agrofuels …driving climate change ( a systemic view )
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Agrofuels
…driving climate change ( a systemic view )
Outline
• Two Converging Imperatives: Peak Oil
and Climate Change
• The Agro-Biofuels Solution
• Three Impacts: Food, Forests, Climate
An IPCC proposal for stabilising CO2: the Pascala and Socolow wedges. Each wedge saves 25 billion tonnes of emissions between now and 2050.
Billions of tonnes of Carbon emitted per year
Historical emissions
Currently
projecte
d path
7 wedges
1955 2005 2055 2105
Replacing Oil with Biofuels
• Bioethanol, Biobutanol, Biodiesel
• 1 Wedge = 24m barrels/day of bioethanol replacing gasoline by 2055
• Requires 250m Ha of high yield plantation
• Or 1/6 of global cropland = land mass of India
NREL
Fuel = Food
Mexicans taking to the streets as ethanol makes their staple food unaffordable
A Declaration by Latin American NGOs:
“We want food sovereignty, not biofuels…
While Europeans maintain their lifestyle based on automobile culture, the population of Southern countries will have less and less land for food crops and will loose its food sovereignty…
We are therefore appealing to the governments and people of the European Union countries to seek solutions that do not worsen the already dramatic social and environmental situation of the peoples of Latin America, Asia and Africa.”
Army repression against peasants protesting against soya plantations
The human cost of biofuel monocultures: pesticide poisoning in Paraguay
Landless People’s Camp in Front of Large Industrial Agriculture Estate, Upper Parana
The camp is set on fire
Expulsion in Tekojoja, December 2004. Soya producers destroyed the local community’s fields
Soya monocultures are a green desert around the remaining small islands of forest, Soya Toledo,
Nina Holland.
Sawit Watch Challenges Land Grab
“Palm oil for biofuels increases social conflicts and undermines land reform in Indonesia…
It is unavoidable that, as a consequence of Europe's biofuels policy, the land rights of indigenous peoples and local communities will be relinquished further, and that food security will be undermined and lands for agricultural purposes and subsistence livelihoods will diminish.”
Indigenous Penan people trying to stop industrial loggers from destroying their forest
Logging and palm oil expansion go hand in hand
Burning the rainforest to clear land for palm oil
South-east Asia’s peatlands hold up to 50 billion tonnes of carbon
Draining Borneo’s peat for plantations
Borneo ablaze: Annual peat fires pump billions of
tonnes of CO2 into the atmosphere
As ethanol pushes up the price of sugar cane, this rainforest in Uganda is to be
sacrificed for sugar plantations
Protest against land grab: FoE Nigeria
“It is a push by industry to make another scramble for Africa, grab the land and continue with business as usual. The industrial bio-energy push to increased bio-energy demand will be nothing other than an effort at extending the frontiers of neo-colonialism in its continued march on the back of the fabled market forces.”
In the past few months, the price of soya has started rising again, thanks to biofuels.
And the Amazon is being cut down faster than before.
Amazon rainforest destroyed for soya
NASA: Rate of Amazon destruction correlates with market price of Soya
Burning the rainforest to clear land for soya plantations
Dry season fires are widespread along margin of Amazon. Fingers of cleared land typically form a “herringbone” pattern as they extend from roads
Agro-Biofuels in the EU
• Germany is at capacity using 12% of arable land to achieve 1% transport fuel penetration• Oil Seed Rape: clover/alfalfa – Red Kyte, Ortolan Bunting
• 60% Wetlands lost in N & W Europe
• 45% Butterflies• 30% Reptiles• Birds, Insects, Wildflowers
• EU Biodiversity Loss target (2010)• EU Abolish Compulsory Set-asides from 2008• Rapeseed oil, Sugar Beet. Animal feed displaced to Argentina, Colombia, Brazil
GM Agrofuels
• Plant Genomes
• Microbes
• Potentially significant micro-lifecycle
gains but 5–10 yrs away
• Bottom Line: Micro vs. Macro Lifecycle
Irony of Agrofuels
40% increase in fuel efficiency via Hybridisation
10 – 20% through weight reduction
20 – 40% through smaller engines built for economy
10% through aerodynamics and low friction tyres
30% efficiency by reduced travel speeds, careful driving, correct tyre pressures, clean engine oil etc
TOTAL = 110-140% efficiency = ½-¼ fuel = 13m barrels / day Pascala & Socolow achieve 24m b/d bioethanol = 17m b/d gas.
Climate Critical Data
• Gaia and non-linearity
• Currently: 383ppm CO2
• 450 ppm CO2e gives 30-60% risk of 2+C
…Climate Tipping Point
State of Play
RTFO Biofuels Plan – 5%
EU Biofuels Plan – 5.75% / 10% US Renewable Fuels Standard – 20% China vast acerage planned India following suit
Mitigation: EU Fuels Standards Quality Dir
Certification = False Legitimisation
… because macro-impacts cannot included
Macro-Climate Impacts of Agrofuels
Land use change – deforestation
Land Use Change – peat and soils
Chemical Fertilisers – N2O emissions
Acceleration of climate feedbacks
Monbiot: 5-year freeze on Agro-Biofuel targets
FoE Paraguay and Argentinian NGO’s calling for moratorium
250 NGO’s and prominent individuals calling for a halt on all biofuel targets Certification cannot deal with macro-climate impacts or displacement - wrong policy instrument
Conclusion
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