after wwi americans returned to isolationism- refusing to become involved in foreign affairs....
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The Roaring 20’s
After WWI Americans returned to isolationism- refusing to become involved in foreign affairs.
Temporary recession occurredGovernment stopped spending on military
itemsFarmers lost markets in Europe
Adjusting to Peace
The Red Scare was an atmosphere of panic that hit America. Citizens were scared of Communism spreading to America.
Palmer RaidsAttorney General Mitchell Palmer ordered
the round-up of 4,000 suspected communists without warrants.
Most were released. 600 deportedHysteria
The Red Scare
Union office after a Palmer Raid
Sacco and Vanzetti TrialTwo Italian immigrants convicted of robbery
and murderBelieved the robbery was to obtain funds for
anarchist revolutionEven though there was a lack of evidence, the
judge found them guilty and executed them. Many believed they were executed for their
anarchist beliefs
The Red Scare, anarchist bombings and Sacco and Vanzetti case led to the rise in Nativism- dislike of foreigners.
Migrations of African Americans to the North led to racial tensions and the rise of the Ku Klux Klan.Hostile to immigrants, Catholics, Jews and
African AmericansRace Riots
Chicago- 38 people killed
The Rise of Nativism and Racism
Favored American businessSupported laissez-faire policiesHigh protective tariffsLower taxes on wealthyWeak enforcement of antitrust laws
The Three Republican Presidents- Harding, Coolidge and Hoover
Called for “Return to Normalcy”Less ambitious foreign policy and a greater
emphasis on peacetime production and prosperity at home
Teapot Dome ScandalCabinet member leased oil-rich lands at Teapot
Dome to two business friends in exchange for personal bribes
Laissez-fairePro businessRepublican
Warren Harding
“Rugged Individualism”- Americans were given equal opportunities, free education, and a will to succeed. This spurred the progress and was the basis of America’s success
Laissez-faire policiesPro businessRepublican
Herbert Hoover“We in America today are nearer the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land.” Ironic?
Single most important factor behind American prosperity of 20’s
Jobs- 1 out of 9 workers employed by auto industry
Greater mobilityFamily vacationsGrowth of suburbs
Henry Ford- Model T car was the first car that many middle
class Americans could buy.Assembly line production- increased production=
lower prices= increase in auto workers’ wages
Rise of the automobile
Henry Ford
"Americans can have any kind of car they want, and any color they want, as long as
it's a Ford, and as long as it's black."
Glenn Curtiss- Early aviation pioneer; successfully designed a “hydroeroplane” that could take off and land on water
Rise of new industries
Advertising stimulated demandWorkers had higher wages and more leisure
time= greater purchasing powerBuying on credit- buyer put a small amount of
money as a down payment to take an item home and paid off the rest through installments.
Age of Mass Consumption
Consumer Spending for Recreation
Consumer Debt 1920-1931
Speculation- purchase of any item not for personal use, but in the hopes of selling it later at a higher price
1920’s – speculation in stocks and real estate
Speculation Boom
Temperance Movement- Aimed at making alcohol illegalFrances Willard- President of the
National Women’s Temperance Union
Eighteenth Amendment- banned the sale of alcoholic drinks
OppositionMany believed it forced people’s
moral beliefs on othersPut thousands of people out of
workLed to the rise of organized crime“speakeasies”- hidden bars
Twenty-first Amendment- Prohibition is repealed
Prohibition
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-PAIOy41SjQ
“Lawless”
Pitted older religious beliefs against new scientific theories
John Scopes accused of teaching the theory of evolution
William Jennings Bryan- prosecutorClarence Darrow- defended ScopesFirst trial to be broadcast over the radioScopes was convicted and fined $1
Scopes Monkey Trial
Nativist feelings led to tight immigration restrictions from Europe
Immigration Acts of 1921, 1924, and 1929Designed to keep immigrants from Southern and
Eastern Europe out of AmericaEugenics- pseudo-scientific belief that the human
race could be improved by breeding. It was believed that superior parents would lead to better childrenLed to forced sterilizationsSegregation laws marriage restrictionsClosely tied to Social Darwinism
Immigration
WomenMore women voting=
greater independenceReject restrictive
clothing a traditions= flapper dresses, short hair, more makeup
Began reading Sigmund Freud and treating sexuality more openly
New Values
Tin Pan AlleyA section of New York City where song-writing
and musical ideas mixed together to form American popular music
Blues, jazz, and ragtime blended together
20’s Music:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ICd-fNX19jQ
New Values
“Lost Generation” writers who rejected the material wealth of the 20’s; didn’t fit in with society after experiencing the horrors of WWISinclair Lewis- BabbittErnest Hemingway- A Farewell to ArmsF. Scott Fitzgerald- The Great Gatsby
Youth and Lost Generation
1910-19302 million African Americans left the South for
the “Promised Land” of the Northeast and Midwest
Still rejected by racism in North and MidwestCreated cities-within-cities
Harlem in NYC- African American community
The Great Migration
Harlem Renaissance- During the 1920’s, it was the general awakening of African American culture.
Rising middle class of African Americans
Jazz musicPoets and writers
Langston Hughes- poet “I Too Sing America”
Zora Neale Hurston- writer Their Eyes Were Watching God
Harlem Renaissance
Marcus Garvey- political activistFormed-Universal
Negro Improvement Association
Encouraged African Americans to set up their own shops and businesses
Back-to-Africa Movement- advocated African Americans return to Africa
Harlem Renaissance
More leisure time= more time for entertainmentSports, radio, movies, magazinesBabe Ruth, Jack DempseyCharles Lindbergh- 1st person to fly across
the Atlantic OceanEmergence of movies and radio-
common American culture
Charlie Chaplin:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IxWhaFrBz64https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ww5pb-z0o0I
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