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Agricultural Biotechnology Support ProjectAgricultural Biotechnology Support Project
“Agricultural Biotechnology and GMO’s : National and International Structures”
Johan Brink,Institute of International Agriculture
Michigan State University
National Extension Conference
Michigan State University
24 -27 March 2003
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Agricultural Biotechnology
1st Generation Biotechnology
producing wine, beer, cheese, vaccines
2nd Generation Biotechnology
conventional breeding, tissue culture techniques
3rd Generation Biotechnology or “Modern Biotechnology
recombinant DNA technology, GMO’s, genomics
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Agricultural Biotechnology
Modern Biotechnology – GM products
is not a silver bullet or a quick fix to solve the world’s poverty and food security problems
when combined with conventional approaches, it can go a long way in the improvement of crop productivity
does require a new way of thinking, organization and communication
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Comprehensive Approach to Agricultural Biotechnology
Market/Trade
Economic GrowthFood Security
Improved Nutrition
R & D
Technology
BiosafetyVarietal Release
Farmers
TechnologyTransfer
IPR
PVP/IPR
Extension &Stewardship
Public Outreach
Agri Industry Outreach
Food & Environmental Safety
Regulatory Framework
Biotech Indus.Seed Indus.
Outreach & Communication
Conventional Breeding
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Major Policy Issues in Agricultural Biotechnology
Biosafety
Food Safety
Environmental Safety
Regulatory Frameworks
Food Aid
Intellectual Property Rights/Plant Variety Protection
Patenting of technology, processes and products
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Major Policy Issues in Agricultural Biotechnology
International Trade
Labeling
Export markets to Europe
Treaties : Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety; Codex allimentarius; WTO rules
Globalization and control of the world’s food supply by multi-national companies
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Major Policy Issues in Agricultural Biotechnology
Communication & Outreach
Public awareness & acceptance
Policy maker awareness
Agricultural Industry awareness
Consumer benefits
Trust in science and regulatory system
Newsworthiness of GM foods
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Major Policy Issues in Agricultural Biotechnology
Public/Private Sector partnerships and Linkages
Private sector concentrate on major crops such as corn, soybean, cotton
Public sector concentrate on papaya, potato, cassava, sweetpotato, banana, etc.
Private sector has deep pockets to comply with regulatory requirements
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Biotechnology Policy : Challenges and Constraints in Developing
CountriesNo strategies for Communication and Outreach – Policy maker awareness and Public awarenessLack of Human Resources with expertise in Biotechnology related policies Lack of Financial resources to develop and implement policiesLack of political will to adopt biotechnology and address crop productivityLimited number of countries developed and implemented national biotechnology strategies Lack of viable seed industries
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Biotechnology Policy : Challenges and Constraints in Africa
Lack of co-operation among Government Ministries regulating biotechnology derived productsLack of Public-Private sector partnerships that are critical to both R&D and “commercialization”International Trade barriersFood Aid IssuesCompliance with/to International Protocols/TreatiesLack of Infrastructure and Institutional Support Structure eg. Biocontainment facilities, PVP/Patent offices, Food safety labsLack of Risk Assessment Capacity and expertise
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Elements of a Biosafety Framework to regulate GM products
Legislative component – GM act or law passed by Parliament
Specific GM regulations – linked to the GM act and to be implemented and administered by a
Government Department
Biosafety Framework implemented to :
- Assess Scientific Risk of GM product
- Assess Socio-Economic impacts
- Ensure Public Communication,
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Biosafety Framework in South Africa
GMO Executive Council Representatives from Depts. Of Agriculture, Science & Technology, Environmental Affairs, Health, Labor, Trade & Industry, Water Affairs & Forestry
Duties: -To advise the Minister of Agriculture on all aspects concerning the development, production, use, application and release of GM Product-To assess the potential Socio-Economic impact of the GM Product-To communicate and interact with the public
Scientific Advisory Committee Duties: - Risk Assessment and Management - Appoint Scientific Review Panel
GMO Registrar : Department of AgricultureDuties: Biosafety AdministrationMonitor all GMO facilities and activitiesRoutine inspectionsAppeal Board
Application for GMO Permit for Field test
Communication
with Public
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Current Status of Biosafety in Africa
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Current Status of Biosafety in Africa:2002
Biosafety Development Countries
Have Biosafety Guidelines Tunisia, Morocco, Mauritania, Kenya, Nigeria, Egypt
Have Draft Legislation Cameroon, Egypt, Kenya, Mauritius, Namibia, Nigeria, Uganda, Zambia
Have Enacted GM legislation South Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi
Have National Biotechnology Policy
Nigeria, South Africa
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Regulatory Framework in the USA
GM products are regulated by 3 different agenciesDepartment of Agriculture (USDA) – oversees safety for cultivationEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) – oversees the safe use of pesticides, including pesticides produced in GM plantsFood and Drug Administration (FDA) – ensures products are safe to eat and addresses food labeling issues
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Roadmap for Commercialization of a GM Product
R&D – Technology Development, Field Tests and establish Proof of ConceptProduct Development – Multi-location field trials, cultivar development and bulking-up of material Regulatory File Development – Perform Food safety analysis (allergenicity, toxicity and nutritional composition) and environmental studies (outcrossing potential, effects on non-target organisms, etc)Obtain “Freedom to Operate” – “Who owns the Intellectual Property of all the components of the product (gene, promoter, variety etc.)?”Dissemination strategy – “How will product reach the farmer?” ; “Will private sector seed companies be involved?”Extension – “ How do farmers grow and cultivate the product?”Stewardship and Liability – Management of the product by farmers, processors and exportersPublic Communication of benefits, impacts
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Source : Clive James, ISAAA
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Country Area of GM crops (m ha)
Crops
USA 39.0 Soybean, cotton, corn, canola
Argentina 13.5 Soybean, corn
Canada 3.5 Soybean, Canola, Corn
China 2.1 Cotton
South Africa 0.3 Cotton, Corn, Soybean
Australia 0.1 Cotton
India <0.1 Cotton
Global adoption of GM Crops : 2002
Source : Clive James, ISAAA
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Country Area of GM crops (m ha)
Crops
Romania <0.1 Soybean
Spain <0.1 Corn
Uruguay <0.1 Soybean
Mexico <0.1 Cotton, Soybean
Bulgaria ; Germany ; Honduras <0.1 Corn
Indonesia <0.1 Cotton
Columbia <0.1 Cotton
GM Crops planted in the USA : 2002
Source : Clive James, ISAAA
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Dominant Transgenic Crops :2002
62%
13%
5%
4%
4%
4%
4%
4%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
HT Soybean
Bt Maize
HT Canola
HT Maize
Bt Cotton
HT Cotton
Bt/HT Cotton
Bt/HT Maize
Cro
p/T
rait
% Transgenic
Source : Clive James, ISAAA
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Global Adoption Rates of GMO’s
36.5
6.8 312.4
72
3425
140
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Soybean 51% Cotton 20% Canola 12% Maize 9%
Glo
bal A
rea
(Mill
ion
ha)
Transgenic area
Global Area
Source : Clive James, ISAAA
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GM Crops planted in the USA : 2002
Planted 39 million ha (66% of total ha)Soybean (HT), Corn (IR;HT), Canola (HT), Cotton (IR;HT), Stacked traits Net gain of 3.3 million ha in 200279% of national soybean area planted to herbicide tolerant RR soybeanIncrease in planting of Bt Corn in 200210% Decrease in planting of GM cotton
Source : Clive James, ISAAA
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More information on GM Crops
International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications (ISAAA)
http://www.isaaa.orgCrop Biotech Net - ISAAA Global Knowledge Centers
http://www.isaaa.org/kcAgricultural Biotechnology Support Project (ABSP) at Michigan State University http://www.iia.msu.edu/absp
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What is “ABSP”
The Agricultural Biotechnology Support Project (ABSP) is a USAID-funded project based in the Institute of International Agriculture at the Michigan State University
Since 1991 ABSP, in collaboration with other US universities and the private sector, has integrated research, product development and policy/regulatory development to assist developing countries in accessing and generating biotechnology and in establishing a regulatory framework for the adoption of biotech crops
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What is “ABSP”
ABSP focused on GM applications in potatoes, cucurbits, corn and tomatoes
Capacity building in: R&D, Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), Technology Transfer and Biosafety
Partner Countries: Costa Rica, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Morocco, South Africa
Regional Partners: East and Central Africa, Southern Africa
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Development of tuber moth resistance in potatoes : ABSP, MSU & AGERI
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ABSP : 1991 - 2003
researchresearch
managementmanagement
policypolicy
networkingnetworking
ABSP is a successful model
for Agricultural Biotechnology development
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Fire Damage to ABSP OfficesJanuary 1, 2000
Arson attack on ABSP offices in Agriculture Hall, MSU
Earth Liberation Front (ELF)claim responsibility for fire damage
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Thank you for your attention !
http://www.iia.msu.edu/absp
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Europe and GMO’s
Cultural differences ; traditional agriculture system Small continent and countries ; ecologically vulnerable Science is criticized and scientists are not trusted No pressure to improve crop productivity Food scandals in Europe ; BSE etc. The role of the media in communicating the biotech message ;
“Bad news is not good news” ; GM foods less newsworthy in recent months
Public perception and acceptance
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