ae1110x 5a slides
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Ir. Jos Sinke
Structures -‐ Early structures
Introduc)on to Aeronau)cal Engineering
Jez -‐ CC -‐ BY -‐ NC -‐ ND
Aircra0 weight
W1. Aircra8 empty weight • Structure • Systems • Crew • OperaAng items
2. Payload 3. Fuel
“One should minimise the weight of aircra* structures, systems and fuel, in order to maximise payload.”
What is a structure? Func9ons?
A structure is a skeleton, a framework
Func9ons of a structure
Carry loads (most important!) Provide protecAon Framework to aRach other systems
O. Cleynen -‐ CC -‐ BY -‐ SA T. Lappin -‐ CC -‐ BY -‐ NC
Development of structures
Period Structures Materials 1903 -‐ 1910 Cables, lath, fabric Steel, wood, linen 1910 -‐ 1920 Truss, spars, ribs, fabric Steel rods, tubes 1920 -‐ 1940 Load-‐carrying wooden wings Wood 1932 -‐ today SAffened shell structures Aluminium 1948 -‐ today Pressure cabin Improved Al-‐alloys ±1980 -‐ today Composite structures Carbon fibres
Early aircra0 structures
Biplanes vs. monoplanes
Advantages of biplanes + Structural: Wings connected + Maneuverability
Disadvantages of biplanes -‐ Wings affect each other -‐ Higher drag -‐ Only 20% more li8
Monoplanes Limited models iniAally 1909: Louis Blériot crosses the channel
Kogo -‐ CC -‐ BY -‐ SA
Early wing structures
MLWaRs -‐ CC -‐ BY -‐ SA
The Fokker F VII
Kitchener.lord-‐ CC -‐ BY -‐ NC -‐ ND
Period 1924 -‐ early 1930’s Large number, many airlines
Wooden wings
Cra8smanship Loaded triplex (wood) skin
Truss fuselage
Early structures
Pline -‐ CC -‐ BY -‐ SA
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