advanced thin-haul concept studies (joby aviation) tuesday presentations final/16 stoll adva… ·...

Advanced Thin-Haul Concept StudiesAlex Stoll and Gregor Veble Mikić

Joby Aviation

18 March 2016

Comparison of specifications

2

Cessna 402C Tecnam P2012 Pilatus PC-12Advanced

concepts

Range 875 nm 620 nm 1,845 nm 400 nm

Stall speed (CAS) 67 kt 60 kt 67 kt 67 kt

Takeoff run 1,763 ft 1,410 ft 1,480 ft 2,000 ft

Seats 10 11 11 11

Engine(s) TSIO-520 TEO-540 PT6A Varies

Total power 650 hp 700 hp 1,200 hp Varies

Retractable gear ✓ ✓ ✓

Max cruise speed 194 KTAS 210 KTAS 285 KTAS 180-325 KTAS

Pressurized ✓ Varies

3

Cessna 402

Tecnam P2012

Pilatus PC-12

4

Tecnam P2012 Pilatus PC-12Cessna 4024.5

0 f

t (1

.37 m

)

4.1

7 f

t (1

.27 m

)

4.66 ft (1.42 m)

0.94 ft (0.29 m)1.05 ft (0.32 m)

4.85 ft (1.48 m)

4.8

2 f

t (1

.47 m

)

5 ft (1.52 m)

4.25 ft (1.30 m)

Advanced design configurations

5

Turbodiesels or turboprops Electric motors with turbodiesel

or turbine range extender

Mission descriptions

6

Electric

Hybrid Hybrid

Hybrid

Hybrid

Hybrid

100 nm economy

cruise (≥180kt ,

8,000-10,000 ft)

67 nm

alternate45 min

IFR reserve

67 nm

alternate

45 min

IFR reserve

400 nm high-speed cruise (180-325 kt , 8,000-25,000 ft)

7

High-lift props (HLP)C402 3-motor (3M)Conventional (C)P2012 PC-12

8

Lowest battery+electricity cost Lowest gross weight Lowest total cost

9

180225

275

325

180

225

275

180

225

275

325

180225

275

325180

225

275

325

180 210

180

180 225 254

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

9,000

10,000

11,000

12,000

13,000

14,000

$0.20 $0.40 $0.60 $0.80 $1.00 $1.20 $1.40

MTO

W (

lb)

Battery + electricity + fuel cost/nm for 100 nm flight

PC-12

P2012

C402

Conventional (turbine)

Conventional (diesel)

325

Conventional 3-Motor High Lift Props

Operating costs for 180 kt, 100 nm flight

10

$0.00

$1.00

$2.00

$3.00

$4.00

$5.00

$6.00

$7.00

C402 P2012 PC-12 C 3M HLP

Co

st p

er

nm

Landing fees

Insurance

Maintenance

Pilot

Interest

Depreciation

Fuel

Overhaul

Electricity

Battery

11

$0.00

$0.50

$1.00

$1.50

$2.00

$2.50

$3.00

$3.50

$4.00

$4.50

$5.00

$5.50

$6.00

$6.50

175 200 225 250 275 300 325

Tota

l co

st/n

m

Cruise speed for 400 nm flight (KTAS)

C (diesel)

3M (diesel)

HLP (diesel)

C (turbine)

3M (turbine)

HLP (turbine)

P2012

C402

PC-12

100 nm flight costs

12

0

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

1,400

175 200 225 250 275 300 325

Tota

l co

mb

ust

ion e

ng

ine p

ow

er

(kW

)

Cruise speed for 400 nm flight (KTAS)

C (diesel)

3M (diesel)

HLP (diesel)

C (turbine)

3M (turbine)

HLP (turbine)

P2012

C402

PC-12

Energy cost sensitivity

13

$0.00

$1.00

$2.00

$3.00

$4.00

$5.00

$6.00

$7.00

175 200 225 250 275 300 325

To

tal co

st/n

m fo

r 10

0 n

m m

issi

on

Cruise speed for 400 nm flight (KTAS)

C $3.50/gal

3M 7¢/kWh

HLP 7¢/kWh

P2012 $3.50/gal

C402 $3.50/gal

PC-12 $3.50/gal

C $5.50/gal

3M 12¢/kWh

HLP 12¢/kWh

P2012 $5.50/gal

C402 $5.50/gal

PC-12 $5.50/gal

Acknowledgements

• NASA Langley (Dr. Nick Borer, Bill Fredericks,

Ken Goodrich, Mark Moore, Michael

Patterson)

• Dr. Joachim Grenestedt

14

Future Work

• CFD validation of current designs

• Boundary layer ingestion propeller analysis

• Aeroelastic analysis

• Additional configuration analysis (e.g. twin boom)

15

400 nm flight costs

16

$0.00

$0.20

$0.40

$0.60

$0.80

$1.00

$1.20

175 200 225 250 275 300 325

Batt

ery

+ e

lect

rici

ty +

fuel co

st/n

m

Cruise speed for 400 nm mission (KTAS)

C (diesel) 3M (diesel) HLP (diesel)

C (turbine) 3M (turbine) HLP (turbine)

P2012 C402 PC-12

$0.00

$0.50

$1.00

$1.50

$2.00

$2.50

$3.00

$3.50

$4.00

$4.50

$5.00

175 200 225 250 275 300 325

To

tal co

st/n

m

Cruise speed for 400 nm mission (KTAS)

C (diesel) 3M (diesel) HLP (diesel)

C (turbine) 3M (turbine) HLP (turbine)

P2012 C402 PC-12

Energy cost sensitivity for 400 nm flight

17

$0.00

$1.00

$2.00

$3.00

$4.00

$5.00

$6.00

$7.00

175 200 225 250 275 300 325

To

tal co

st/n

m f

or

400 n

m f

light

Cruise speed for 400 nm flight (KTAS)

C $3.50/gal

W 7¢/kWh

WL 7¢/kWh

C $5.50/gal

W 12¢/kWh

WL 12¢/kWh

P2012 $3.50/gal

C402 $3.50/gal

PC-12 $3.50/gal

P2012 $5.50/gal

C402 $5.50/gal

PC-12 $5.50/gal

Specific energy sensitivity

18

$2.60

$2.80

$3.00

$3.20

$3.40

$3.60

$3.80

$4.00

$4.20

$4.40

175 200 225 250 275 300 325

To

tal co

st/n

m f

or

100 n

m m

issi

on

Cruise speed for 400 nm flight (KTAS)

C

3M (400 Wh/kg)

HLP (400 Wh/kg)

3M (500 Wh/kg)

HLP (500 Wh/kg)

P2012

C402

PC-12

Effect of high-lift propellers

19

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

175 200 225 250 275 300 325

CLm

ax

Cruise speed for 400 nm flight (KTAS)

C/3M HLP (diesel) HLP (turbine)

P2012 C402 PC-12

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

175 200 225 250 275 300 325

Win

g lo

ad

iing

(lb

/ft²

)

Cruise speed for 400 nm flight (KTAS)

C/3M HLP (diesel) HLP (turbine)

P2012 C402 PC-12

Engine options for advanced concepts

20

Turbodiesel Turboprop

Turbine

generator

(recuperated)

SFC (lb/hp/hr) 0.36-0.41 0.63 0.45

TBO 2,400 hours 3,600 hours 6,000 hours

Critical altitude 10,000 ft Sea level Sea level

Specific power 0.48 hp/lb 2.1 hp/lb 2.0 hp/lb

Cost per 100 hp $39,000 $56,000 $56,000

Minimum size 230 shp 250 shp 250 shp

Operating cost components

• Battery amortization (2,000 cycles, 20¢/kWh)

• Electricity (industrial rate: 7¢/kW)

• Fuel ($3.50/gal)

• Overhaul reserve

• Depreciation (30,000 hours)

• Interest

• Pilot

• Maintenance

• Insurance

• Landing fees

21

Operating costs for the 180 kt, 100 nm mission

22

$0.00

$0.20

$0.40

$0.60

$0.80

$1.00

$1.20

$1.40

$1.60

$1.80

Battery Electricity Overhaul Fuel Depreciation Interest Pilot Maintenance Insurance Landing fees

Co

st p

er

nm

fo

r 10

0 n

m flig

ht

C402 P2012 PC-12 C 3M HLP

Aircraft unit cost model

23

$0

$1

$2

$3

$4

$5

$6

100 1,000

Unit c

ost

Mill

ions

Production quantity (5 years)

HLP (325kt turbine) HLP (180kt diesel) P2012

$0

$1

$2

$3

$4

$5

$6

100 215 464 1,000

Unit c

ost

Mill

ions

Production quantity (5 years)

HLP cost (325 kt turbine)

Profit

Engine+motors

Avionics

Materials

QC

Mfg labor

Tooling

Flt test

Dev support

Engineering

24

$2.50

$3.00

$3.50

$4.00

$4.50

$5.00

$5.50

$6.00

175 200 225 250 275 300 325

Weig

hte

d t

ota

l co

st/n

m (75%

100nm

, 25%

400nm

)

Cruise speed for 400 nm flight (KTAS)

C (diesel)

3M (diesel)

HLP (diesel)

C (turbine)

3M (turbine)

HLP (turbine)

P2012

C402

PC-12