af and increased mortality: causation or association?€¦ · af and increased mortality: causation...
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AF and increased mortality:
causation or association?
Antonio Raviele, MD, FESC, FHRS
AP-HRS 2015– Melbourne, Australia– 19/22 November 2015
ALFA – Alliance to Fight Atrial fibrillation, Mestre – Venice, Italy
Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 1061-1067
Andersson T et al. Eur Heart J 2013;34:1061-1067
Andersson T et al. Eur Heart J 2013;34:1061-1067
ALFA – Alliance to Fight Atrial fibrillation, Mestre – Venice, Italy
Andersson T et al. Eur Heart J 2013;34:1061-1067
All-cause mortality in AF patients vs controls
Andersson T et al. Eur Heart J 2013;34:1061-1067
AF patients
Controls
ALFA – Alliance to Fight Atrial fibrillation, Mestre – Venice, Italy
Unadjusted all-cause mortality risk
All-cause mortality risk adjusted for concomitant diseases
Age < 65 yrs Age 65-74 yrs Age 75-85
All patients
- Women 3,57
2.15
2,55
1,72
1,94
1,44
- Men 2,80
1,76
2,03
1,36
1,72
1,24
Patients with primary
diagnosis of AF
- Women 2,20
1,63
1,76
1,46
1,43
1,28
- Men 1,91
1,45
1,44
1,17
1,25
1,10
Andersson T et al. Eur Heart J 2013;34:1061-1067
Andersson T et al. Eur Heart J 2013;34:1061-1067
Impact of Atrial Fibrillation on the Risk of Death
Emelia J. Benjamin, Philip A. Wolf, Ralph B. D’Agostino, Halit Silbershatz, William B. Kannel, and Daniel Levy
Circulation 1998; 98: 946-952
(Benjamin EJ et al. Circulation 1998; 98: 946-952)
Impact of AF on the risk of death: the Framingham study
N = 5209; follow-up: 40 years
80
60
40
0 0 2 4 6 8 10
% o
f su
bje
cts
dead
in
th
e f
oll
ow
-up
Follow-up (years)
70
50
20
30
10
9 7 5 3 1
Men without AF
Women without AF
Women with AF
Men with AF HR = 1.5
HR = 1.9
General Population
Specific clinical situations
Relationship between AF & mortality
- Heart failure
- Myocardial infarction
- Renal failure
- Stroke
- Hypertension
- Diabetes mellitus
- Post-cardiac surgery period
Circulation 2003;107:2920-2925
Wang TJ et al. Circulation 2003; 107: 2920-25
Risk of Death and Cardiovascular Events in Initially
Healthy Women With New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation
David Conen, MD, MPH; Claudia U. Chae, MD, MPH; Robert J. Glynn, ScD; Usha B.
Tedrow, MD, MSc; Brendan M. Everett, MD, MPH; Julie E. Buring, ScD; Christine M. Albert,
MD, MPH
JAMA. 2011; 305: 2080-2087
Women’s Healthy Study
FU = 15.4 years
Conen DT et al. JAMA. 2011; 305: 2080-2087
AF & ↑ Mortality
• Direct cause of death ?
• Marker of an increased risk ?
It is important to determine whether the
excess mortality observed in patients with AF
is directly due to AF or is just an association
Considerations
AF is a largely diffuse clinical condition and the
mortality due to this pathology is increasingly growing
If AF directly causes excess mortality, then the use of
therapies that specifically and successfully eliminate
AF – rather than just prevent its symptoms – are
preferable
Considerations
Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 1027-1030
Leong DP et al. Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 1027-1030
Incident AF & Overall Mortality
HR = 1.5 – 2.0
Andersson T et al. Eur Heart J 2013;34:1061-1067
Ferrie JE et al. Heart 2009 ;95 :1250-1257
In a 40-year prospective cohort study, smoking exhibited a similar hazard ratio of about 1.5
Leong DP et al. Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 1027-1030
Leong DP et al. Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 1027-1030
Despite adjustment for co-morbidities, all the studies
are observational and subject to the potential for
confounding factors that were not measured, such as
myocardial fibrosis, digoxin use, obesity, obstructive
sleep apnoea, control of hypertension, patient
adherence to heart failure and other therapies, etc.
Consideration
Leong DP et al. Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 1027-1030
J Am Heart Assoc 2013; doi: 10.1161/JAHA 113000126
Lubitz SA et al. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; doi: 10.1161/JAHA 113000126
Higher risk of death and stroke in patients with persistent vs. paroxysmal atrial fibrillation: results from the ROCKET-AF Trial
Steinberg BA, Hellkamp AS, Lokhnygina Y, Patel MR, Breithardt G, Hankey GJ, Becker RC,
Singer DE, Halperin JL, Hacke W, Nessel CC, Berkowitz SD, Mahaffey KW, Fox KA, Califf RM,
Piccini JP; ROCKET-AF Steering Committee and investigators
Eur Heart J. 2015; 36: 288-96
Steinberg BA et al. Eur Heart J. 2015; 36: 288-96
Leong DP et al. Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 1027-1030
Stroke / Thromboembolic events
Worsening of Heart failure
Plausible mechanisms of death in AF pts
Stroke appears to account for a very small
proportion of the deaths in AF patients.
In the AF-CHF study, reducing atrial fibrillation in
heart failure patients did not mortality
Considerations
Marijon E et al. Circulation 2013;128:2192-2201
Stroke appears to account for a very small
proportion of the deaths in AF patients.
In the AF-CHF study, reducing atrial fibrillation in
heart failure patients did not decrease mortality
Considerations
Roy D et al. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 2667-2677
Death from cardiovascular cause (primary endpoint)
Leong DP et al. Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 1027-1030
Represent the strongest support
to the causation hypothesis
Randomized clinical trials
PIAF, Lancet 2000
AFFIRM, N Engl J Med 2002
RACE, N Engl J Med 2002
STAF, JACC 2003
HOT- CAFE, Chest 2004
AF-CHF, N Engl J Med 2008
J-RHYTHM, Circ J 2009
AF Randomized Trials / Rhythm Control vs Rate Control
Trial Age, y
Mean Follow - up
Throm bo- em bolic
com plicat ions %
Mortality %
Modified from Falk, RH. Circulat ion (2005) 111: 3141
Rate vs Rhythm Trials n
PI AF 1 2 m
Rate cont rol
Rhythm cont rol
1 2 5
1 2 7
6 1
6 0
1 0
5 6
1 0 0
1 0 0
NR
NR
1 .6
1 .6
AFFI RM 4 2 m
Rate cont rol
Rhythm cont rol
2 0 2 7
2 0 3 3
7 0
7 0
3 5
6 3
8 5
7 0
6
7 .5
2 1
2 4
RACE 2 7 m
Rate cont rol
Rhythm cont rol
2 5 6
2 6 6
6 8
6 8
1 0
3 9
9 6 - 9 9
8 6 - 9 9
5 .5
7 .9
1 7
1 3
STAF 2 2 m
Rate cont rol
Rhythm cont rol
1 0 0
1 0 0
6 5
6 6
0
NR
NR
NR
0 .6
3 .1
5 .0
2 .5
Hot Cafe 2 0 m
Rate cont rol
Rhythm cont rol
1 0 1
1 0 4
6 1
6 0
NR
6 3 .5
7 4
NR
1
2 .9
1 .0
2 .9
AF- CHF 3 7 m
Rate cont rol
Rhythm cont rol
6 9 4
6 8 2
6 7
6 6
3 0 - 4 1
7 3
9 2
8 8
4
3
3 3
3 2
J- RHYTHM 1 9 m
Rate cont rol
Rhythm cont rol
4 0 4
4 1 9
6 4 .5
6 5
4 4
7 3
5 9
6 0
2 .9
2 .3
0 .7
1 .0
Sinus rhythm
( % )
W arfarin ( % )
Circulation 2004; 109: 1509-13
AFFIRM Circulation 2004; 109: 1509-13
These data suggest that any beneficial
antiarrhythmic effects of AADs are offset by
their adverse effects, and that if an effective
method for maintaining SR with fewer adverse
effects were available, it might be beneficial in
reducing the increased mortality of AF patients
Considerations
Leong DP et al. Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 1027-1030
Consistent evidence indicates that AF is
associated with increased mortality, but the
extent to which this is a direct effect of AF itself
or is related to the numerous serious associated
conditions remains a puzzle.
Conclusions (1)
It is likely that AF itself directly increases the
risk of death in some patients; and it is also a
marker of worsening of heart failure,
hypertension, valvular disease, and other
associated conditions.
Conclusions (2)
Improving our understanding of how AF is
associated with mortality may offer the potential
for new treatments that reduce the risk of
premature death.
Conclusions (3)
Clinical approach to atrial fibrillation
Mont L Eur Heart J 2014;eurheartj.ehu099
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