECONOMIC GROWTH� STIMULATES TRANSITION TO CLOSING THE CARBON CYCLE� MONETIZE THE CO2 SO IT IS A VALUABLE AND NOT A POLLUTANT
Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL
Close the carbon cycle –CO2 from air to make the energy we need-
Renewable 95: Closing the Carbon Cycle
Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL
CO2 Capture&
Hydrogen Conversion
Water Vapor and CO2
95Octane
CONVERTING CO2 FROM AIR & HYDROGEN FROM WATER
TO95 OCTANE GASOLINE
51
GT Project with Algae Systems
Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL 52
Desalination
CO2
Wastewater
Algae Production Dewatering Fuel
Production
Fuels,Electricity &
Biochar
TreatedWastewater
Drinking Water
•Produces carbon negative transportation fuels (diesel, jet, etc)•Treats municipal wastewater and produces drinking water•Generates green electricity and biochar fertilizers
GT is developing a fully-integrated biorefinery through a partnership with Algae Systems
This unique combination of technologies provides critical municipal services while producing energy in an embodiment that is
As Green As It Gets
Solar Energy
Geothermal Electricity + CO2
Collaboration with Green Fire Energy– Uses CO2 instead of water– 10-20% of circulating CO2 sequestered
Using CO2 captured by Global Thermostat– Location flexibility of air capture – Economic advantage of locating near use– Increased geothermal locations accessible
Produces Carbon Negative electricity
Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL Page 53
54
CLOSING THE CARBON CYCLE FOR ENERGY, ECONOMIC, AND CLIMATE SUSTAINABILITY
Global Thermostat
Our goal is to provide technology to:� Facilitate the transition to a renewable future
• Our Carburetor Technology to Clean Fossil Fuel Sources
� Provide carbon for the renewable energy future • Our Direct Air Capture Technology to Close the Carbon Cycle
� Provide a common technology platform • Connects air and concentrated CO2 sources
� Make money by doing good
We seek and welcome partners � They have already been essential to our efforts
We are committed to broad dissemination � Licensing model
Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL 55
Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL
56
“GT CARBON SPONGE”
Pipes to oil well, algae, etc.
Patented Carbon Sponge: porous block coated with proprietary amine sorbents
Ambient air and/or flue gas goes through and binds to sorbent
Carbon Sponge lowers into sealed chamber
Low temperature process heat releases pure CO2 gas for collection
And the cycle restarts…
How GT Technology Works
56
Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL
57
Technology Operation
Adsorption Phase
Regeneration Phase
Ambient air OR Air-flue gas blend
Monolith Contactors + Sorbent “Cartridge”GT Module
Step 1 Air Input
• GT uses Corning monolith contactors similar to those in your cars tailpipe
• Contactors provide high surface contact areas at low pressure drop
• Enables movement of large volumes of air with effective contact of CO2 at low cost
• 40 minute cycle
57
Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL
58
Technology Operation
58
Step 2 CO2 Capture
Adsorption Phase
Regeneration Phase
Monolith Contactors + Sorbent “Cartridge”GT Module
• GT sorbents proven highly effective by Georgia Tech - confirmed by SRI, BASF, and NETL
• BASF process to deposit immobilized amines in pores of the contactor walls at high loading
• Dramatically reduces heat required compared to liquid based CCS
Ambient air OR
Air-flue gas blend
Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL
59
Technology Operation
59
105C Steam
Step 3 Regeneration
CO2 Collection
Adsorption Phase
Regeneration Phase
Monolith Contactors + Sorbent “Cartridge”GT Module
• CO2-rich sorbent is heated with low-temperature process heat (90-105C) steam
• CO2 is collected and sorbent is regenerated
• CO2 can be stored or used in multiple commercial applications
• 4 - 10 minute cycle
For Sustainable Carbon-Based Life: Close the Carbon Cycle…
Need Direct Air Capture � Carbon for a sustainable renewable energy future � Flexibility to provide sources and sinks
Need Negative Carbon � Climate Security
Need Carburetor for transition � Short term carbon free products� Long term carbon negative products
Need a Green Energy Fund � Global Economic Sustainability
Global Thermostat - CONFIDENTIAL Page 60
Closing the Carbon Cycle is Key
Carbon dioxide concentration decreasing
The Global Thermostat
ENERGY
CO2 CAPTURE
Atmosphere 800
Graciela ChichilniskyCo-Founder and Managing Directorchichilnisky1@gmail.com
Peter EisenbergerCo-Founder and Managing Directorpeter.eisenberger@gmail.com
Global Thermostat Confidential 62
Contact
A Game Changing Company
Transforms Energy and Fuel Markets
Enables National Security & Economic Development
Turns CO2 from a global liability and pollutant into a profit center & source of clean fuel
Closing the Carbon CycleSM
Global Thermostat Company Confidential Page 8
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