advanced placement biology curriculum framework · campbell biology 11th edition, ap edition ©2018...
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A Correlation of
Campbell Biology 11th Edition, AP Edition
©2018
To the
Advanced Placement Biology Curriculum Framework
AP® is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.
Page COM-1 of 63
Campbell Biology AP® Edition 11th Edition Correlation for AP® Biology CurriculumChapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
1
Intr
odu
ctio
n: E
volu
tion
, th
e Th
emes
of B
iolo
gy,
an
d S
cien
tifi
c In
qu
iry
1–26
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.
1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution.
1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of de-scent from common ancestry.
1.C: Life continues to evolve within a chang-ing environment.
1.D: The origin of living systems is explained by natural processes.
2.A: Growth, reproduc-tion, and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter.
2.B: Growth, reproduc-tion, and dynamic ho-meostasis require that cells create and main-tain internal environ-ments that are different from their external environments.
3.C: The processing of genetic informa-tion is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation.
3.A: Heritable informa-tion provides for conti-nuity of life.
4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties.
4.C: Naturally occurring diversity among and between components within biological sys-tems affects interactions with the environment.
1.A.1. Natural selection is a major mecha-nism of evolution.
1.A.2: Natural selection acts on pheno-typic variations in populations.
1.A.3: Evolutionary change is also driven by random processes.
1.A.4: Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics.
1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organ-isms today.
1.B.2: Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested.
1.C.3: Populations of organisms continue to evolve.
1.D.1: There are several hypotheses about the natural origin of life on Earth, each with supporting scientific evidence.
2.A.1: All living systems require constant input of free energy.
2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes.
2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization.
2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively per-meable due to their structure.
3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]
LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]
LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2]
LO 1.4 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.5 [See SP 7.1]
LO 1.6 [See SP 1.4, 2.1]
LO 1.7 [See SP 2.1]
LO 1.8 [See SP 6.4]
LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]
LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]
LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]
LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]
LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]
LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]
LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]
LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]
LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.27 [See SP 1.2]
LO 1.28 [See SP 3.3]
LO 1.29 [See SP 6.3]
LO 1.30 [See SP 6.5]
LO 1.31 [See SP 4.4]
LO 2.1 [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.2 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.3 [See SP 6.4]
LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]
LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]
LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]
LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]
LO 2.10 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]
LO 2.11 [See SP 1.1, 7.1, 7.2]
LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]
• Graphical analysis of allele frequencies ina population 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566
• Application of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation 467, 488, 489, 490–493, 495–498
• Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500–501• Natural selection on population color 14• DDT resistance in insects 1274• Artificial selection 472–474, 834, 837• Loss of genetic diversity within a crop species
1259–1268• Overuse of antibiotics 476• Graphical analyses of allele frequencies in a
population 280, 486, 563• Analysis of sequence data sets 351, 561, 562,
593–596, 606, 608–609• Analysis of phylogenetic trees 16, 472, 478,
529, 531, 534, 535, 541, 547, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 569, 594, 596, 597, 599, 606, 608–609, 617, 674, 681, 717, 729
• Construction of phylogenetic trees based on sequence data 16, 472, 478, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 729
• Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112–121, 123, 130, 152, 1054
• Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533
• Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238–244, 256, 257, 259–260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
• Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 127, 128
• Number of heart chambers in animals 921, 922, 924, 925, 926
• Opposable thumbs 744, 745• Absence of legs in some sea mammals
477, 480• Chemical resistance (mutations for resistance
to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, or chemotherapy drugs occur in the absence of the chemical) 476, 865
• Emergent diseases 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407, 408, 410, 411, 412
URRY3691_11_COMP_PR3.indd 1 3/8/17 9:57 PM
Page COM-2 of 63
Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
1
Intr
odu
ctio
n: E
volu
tion
, th
e Th
emes
of B
iolo
gy,
an
d S
cien
tifi
c In
qu
iry
(con
tin
ued
)
1–26
3.A.3: The chromosomal basis of inheri-tance provides an understanding of the pattern of passage (transmission) of genes from parent to offspring.
3.A.4: The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics.
3.C.1: Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype.
4.A.2: The structure and function of sub-cellular components, and their interac-tions, provide essential cellular processes.
4.A.3: Interactions between external stim-uli and regulated gene expression result in specialization of cells, tissues, and organs.
4.A.5: Communities are composed of populations of organisms that interact in complex ways.
4.C.3: The level of variation in a popula-tion affects population dynamics.
4.C.4: The diversity of species within an ecosystem may influence the stability of the ecosystem.
LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]
LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2]
LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1]
LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]
LO 3.15 [See SP 6.5]
LO 3.16 [See SP 6.3]
LO 3.17 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.24 [See SP 6.4, 7.2]
LO 3.25 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.26 [See SP 7.2]
LO 4.4 [See SP 6.4]
LO 4.5 [See SP 6.2]
LO 4.6 [See SP 1.4]
LO 4.7 [See SP 1.3]
LO 4.25 [See SP 6.1]
LO 4.26 [See SP 6.4]
LO 4.27 [See SP 6.4]
• Observed directional phenotypic change in a population (Grants’ observations of Darwin’s finches in the Galapagos) 471, 472, 484, 485, 486, 504
• A eukaryotic example that describes evolution of a structure or process such as heart chambers, limbs, the brain, and the immune system 231, 477, 478, 479, 480, 671–674, 677–679, 681, 685–687, 690, 691, 694–699, 704–710, 712, 713, 716–738, 1061
• Krebs cycle 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183
• Glycolysis 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183
• Calvin cycle 191, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 204, 206, 207, 208–209
• Fermentation 181• Endothermy (the use of thermal energy
generated by metabolism to maintain homeostatic body temperatures) 144, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 160, 879, 880, 883, 884, 886, 887, 889, 891, 998
• Ectothermy (the use of external thermal energy to help regulate and maintain body temperature) 878, 881, 882, 883, 885, 998
• Elevated floral temperatures in some plant species 206
• Seasonal reproduction in animals and plants 506, 1018, 1019, 1020
• Life-history strategy (biennial plants, reproductive diapaus) 1198–1202
• Change in the producer level can affect the number and size of other trophic levels. 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1195, 1195, 1214, 1215, 1217, 1241, 1242, 1244, 1245
• Change in energy resources levels such as sunlight can affect the number and size of the trophic levels. 187, 1237, 1238, 1240, 1241
• NADP+ in photosynthesis 191, 197, 198, 200, 202, 211
• Oxygen in cellular respiration 40–41, 143, 149, 150, 154, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, 189, 191, 194, 197, 200, 207, 208–209
• Cohesion 46, 793• Adhesion 46, 793• High specific heat capacity 44, 46–50• Universal solvent supports reactions. 49, 50,
52• Heat of vaporization 44, 46–50• Heat of fusion 44, 46–50• Water’s thermal conductivity 47, 48• Root hairs 757, 758, 759, 766, 757, 768, 791,
793, 805, 814, 816• Cells of the alveoli 941• Cells of the villi 693, 907, 908
URRY3691_11_COMP_PR3.indd 2 3/8/17 9:57 PM
Page COM-3 of 63
Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
1
Intr
odu
ctio
n: E
volu
tion
, th
e Th
emes
of B
iolo
gy,
an
d S
cien
tifi
c In
qu
iry
(con
tin
ued
)
1–26
• Microvilli 100, 116, 693• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356, 370, 959• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160, 161,
349• Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129,
130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,
337, 347–350, 400• Degradation 350• Electrophoresis 414, 415, 416, 418• Plasmid-based transformation 315, 316, 416,
417, 420• Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA 416, 417,
420, 422• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 418, 419,
420, 422, 423• Genetically modified foods 416, 426, 427,
434, 835–836• Transgenic animals 420, 421, 434, 834–836• Cloned animals 416, 417, 419, 420, 428–431, 441• Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or
factor X 310, 431, 432, 914–915, 1261, 1275• Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500–501• Tay-Sachs disease 108, 288• Huntington’s disease 287• X-linked color blindness 299• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 308–309• Klinefelter’s syndrome 309• Reproduction issues 506, 507, 512–521, 601,
602, 603, 604, 608, 610, 1022, 1023, 1025• Sex-linked genes reside on sex chromosomes
(X in humans). 298• In mammals and flies, the Y chromosome is
very small and carries few genes. 298–299• In mammals and flies, females are XX and
males are XY; as such, X-linked recessive traits are always expressed in males. 298, 299, 300
• Some traits are sex limited, and expression depends on the sex of the individual, such as milk production in female mammals and pattern baldness in males. 298, 299, 300
• Antibiotic resistance mutations 476, 579• Pesticide resistance mutations 488• Sickle cell disorder and heterozygote
advantage 82, 286, 357, 499–502• Prairie chickens 493–494, 1265• Potato blight causing the potato famine 865• Corn rust effects on agricultural crops 449, 667• Not all animals in a population stampede 1138,
1145• Not all individuals in a population in a disease
outbreak are equally affected; some may not show symptoms, some may have mild symptoms, or some may be naturally immune and resistant to the disease. 1201–1203
URRY3691_11_COMP_PR3.indd 3 3/8/17 9:57 PM
Page COM-4 of 63
Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
UNIT 1 The Chemistry of Life, pg. 27
2
The
Ch
emic
al C
onte
xt o
f Lif
e
28–43
Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.
4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties.
4.A.1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule.
4.A.2: The structure and function of sub-cellular components, and their interac-tions, provide essential cellular processes.
LO 4.1 [See SP 7.1]
LO 4.2 [See SP 1.3]
LO 4.3 [See SP 6.1, 6.4]
LO 4.4 [See SP 6.4]
LO 4.5 [See SP 6.2]
LO 4.6 [See SP 1.4]
• Carbohydrates 68–71• Lipids 72–74• Proteins 75–83• Nucleic acids 84–86, 315–319, 320–329,
338–341, 342–344, 347–355• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356, 370, 959• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160,
161, 349• Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129,
130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,
337, 347–350, 400• Cytoskeleton (a network of structural
proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112–121, 123, 130, 152, 1054
• Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533
• Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238–244, 256, 257, 259–260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
• Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 234, 235, 236, 238–244, 256, 257, 259–260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
3
Wat
er a
nd
Lif
e
44–55
Big Idea 1: The pro-cess of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.
1.D: The origin of living systems is explained by natural processes.
2.A: Growth, reproduc-tion, and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter.
4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties.
1.D.2: Scientific evidence from many dif-ferent disciplines supports models of the origin of life.
2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization.
4.A.1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule.
4.A.6: Interactions among living systems and with their environment result in the movement of matter and energy.
LO 1.32 [See SP 4.1]
LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]
LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]
LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]
LO 4.1 [See SP 7.1]
LO 4.2 [See SP 1.3]
LO 4.3 [See SP 6.1, 6.4]
LO 4.14 [See SP 2.2]
LO 4.15 [See SP 1.4]
LO 4.16 [See SP 6.4]
• Cohesion 46, 793• Adhesion 46, 793• High specific heat capacity 44, 46–50• Universal solvent supports reactions. 49, 50,
52• Heat of vaporization 44, 46–50• Heat of fusion 44, 46–50• Water’s thermal conductivity 47, 48• Root hairs 757, 758, 759, 766, 757, 768, 791,
793, 805, 814, 816• Cells of the alveoli 941• Cells of the villi 693, 907, 908• Microvilli 100, 116, 693
URRY3691_11_COMP_PR3.indd 4 3/8/17 9:57 PM
Page COM-5 of 63
Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
4
Car
bon
an
d t
he
Mol
ecu
lar
Div
ersi
ty o
f Lif
e
56–65
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.
1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution.
2.A: Growth, reproduc-tion, and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter.
4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties.
4.B: Competition and cooperation are impor-tant aspects of biologi-cal systems.
1.A.4: Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics.
2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes.
2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization.
4.A.1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule.
4.A.2: The structure and function of sub-cellular components, and their interac-tions, provide essential cellular processes.
4.B.1: Interactions between molecules af-fect their structure and function.
LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]
LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]
LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]
LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]
LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]
LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]
LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]
LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]
LO 4.1 [See SP 7.1]
LO 4.2 [See SP 1.3]
LO 4.3 [See SP 6.1, 6.4]
LO 4.4 [See SP 6.4]
LO 4.5 [See SP 6.2]
LO 4.6 [See SP 1.4]
LO 4.17 [See SP 5.1]
• Graphical analyses of allele frequencies in a population 280, 486, 563
• Analysis of sequence data sets 351, 561, 562, 593–596, 606, 608–609
• Analysis of phylogenetic trees 16, 472, 478, 529, 531, 534, 535, 541, 547, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 569, 594, 596, 597, 599, 606, 608–609, 617, 674, 681, 717, 729
• Construction of phylogenetic trees based on sequence data 16, 472, 478, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 729
• NADP+ in photosynthesis 191, 197, 198, 200, 202, 211
• Oxygen in cellular respiration 40–41, 143, 149, 150, 154, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, 189, 191, 194, 197, 200, 207, 208–209
• Cohesion 46, 793• Adhesion 46, 793• High specific heat capacity 44, 46–50• Universal solvent supports reactions. 49, 50, 52• Heat of vaporization 44, 46–50• Heat of fusion 44, 46–50• Water’s thermal conductivity 47, 48• Root hairs 757, 758, 759, 766, 757, 768, 791,
793, 805, 814, 816• Cells of the alveoli 941• Cells of the villi 693, 907, 908• Microvilli 100, 116, 693
5
The
Stru
ctu
re a
nd
Fu
nct
ion
of L
arg
e
Bio
log
ical
Mol
ecu
les
66–91
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution.
1.C: Life continues to evolve within a chang-ing environment.
2.A: Growth, reproduc-tion, and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter.
2.D: Growth and dy-namic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system’s environment.
3.A: Heritable informa-tion provides for conti-nuity of life.
1.A.4: Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics.
1.C.3: Populations of organisms continue to evolve.
2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization.
2.D.4: Plants and animals have a variety of chemical defenses against infections that affect dynamic homeostasis.
3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
4.A.1: The subcomponents of biological molecules and their sequence determine the properties of that molecule.
LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]
LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]
LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]
LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]
LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]
LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]
LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]
LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]
LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]
LO 2.29 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]
LO 2.30 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]
LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]
LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]
LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]
• Graphical analyses of allele frequencies in a population 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566
• Analysis of sequence data sets 351, 561, 562, 593–596, 606, 608–609
• Analysis of phylogenetic trees 16, 472, 478, 529, 531, 534, 535, 541, 547, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 569, 594, 596, 597, 599, 606, 608–609, 617, 674, 681, 717, 729
• Construction of phylogenetic trees based on sequence data 16, 472, 478, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 729
• Chemical resistance (mutations for resistance to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, or chemotherapy drugs occur in the absence of the chemical) 476, 865
• Emergent diseases 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407, 408, 410, 411, 412
• Observed directional phenotypic change in a population (Grants’ observations of Darwin’s finches in the Galapagos) 471, 472, 484, 485, 486, 504
• A eukaryotic example that describes evolution of a structure or process such as heart chambers, limbs, the brain, and the immune system 231, 477, 478, 479, 480, 671–674, 677–679, 681, 685–687, 690, 691, 694–699, 704–710, 712, 713, 716–738, 1061
URRY3691_11_COMP_PR3.indd 5 3/8/17 9:57 PM
Page COM-6 of 63
Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
5
The
Stru
ctu
re a
nd
Fu
nct
ion
of L
arg
e B
iolo
gic
al M
olec
ule
s (c
onti
nu
ed)
66–91
Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.
4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties.
4.B: Competition and cooperation are impor-tant aspects of biologi-cal systems.
4.A.2: The structure and function of sub-cellular components, and their interac-tions, provide essential cellular processes.
4.B.1: Interactions between molecules af-fect their structure and function.
LO 4.1 [See SP 7.1]
LO 4.2 [See SP 1.3]
LO 4.3 [See SP 6.1, 6.4]
LO 4.4 [See SP 6.4]
LO 4.5 [See SP 6.2]
LO 4.6 [See SP 1.4]
LO 4.17 [See SP 5.1]
• Cohesion 46, 789• Adhesion 46, 789• High specific heat capacity 44, 47, 48,
49, 50• Universal solvent supports reactions. 48, 49,
52• Heat of vaporization 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 50• Heat of fusion 44, 47, 48, 49, 50• Water’s thermal conductivity 47, 48• Root hairs 753, 754, 755, 761, 762, 763, 787,
789, 801, 809, 811• Cells of the alveoli 937• Cells of the villi 204, 904, 905• Microvilli 100, 116, 689• Invertebrate immune systems have
nonspecific response mechanisms, but they lack pathogen-specific defense responses. 948
• Plant defenses against pathogens include molecular recognition systems with systemic responses; infection triggers chemical responses that destroy infected and adjacent cells, thus localizing the effects. 864, 866
• Vertebrate immune systems have nonspecific and nonheritable defense mechanisms against pathogens. 121, 946, 948–952, 953–955, 956–965
• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356, 370, 959• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160, 161,
349• Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129,
130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,
337, 347–350, 400• Degradation 350• Electrophoresis 414, 415, 416, 418• Plasmid-based transformation 315, 316, 416,
417, 420• Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA 416, 417,
420, 422• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 418, 419,
420, 422, 423• Genetically modified foods 416, 426, 427,
434, 835–836• Transgenic animals 420, 421, 434, 834–836• Cloned animals 416, 417, 419, 420, 428–431,
441• Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or
factor X 310, 431, 432, 914–915, 1261, 1275
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Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
UNIT 2 The Cell, pg. 92
6
A T
our
of t
he
Cel
l
93–123
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.
1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution.
1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of de-scent from common ancestry.
2.A: Growth, reproduc-tion, and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter.
2.B: Growth, reproduc-tion, and dynamic ho-meostasis require that cells create and main-tain internal environ-ments that are different from their external environments.
2.C: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to regulate growth and reproduction, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
3.A: Heritable informa-tion provides for conti-nuity of life.
3.D: Cells communicate by generating, trans-mitting, and receiving chemical signals.
4.C: Naturally occurring diversity among and between components within biological sys-tems affects interactions with the environment.
1.A.3: Evolutionary change is also driven by random processes.
1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organ-isms today.
2.A.1: All living systems require constant input of free energy.
2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes.
2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization.
2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively per-meable due to their structure.
2.B.3: Eukaryotic cells maintain internal membranes that partition the cell into specialized regions.
2.C.1: Organisms use feedback mecha-nisms to maintain their internal environ-ments and respond to external environ-mental changes.
3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
3.D.2: Cells communicate with each other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance via chemical signaling.
4.C.1: Variation in molecular units pro-vides cells with a wider range of functions.
LO 1.6 [See SP 1.4, 2.1]
LO 1.7 [See SP 2.1]
LO 1.8 [See SP 6.4]
LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]
LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.1 [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.2 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.3 [See SP 6.4]
LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]
LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]
LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]
LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]
LO 2.10 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]
LO 2.11 [See SP 1.1, 7.1, 7.2]
LO 2.13 [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.14 [See SP 1.4]
LO 2.15 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.16 [See SP 7.2]
LO 2.17 [See SP 5.3]
LO 2.18 [See SP 6.4]
LO 2.19 [See SP 6.4]
LO 2.20 [See SP 6.1]
LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]
LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]
LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.34 [See SP 6.2]
LO 3.35 [See SP 1.1]
LO 4.22 [See SP 6.2]
• Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112–121, 123, 130, 152, 1054
• Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533
• Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238–244, 256, 257, 259–260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
• Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 234, 235, 236, 238–244, 256, 257, 259–260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
• Krebs cycle 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183
• Glycolysis 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183
• Calvin cycle 191, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 204, 206, 207, 208–209
• Fermentation 181• Endothermy (the use of thermal energy
generated by metabolism to maintain homeostatic body temperatures) 144, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 160, 879, 880, 883, 884, 886, 887, 889, 891, 998
• Ectothermy (the use of external thermal energy to help regulate and maintain body temperature) 878, 881, 882, 883, 885, 998
• Elevated floral temperatures in some plant species 206
• Seasonal reproduction in animals and plants 506, 1018, 1019, 1020
• Life-history strategy (biennial plants, reproductive diapause) 1198–1202
• Change in the producer level can affect the number and size of other trophic levels. 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1195, 1195, 1214, 1215, 1217, 1241, 1242, 1244, 1245
• Change in energy resources levels such as sunlight can affect the number and size of the trophic levels. 1237, 1238, 1240, 1241
• NADP+ in photosynthesis 191, 197, 198, 200, 202, 211
• Oxygen in cellular respiration 40–41, 143, 149, 150, 154, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, 189, 191, 194, 197, 200, 207, 208–209
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Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
6
A T
our
of t
he
Cel
l (co
nti
nu
ed)
93–123
• Cohesion 46, 793• Adhesion 46, 793• High specific heat capacity 44, 46–50• Universal solvent supports reactions. 49, 50, 52• Heat of vaporization 44, 46–50• Heat of fusion 44, 46–50• Water’s thermal conductivity 47, 48• Root hairs 757, 758, 759, 766, 757, 768, 791,
793, 805, 814, 816• Cells of the alveoli 941• Cells of the villi 693, 907, 908• Microvilli 100, 116, 693• Endoplasmic reticulum 100, 101, 103, 104–
105, 109, 124• Mitochondria 94, 100, 101, 107, 109, 110, 125, 533• Chloroplasts 100, 101, 108, 110, 111, 112, 125• Golgi 100, 101, 105–107, 124• Nuclear envelope 100, 101, 102, 103, 105,
109–110, 124• Operons in gene regulation 364–367• Temperature regulation in animals 145, 871,
879–881, 882–887• Plant responses to water limitations 783–789,
792–794, 795–796, 797–799• Lactation in mammals 1006• Onset of labor in childbirth 1032, 1033,
1034, 1035• Ripening of fruit 643• Diabetes mellitus in response to decreased
insulin 914, 915• Dehydration in response to decreased
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 67–75, 77, 78, 202, 992, 993, 994, 1002, 1006
• Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) 1008• Blood clotting 10, 297, 697, 934, 935, 998• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160, 161,
349• Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129,
130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,
337, 347–350, 400• Degradation 350• Electrophoresis 414, 415, 416, 418• Plasmid-based transformation 315, 316, 416,
417, 420• Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA 416, 417,
420, 422• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 418, 419,
420, 422, 423• Genetically modified foods 416, 426, 427,
434, 835–836• Transgenic animals 420, 421, 434, 834–836• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356, 370, 959• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Cloned animals 416, 417, 419, 420, 428–431, 441
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Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
6
A T
our
of t
he
Cel
l (co
nti
nu
ed)
93–123
• Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or factor X 310, 431, 432, 914–915, 1261, 1275
• Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact, antigen-presenting cells (APCs), helper T cells, and killer T cells. [See also 2.D.4] 220, 221, 956–959, 962–965
• Plasmodesmata between plant cells that allow material to be transported from cell to cell 101, 118, 119, 120, 215, 800
• Neurotransmitters 998, 999, 1066, 1075–1080
• Plant immune response 854–867• Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215• Morphogens in embryonic development
379–380, 383, 384, 385, 672, 1041–1046, 1047–1054
• Insulin 10, 76, 105, 138, 213, 224, 913, 914, 915, 1001, 1002
• Human growth hormone 1006, 1007, 1008• Thyroid hormones 1007, 1008• Testosterone 62, 218, 1012, 1009, 1025,
1028–1029• Estrogen 62, 218, 1012, 1028–1030• Different types of phospholipids in cell
membranes 74–75, 98, 110, 127, 128• Different types of hemoglobin 76, 81, 82,
357, 451, 594, 933, 946• MHC proteins 957–958, 961–962• Chlorophylls 189, 193–201• Molecular diversity of antibodies in response
to an antigen 956, 958–962• The antifreeze gene in fish 126, 882
7
Mem
bra
ne
Stru
ctu
re a
nd
Fu
nct
ion
124–140
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution.
1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of de-scent from common ancestry.
2.B: Growth, reproduc-tion, and dynamic ho-meostasis require that cells create and main-tain internal environ-ments that are different from their external environments.
1.A.2: Natural selection acts on pheno-typic variations in populations.
1.A.4: Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics.
1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organ-isms today.
2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively per-meable due to their structure.
2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant move-ment of molecules across membranes.
LO 1.4 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.5 [See SP 7.1]
LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]
LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]
LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]
LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]
LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]
LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.10 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]
LO 2.11 [See SP 1.1, 7.1, 7.2]
LO 2.12 [See SP 1.4]
• Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500–501• Natural selection on population color 14• DDT resistance in insects 1274• Artificial selection 472–474, 834, 837• Loss of genetic diversity within a crop species
1259–1268• Overuse of antibiotics 476• Graphical analyses of allele frequencies in a
population 276, 280, 281, 486, 563• Analysis of sequence data sets 351, 561, 562,
593–596, 606, 608–609• Analysis of phylogenetic trees 16, 472, 478,
529, 531, 534, 535, 541, 547, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 569, 594, 596, 597, 599, 606, 608–609, 617, 674, 681, 717, 729
• Construction of phylogenetic trees based on sequence data 16, 472, 478, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 729
• Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112–121, 123, 130, 152, 1054
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Chapters/Sections
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Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
124–140
• Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533
• Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238–244, 256, 257, 259–260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
• Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 127, 128
• Glucose transport 9, 132, 138, 914• Na+/K+ transport 137
8
An
Intr
odu
ctio
n t
o M
etab
olis
m
141–161
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.
2.A: Growth, reproduc-tion, and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter.
4.B: Competition and cooperation are impor-tant aspects of biologi-cal systems.
2.A.1: All living systems require constant input of free energy.
4.B.1: Interactions between molecules af-fect their structure and function.
LO 2.1 [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.2 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.3 [See SP 6.4]
LO 4.17 [See SP 5.1]
• Krebs cycle 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183
• Glycolysis 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183
• Calvin cycle 191, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 204, 206, 207, 208–209
• Fermentation 181• Endothermy (the use of thermal energy
generated by metabolism to maintain homeostatic body temperatures) 144, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 160, 879, 880, 883, 884, 886, 887, 889, 891, 998
• Ectothermy (the use of external thermal energy to help regulate and maintain body temperature) 878, 881, 882, 883, 885, 998
• Elevated floral temperatures in some plant species 206
• Seasonal reproduction in animals and plants 506, 1018, 1019, 1020
• Life-history strategy (biennial plants, reproductive diapause) 1198–1202
• Change in the producer level can affect the number and size of other trophic levels. 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1195, 1195, 1214, 1215, 1217, 1241, 1242, 1244, 1245
• Change in energy resources levels such as sunlight can affect the number and size of the trophic levels. 187, 1237, 1238, 1240, 1241
9
Cel
lula
r R
esp
irat
ion
an
d F
erm
enta
tion
162–184
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
2.A: Growth, reproduc-tion, and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter.
2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes.
LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]
LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2]
• NADP+ in photosynthesis 191, 197, 198, 200, 202, 211
• Oxygen in cellular respiration 40–41, 143, 149, 150, 154, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, 189, 191, 194, 197, 200, 207, 208–209
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Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
10
Ph
otos
ynth
esis
185–209
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
2.A: Growth, reproduc-tion, and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter.
2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes.
LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]
LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2]
• NADP+ in photosynthesis 191, 197, 198, 200, 202, 211
• Oxygen in cellular respiration 40–41, 143, 149, 150, 154, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, 189, 191, 194, 197, 200, 207, 208–209
11
C
ell C
omm
un
icat
ion
210–231
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
2.A: Growth, reproduc-tion, and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter.
2.B: Growth, reproduc-tion, and dynamic ho-meostasis require that cells create and main-tain internal environ-ments that are different from their external environments.
3.D: Cells communicate by generating, trans-mitting, and receiving chemical signals.
2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization.
2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively per-meable due to their structure.
2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant move-ment of molecules across membranes.
3.D.1: Cell communication processes share common features that reflect a shared evolutionary history.
3.D.2: Cells communicate with each other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance via chemical signaling.
3.D.3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response.
3.D.4: Changes in signal transduction pathways can alter cellular response.
LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]
LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]
LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]
LO 2.10 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]
LO 2.11 [See SP 1.1, 7.1, 7.2]
LO 2.12 [See SP 1.4]
LO 3.31 [See SP 7.2]
LO 3.32 [See SP 3.1]
LO 3.33 [See SP 1.4]
LO 3.34 [See SP 6.2]
LO 3.35 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.36 [See SP 1.5]
LO 3.37 [See SP 6.1]
LO 3.38 [See SP 1.5]
LO 3.39 [See SP 6.2]
• Cohesion 46, 793• Adhesion 46, 793• High specific heat capacity 44, 46–50• Universal solvent supports reactions. 49, 50,
52• Heat of vaporization 44, 46–50• Heat of fusion 44, 46–50• Water’s thermal conductivity 47, 48• Root hairs 757, 758, 759, 766, 757, 768, 791,
793, 805, 814, 816• Cells of the alveoli 941• Cells of the villi 693, 907, 908• Microvilli 100, 116, 693• Glucose transport 9, 132, 138, 914• Na+/K+ transport 137• Use of chemical messengers by microbes to
communicate with other nearby cells and to regulate specific pathways in response to population density (quorum sensing) 213, 215
• Use of pheromones to trigger reproduction and developmental pathways 656, 668, 999, 1021, 1141
• Response to external signals by bacteria that influences cell movement 991
• Epinephrine stimulation of glycogen breakdown in mammals 210, 216–217, 227, 1001, 1010–1011
• DNA repair mechanisms 327–328• Neurotransmitters 998, 999, 1066,
1075–1080• Plant immune response 854–867• Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215• Morphogens in embryonic development
379–380, 383, 384, 385, 672, 1041–1046, 1047–1054
• Insulin 10, 76, 105, 138, 213, 224, 913, 914, 915, 1001, 1002
• Human growth hormone 1006, 1007, 1008• Thyroid hormones 1007, 1008• Testosterone 62, 218, 1012, 1009, 1025,
1028–1029• Estrogen 62, 218, 1012, 1028–1030• G protein-linked receptors 218, 224, 225, 227• Receptor tyrosine kinases 219• Ligand-gated ion channels 220, 1076
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Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
11
C
ell C
omm
un
icat
ion
(co
nti
nu
ed)
210–231
• Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact, antigen-presenting cells (APCs), helper T cells, and killer T cells. [See also 2.D.4] 220, 221, 956–959, 962–965
• Plasmodesmata between plant cells that allow material to be transported from cell to cell 101, 118, 119, 120, 215, 800
• Second messengers, such as cyclic GMP, cyclic AMP calcium ions (Ca2+), and inositol triphosphate (IP3) 223–225, 367, 842, 1001, 1078
• Diabetes, heart disease, neurological disease, autoimmune disease, cancer, cholera 224, 386–392, 416, 914–915, 935–937, 969, 1100–1102
• Effects of neurotoxins, poisons, pesticides 1079, 1216, 1274
• Drugs (Hypertensives, Anesthetics, Antihistamines, and Birth Control Drugs) 937, 969, 1036
12
Th
e C
ell C
ycle
232–250
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of de-scent from common ancestry.
1.C: Life continues to evolve within a chang-ing environment.
3.A: Heritable informa-tion provides for conti-nuity of life.
1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organ-isms today.
1.C.3: Populations of organisms continue to evolve.
3.A.2: In eukaryotes, heritable informa-tion is passed to the next generation via processes that include the cell cycle and mitosis or meiosis plus fertilization.
3.A.3: The chromosomal basis of inheri-tance provides an understanding of the pattern of passage (transmission) of genes from parent to offspring.
LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]
LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]
LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]
LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]
LO 3.7 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.9 [See SP 6.2]
LO 3.10 [See SP 7.1]
LO 3.11 [See SP 5.3]
LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2]
LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1]
LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]
• Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112–121, 123, 130, 152, 1054
• Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533
• Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238–244, 256, 257, 259–260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
• Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 127, 128
• Chemical resistance (mutations for resistance to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, or chemotherapy drugs occur in the absence of the chemical) 476, 865
• Emergent diseases 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407, 408, 410, 411, 412
• Observed directional phenotypic change in a population (Grants’ observations of Darwin’s finches in the Galapagos) 471, 472, 484, 485, 486, 504
• A eukaryotic example that describes evolution of a structure or process such as heart chambers, limbs, the brain, and the immune system 231, 477, 478, 479, 480, 671–674, 677–679, 681, 685–687, 690, 691, 694–699, 704–710, 712, 713, 716–738, 1061
• Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 245–246• Action of platelet-derived growth factor
(PDGF) 247
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Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
12
Th
e C
ell C
ycle
(co
nti
nu
ed)
232–250
• Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle control. 248–250, 387–391
• Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500–501
• Tay-Sachs disease 108, 288• Huntington’s disease 287• X-linked color blindness 299• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 308–309• Klinefelter’s syndrome 309• Reproduction issues 506, 507, 512–521,
601, 602, 603, 604, 608, 610, 1022, 1023, 1025
UNIT 3 Genetics, pg. 251
13
M
eios
is a
nd
Sex
ual
Lif
e C
ycle
s
252–266
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution.
3.A: Heritable informa-tion provides for conti-nuity of life.
3.C: The processing of genetic informa-tion is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation.
1.A.1. Natural selection is a major mecha-nism of evolution.
1.A.2: Natural selection acts on pheno-typic variations in populations.
1.A.3: Evolutionary change is also driven by random processes.
3.A.2: In eukaryotes, heritable informa-tion is passed to the next generation via processes that include the cell cycle and mitosis or meiosis plus fertilization.
3.A.3: The chromosomal basis of inheri-tance provides an understanding of the pattern of passage (transmission) of genes from parent to offspring.
3.C.1: Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype.
3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation.
LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]
LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]
LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2]
LO 1.4 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.5 [See SP 7.1]
LO 1.6 [See SP 1.4, 2.1]
LO 1.7 [See SP 2.1]
LO 1.8 [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.7 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.9 [See SP 6.2]
LO 3.10 [See SP 7.1]
LO 3.11 [See SP 5.3]
LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2]
LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1]
LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]
LO 3.24 [See SP 6.4, 7.2]
LO 3.25 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.26 [See SP 7.2]
LO 3.27 [See SP 7.2]
LO 3.28 [See SP 6.2]
• Graphical analysis of allele frequencies in a population 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566
• Application of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation 467, 488, 489, 490–493, 495–498
• Sickle cell anemia 500–501• Natural selection on population color 14• DDT resistance in insects 1274• Artificial selection 472–474, 834, 837• Loss of genetic diversity within a crop species
1259–1268• Overuse of antibiotics 476• Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 245–246• Action of platelet-derived growth factor
(PDGF) 247• Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle
control. 248–250, 387–391• Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357,
500–501• Tay-Sachs disease 108, 288• Huntington’s disease 287• X-linked color blindness 299• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 308–309• Klinefelter’s syndrome 309• Reproduction issues 506, 507, 512–521,
601, 602, 603, 604, 608, 610, 1022, 1023, 1025
• Antibiotic resistance mutations 476, 579
• Pesticide resistance mutations 488• Sickle cell disorder and heterozygote
advantage 82, 286, 357, 499–502
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Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
14
M
end
el a
nd
th
e G
ene
Idea
267–291
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
3.A: Heritable informa-tion provides for conti-nuity of life.
3.C: The processing of genetic informa-tion is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation.
3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
3.A.3: The chromosomal basis of inheri-tance provides an understanding of the pattern of passage (transmission) of genes from parent to offspring.
3.A.4: The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics.
3.C.1: Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype.
LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]
LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]
LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2]
LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1]
LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]
LO 3.15 [See SP 6.5]
LO 3.16 [See SP 6.3]
LO 3.17 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.24 [See SP 6.4, 7.2]
LO 3.25 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.26 [See SP 7.2]
• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356, 370, 959
• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160,
161, 349• Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129,
130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,
337, 347–350, 400• Degradation 350• Electrophoresis 414, 415, 416, 418• Plasmid-based transformation 315, 316, 416,
417, 420• Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA 416, 417,
420, 422• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 414, 415,
416, 418, 580• Genetically modified foods 418, 419, 420,
422, 423• Transgenic animals 420, 421, 434,
834–836• Cloned animals 416, 417, 419, 420,
428–431, 441• Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin
or factor X 310, 431, 432, 914–915, 1261, 1275
• Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500–501• Tay-Sachs disease 108, 288• Huntington’s disease 287• X-linked color blindness 299• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 308–309• Klinefelter’s syndrome 309• Reproduction issues 506, 507, 512–521,
601, 602, 603, 604, 608, 610, 1022, 1023, 1025
• Sex-linked genes reside on sex chromosomes (X in humans). 298
• In mammals and flies, the Y chromosome is very small and carries few genes. 298–299
• In mammals and flies, females are XX and males are XY; as such, X-linked recessive traits are always expressed in males. 298, 299, 300
• Some traits are sex limited, and expression depends on the sex of the individual, such as milk production in female mammals and pattern baldness in males. 298, 299, 300
• Antibiotic resistance mutations 476, 579
• Pesticide resistance mutations 488• Sickle cell disorder and heterozygote
advantage 82, 286, 357, 499–502
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Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
15
Th
e C
hro
mos
omal
Bas
is o
f In
her
itan
ce
292–311
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
3.A: Heritable informa-tion provides for conti-nuity of life.
3.B: Expression of genetic information in-volves cellular and mo-lecular mechanisms.
3.C: The processing of genetic informa-tion is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation.
3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
3.A.3: The chromosomal basis of inheri-tance provides an understanding of the pattern of passage (transmission) of genes from parent to offspring.
3.B.2: A variety of intercellular and intra-cellular signal transmissions mediate gene expression.
3.C.1: Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype.
3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation.
LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]
LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]
LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2]
LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1]
LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]
LO 3.22 [See SP 6.2]
LO 3.23 [See SP 1.4]
LO 3.24 [See SP 6.4, 7.2]
LO 3.25 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.26 [See SP 7.2]
LO 3.27 [See SP 7.2]
LO 3.28 [See SP 6.2]
• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356, 370, 959• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160, 161, 349• Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129,
130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,
337, 347–350, 400• Electrophoresis 414, 415, 416, 418• Plasmid-based transformation 315, 316, 416,
417, 420• Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA 416, 417,
420, 422• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 418, 419,
420, 422, 423• Genetically modified foods 416, 426, 427,
434, 835–836• Transgenic animals 420, 421, 434, 834–836• Cloned animals 416, 417, 419, 420, 428–431,
441• Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or
factor X 310, 431, 432, 914–915, 1261, 1275• Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500–501• Tay-Sachs disease 108, 288• Huntington’s disease 287• X-linked color blindness 299• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 308–309• Klinefelter’s syndrome 309• Reproduction issues 506, 507, 512–521, 601,
602, 603, 604, 608, 610, 1022, 1023, 1025• Cytokines regulate gene expression to allow
for cell replication and division. 244–248• Mating pheromones in yeast trigger mating
gene expression. 656• Levels of cAMP regulate metabolic gene
expression in bacteria. 223–224, 367• Ethylene levels cause changes in the
production of different enzymes, allowing fruits to ripen. 844, 846, 850–852
• Seed germination and gibberellin 636–639, 643–644, 647, 649–650, 824–829, 848–849, 855
• Mating pheromones in yeast trigger mating genes expression and sexual reproduction. 656
• Morphogens stimulate cell differentiation and development. 379–380, 383, 384, 385
• Changes in p53 activity can result in cancer. 387–388
• HOX genes and their role in development 420 461–462, 543, 673, 671, 677, 684, 720, 723–724
• Antibiotic resistance mutations 476, 579• Pesticide resistance mutations 488• Sickle cell disorder and heterozygote
advantage 82, 286, 357, 499–502
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Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
16
Th
e M
olec
ula
r B
asis
of I
nh
erit
ance
312–332
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
3.A: Heritable informa-tion provides for conti-nuity of life.
3.B: Expression of genetic information in-volves cellular and mo-lecular mechanisms.
3.C: The processing of genetic informa-tion is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation.
3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
3.A.3: The chromosomal basis of inheri-tance provides an understanding of the pattern of passage (transmission) of genes from parent to offspring.
3.B.1: Gene regulation results in differ-ential gene expression, leading to cell specialization.
3.C.3: Viral replication results in genetic variation and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts.
LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]
LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]
LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2]
LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1]
LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]
LO 3.18 [See SP 7.1]
LO 3.19 [See SP 7.1]
LO 3.20 [See SP 6.2]
LO 3.21 [See SP 1.4]
LO 3.29 [See SP 6.2]
LO 3.30 [See SP 1.4]
• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356, 370, 959• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160, 161, 349• Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129,
130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,
337, 347–350, 400• Degradation 350• Electrophoresis 414, 415, 416, 418• Plasmid-based transformation 315, 316, 416,
417, 420• Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA 416, 417,
420, 422• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 418, 419,
420, 422, 423• Genetically modified foods 416, 426, 427,
434, 835–836• Transgenic animals 420, 421, 434, 834–836• Cloned animals 416, 417, 419, 420, 428–431, 441• Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or
factor X 310, 431, 432, 914–915, 1261, 1275• Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500–501• Tay-Sachs disease 108, 288• Huntington’s disease 287• X-linked color blindness 299• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 308–309• Klinefelter’s syndrome 309• Reproduction issues 506, 507, 512–521, 601,
602, 603, 604, 608, 610, 1022, 1023, 1025• Promoters 342–344, 365–367, 371–372, 806• Terminators 342, 367• Enhancers 371–372• Transduction in bacteria 211, 213, 395, 396,
397, 577–579• Transposons present in incoming DNA 375,
413, 415, 416, 418, 419, 449–450, 457
17
G
ene
Exp
ress
ion
: Fro
m G
ene
to
Prot
ein
333–359
Big Idea 1: The pro-cess of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to in-formation essential to life processes.
1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of de-scent from common ancestry.
1.C: Life continues to evolve within a chang-ing environment.
2.E: Many biological processes involved in growth, reproduction, and dynamic homeo-stasis include tem-poral regulation and coordination.
3.A: Heritable informa-tion provides for conti-nuity of life.
1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organ-isms today.
1.C.3: Populations of organisms continue to evolve.
2.E.1: Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal devel-opment of an organism, and these events are regulated by a variety of mechanisms.
3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
3.A.4: The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics.
3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation.
LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]
LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]
LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]
LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]
LO 2.31 [See SP 7.2]
LO 2.32 [See SP 1.4]
LO 2.33 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.34 [See SP 7.1]
LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]
LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]
LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]
• Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112–121, 123, 130, 152, 1054
• Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533
• Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238–244, 256, 257, 259–260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
• Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 127, 128
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Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
17
G
ene
Exp
ress
ion
: Fro
m G
ene
to P
rote
in (
con
tin
ued
)
333–359
3.C: The processing of genetic informa-tion is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation.
LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.15 [See SP 6.5]
LO 3.16 [See SP 6.3]
LO 3.17 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.27 [See SP 7.2]
LO 3.28 [See SP 6.2]
• Chemical resistance (mutations for resistance to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, or chemotherapy drugs occur in the absence of the chemical) 476, 865
• Emergent diseases 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407, 408, 410, 411, 412
• Observed directional phenotypic change in a population (Grants’ observations of Darwin’s finches in the Galapagos) 471, 472, 484, 485, 486, 504
• A eukaryotic example that describes evolution of a structure or process such as heart chambers, limbs, the brain, and the immune system 231, 477, 478, 479, 480, 671–674, 677–679, 681, 685–687, 690, 691, 694–699, 704–710, 712, 713, 716–738, 1061
• Morphogenesis of fingers and toes 229, 523, 668, 728, 729, 1060–1061
• Immune function 951–958• C. elegans development 230, 446, 1056, 1057• Flower development 642, 644–648, 778,
779, 821, 822, 824, 825, 829, 857, 858• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356, 370, 959• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160, 161, 349• Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129,
130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,
337, 347–350, 400• Degradation 350• Electrophoresis 414, 415, 416, 418• Plasmid-based transformation 315, 316, 416,
417, 420• Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA 416, 417,
420, 422• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 418, 419,
420, 422, 423• Genetically modified foods 416, 426, 427,
434, 835–836• Transgenic animals 420, 421, 434, 834–836• Cloned animals 416, 417, 419, 420, 428–431,
441• Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or
factor X 310, 431, 432, 914–915, 1261, 1275• Sex-linked genes reside on sex chromosomes
(X in humans). 298• In mammals and flies, the Y chromosome is
very small and carries few genes. 298–299• In mammals and flies, females are XX and
males are XY; as such, X-linked recessive traits are always expressed in males. 298, 299, 300
• Some traits are sex limited, and expression depends on the sex of the individual, such as milk production in female mammals and pattern baldness in males. 298, 299, 300
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Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
18
R
egu
lati
on o
f Gen
e Ex
pre
ssio
n
360–391
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.
2.C: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to regulate growth and reproduction, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
2.E: Many biological processes involved in growth, reproduction, and dynamic homeo-stasis include tem-poral regulation and coordination.
3.A: Heritable informa-tion provides for conti-nuity of life.
3.B: Expression of genetic information in-volves cellular and mo-lecular mechanisms.
4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties.
4.B: Competition and cooperation are impor-tant aspects of biologi-cal systems.
4.C: Naturally occurring diversity among and between components within biological sys-tems affects interactions with the environment.
2.C.2: Organisms respond to changes in their external environments.
2.E.1: Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal devel-opment of an organism, and these events are regulated by a variety of mechanisms.
3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
3.A.2: In eukaryotes, heritable informa-tion is passed to the next generation via processes that include the cell cycle and mitosis or meiosis plus fertilization.
3.B.1: Gene regulation results in differ-ential gene expression, leading to cell specialization.
4.A.3: Interactions between external stim-uli and regulated gene expression result in specialization of cells, tissues, and organs.
4.B.1: Interactions between molecules af-fect their structure and function.
4.C.2: Environmental factors influence the expression of the genotype in an organism.
LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]
LO 2.31 [See SP 7.2]
LO 2.32 [See SP 1.4]
LO 2.33 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.34 [See SP 7.1]
LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]
LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]
LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.7 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.9 [See SP 6.2]
LO 3.10 [See SP 7.1]
LO 3.11 [See SP 5.3]
LO 3.18 [See SP 7.1]
LO 3.19 [See SP 7.1]
LO 3.20 [See SP 6.2]
LO 3.21 [See SP 1.4]
LO 4.7 [See SP 1.3]
LO 4.17 [See SP 5.1]
LO 4.23 [See SP 6.2]
LO 4.24 [See SP 6.4]
• Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants 853–855, 857–858
• Hibernation and migration in animals 891, 1138–1139, 1154, 1266
• Taxis and kinesis in animals 112–116, 574, 1123–1129, 1130–1134
• Chemotaxis in bacteria, sexual reproduction in fungi 258, 574, 655–657
• Nocturnal and diurnal activity: circadian rhythms 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
• Shivering and sweating in humans 885–887• Morphogenesis of fingers and toes 229, 523,
668, 728, 729, 1060–1061• Immune function 951–958• C. elegans development 230, 446, 1056, 1057• Flower development 642, 644–648, 778,
779, 821, 822, 824, 825, 829, 857, 858• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356, 370, 959• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160, 161, 349• Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129,
130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,
337, 347–350, 400• Degradation 350• Electrophoresis 414, 415, 416, 418• Plasmid-based transformation 315, 316, 416,
417, 420• Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA 416, 417,
420, 422• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 418, 419,
420, 422, 423• Genetically modified foods 416, 426, 427,
434, 835–836• Transgenic animals 420, 421, 434, 834–836• Cloned animals 416, 417, 419, 420, 428–431, 441• Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or
factor X 310, 431, 432, 914–915, 1261, 1275• Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 245–246• Action of platelet-derived growth factor
(PDGF) 247• Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle
control. 248–250, 387–391• Promoters 342–344, 365–367, 371–372, 806• Terminators 342, 367• Enhancers 371–372• Height and weight in humans 281, 748–750,
915, 1002, 1007–1008• Flower color based on soil pH 282• Sex determination in reptiles 1019–1022• Density of plant hairs as a function of
herbivory 866–867• Effect of adding lactose to a Lac + bacterial
culture 366–367• Presence of the opposite mating type on
pheromones production in yeast and other fungi 656, 658–664
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Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
19
V
iru
ses
392–407
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution.
3.A: Heritable informa-tion provides for conti-nuity of life.
3.C: The processing of genetic informa-tion is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation.
1.A.1. Natural selection is a major mecha-nism of evolution.
3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
3.A.4: The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics.
3.C.1: Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype.
3.C.3: Viral replication results in genetic variation, and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts.
LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]
LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]
LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2]
LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]
LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]
LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.15 [See SP 6.5]
LO 3.16 [See SP 6.3]
LO 3.17 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.24 [See SP 6.4, 7.2]
LO 3.25 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.26 [See SP 7.2]
LO 3.29 [See SP 6.2]
LO 3.30 [See SP 1.4]
• Graphical analysis of allele frequencies in a population 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566
• Application of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation 467, 488, 489, 490–493, 495–498
• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356, 370, 959
• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160, 161,
349• Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129,
130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,
337, 347–350, 400• Degradation 350• Electrophoresis 414, 415, 416, 418• Plasmid-based transformation 315, 316, 416,
417, 420• Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA 416, 417,
420, 422• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 418, 419,
420, 422, 423• Genetically modified foods 416, 426, 427,
434, 835–836• Transgenic animals 420, 421, 434,
834–836• Cloned animals 416, 417, 419, 420, 428–431,
441• Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin
or factor X 310, 431, 432, 914–915, 1261, 1275
• Sex-linked genes reside on sex chromosomes (X in humans). 298
• In mammals and flies, the Y chromosome is very small and carries few genes. 298–299
• In mammals and flies, females are XX and males are XY; as such, X-linked recessive traits are always expressed in males. 298, 299, 300
• Some traits are sex limited, and expression depends on the sex of the individual, such as milk production in female mammals and pattern baldness in males. 298, 299, 300
• Antibiotic resistance mutations 476, 579• Pesticide resistance mutations 488• Sickle cell disorder and heterozygote
advantage 82, 286, 357, 499–502• Transduction in bacteria 211, 213, 395, 396,
397, 577–579• Transposons present in incoming DNA 375,
413, 415, 416, 418, 419, 449–450, 457
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Page COM-20 of 63
Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
20
D
NA
Too
ls a
nd
Bio
tech
nol
ogy
408–435
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.
3.A: Heritable informa-tion provides for conti-nuity of life.
3.B: Expression of genetic information in-volves cellular and mo-lecular mechanisms.
3.C: The processing of genetic informa-tion is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation.
4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties.
3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
3.A.3: The chromosomal basis of inheri-tance provides an understanding of the pattern of passage (transmission) of genes from parent to offspring.
3.B.1: Gene regulation results in differ-ential gene expression, leading to cell specialization.
3.B.2: A variety of intercellular and intra-cellular signal transmissions mediate gene expression.
3.C.1: Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype.
3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation.
4.A.3: Interactions between external stim-uli and regulated gene expression result in specialization of cells, tissues, and organs.
LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]
LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]
LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2]
LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1]
LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]
LO 3.18 [See SP 7.1]
LO 3.19 [See SP 7.1]
LO 3.20 [See SP 6.2]
LO 3.21 [See SP 1.4]
LO 3.22 [See SP 6.2]
LO 3.23 [See SP 1.4]
LO 3.24 [See SP 6.4, 7.2]
LO 3.25 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.26 [See SP 7.2]
LO 3.27 [See SP 7.2]
LO 3.28 [See SP 6.2]
LO 4.7 [See SP 1.3]
• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356, 370, 959• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160, 161, 349• Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129,
130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,
337, 347–350, 400• Degradation 350• Electrophoresis 414, 415, 416, 418• Plasmid-based transformation 315, 316, 416,
417, 420• Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA 416, 417,
420, 422• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 418, 419,
420, 422, 423• Genetically modified foods 416, 426, 427,
434, 835–836• Transgenic animals 420, 421, 434, 834–836• Cloned animals 416, 417, 419, 420, 428–431, 441• Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or
factor X 310, 431, 432, 914–915, 1261, 1275• Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500–501• Tay-Sachs disease 108, 288• Huntington’s disease 287• X-linked color blindness 299• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 308–309• Klinefelter’s syndrome 309• Reproduction issues 506, 507, 512–521, 601,
602, 603, 604, 608, 610, 1022, 1023, 1025• Promoters 342–344, 365–367, 371–372, 806• Terminators 342, 367• Enhancers 371–372• Cytokines regulate gene expression to allow
for cell replication and division. 244–248• Mating pheromones in yeast trigger mating
gene expression. 656• Levels of cAMP regulate metabolic gene
expression in bacteria. 223–224, 367• Ethylene levels cause changes in the
production of different enzymes, allowing fruits to ripen. 844, 846, 850–852
• Seed germination and gibberellin 636–639, 643–644, 647, 649–650, 824–829, 848–849, 855
• Mating pheromones in yeast trigger mating genes expression and sexual reproduction. 656
• Morphogens stimulate cell differentiation and development. 379–380, 383, 384, 385
• Changes in p53 activity can result in cancer. 387–388
• HOX genes and their role in development 420 461–462, 543, 673, 671, 677, 684, 720, 723–724
• Antibiotic resistance mutations 476, 579• Pesticide resistance mutations 488• Sickle cell disorder and heterozygote
advantage 82, 286, 357, 499–502
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Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
21
G
enom
es a
nd
Th
eir
Evol
uti
on
436–460
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution.
2.E: Many biological processes involved in growth, reproduction, and dynamic homeo-stasis include tem-poral regulation and coordination.
3.C: The processing of genetic informa-tion is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation.
1.A.1. Natural selection is a major mecha-nism of evolution.
1.A.3: Evolutionary change is also driven by random processes.
2.E.1: Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal devel-opment of an organism, and these events are regulated by a variety of mechanisms.
3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation.
LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]
LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]
LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2]
LO 1.6 [See SP 1.4, 2.1]
LO 1.7 [See SP 2.1]
LO 1.8 [See SP 6.4]
LO 2.31 [See SP 7.2]
LO 2.32 [See SP 1.4]
LO 2.33 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.34 [See SP 7.1]
LO 3.27 [See SP 7.2]
LO 3.28 [See SP 6.2]
• Graphical analysis of allele frequencies in a population 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566
• Application of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation 467, 488, 489, 490–493, 495–498
• Morphogenesis of fingers and toes 229, 523, 668, 728, 729, 1060–1061
• Immune function 951–958• C. elegans development 230, 446, 1056,
1057• Flower development 642, 644–648, 778,
779, 821, 822, 824, 825, 829, 857, 858
UNIT 4 Mechanisms of Evolution, pg. 461
22
D
esce
nt
wit
h M
odif
icat
ion
: A D
arw
inia
n V
iew
of L
ife
462–479
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution.
1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of de-scent from common ancestry.
1.C: Life continues to evolve within a chang-ing environment.
1.D: The origin of living systems is explained by natural processes.
1.A.1. Natural selection is a major mecha-nism of evolution.
1.A.2: Natural selection acts on pheno-typic variations in populations.
1.A.3: Evolutionary change is also driven by random processes.
1.A.4: Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics.
1.B.2: Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested.
1.C.3: Populations of organisms continue to evolve.
1.D.1: There are several hypotheses about the natural origin of life on Earth, each with supporting scientific evidence.
1.D.2: Scientific evidence from many dif-ferent disciplines supports models of the origin of life.
LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]
LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]
LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2]
LO 1.4 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.5 [See SP 7.1]
LO 1.6 [See SP 1.4, 2.1]
LO 1.7 [See SP 2.1]
LO 1.8 [See SP 6.4]
LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]
LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]
LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]
LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]
LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]
LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]
LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]
• Graphical analysis of allele frequencies in a population 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566
• Application of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation 467, 488, 489, 490–493, 495–498
• Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500–501• Natural selection on population color 14• DDT resistance in insects 1274• Artificial selection 472–474, 834, 837• Loss of genetic diversity within a crop species
1259–1268• Overuse of antibiotics 476• Graphical analyses of allele frequencies in a
population 280, 486, 563• Analysis of sequence data sets 351, 561, 562,
593–596, 606, 608–609• Analysis of phylogenetic trees 16, 472, 478,
529, 531, 534, 535, 541, 547, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 569, 594, 596, 597, 599, 606, 608–609, 617, 674, 681, 717, 729
• Construction of phylogenetic trees based on sequence data 16, 472, 478, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 729
• Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112–121, 123, 130, 152, 1054
• Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533
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Page COM-22 of 63
Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
22
D
esce
nt
wit
h M
odif
icat
ion
: A D
arw
inia
n
Vie
w o
f Lif
e (c
onti
nu
ed)
462–479
LO 1.27 [See SP 1.2]
LO 1.28 [See SP 3.3]
LO 1.29 [See SP 6.3]
LO 1.30 [See SP 6.5]
LO 1.31 [See SP 4.4]
LO 1.32 [See SP 4.1]
• Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238–244, 256, 257, 259–260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
• Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 127, 128
• Number of heart chambers in animals 921, 922, 924, 925, 926
• Opposable thumbs 744, 745• Absence of legs in some sea mammals 477,
480• Chemical resistance (mutations for resistance
to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, or chemotherapy drugs occur in the absence of the chemical) 476, 865
• Emergent diseases 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407, 408, 410, 411, 412
• Observed directional phenotypic change in a population (Grants’ observations of Darwin’s finches in the Galapagos) 471, 472, 484, 485, 486, 504
• A eukaryotic example that describes evolution of a structure or process such as heart chambers, limbs, the brain, and the immune system 231, 477, 478, 479, 480, 671–674, 677–679, 681, 685–687, 690, 691, 694–699, 704–710, 712, 713, 716–738, 1061
23
Th
e Ev
olu
tion
of P
opu
lati
ons
480–499
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution.
1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of de-scent from common ancestry.
1.C: Life continues to evolve within a chang-ing environment.
3.C: The processing of genetic informa-tion is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation.
1.A.1. Natural selection is a major mecha-nism of evolution.
1.A.2: Natural selection acts on pheno-typic variations in populations.
1.A.3: Evolutionary change is also driven by random processes.
1.A.4: Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics.
1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organ-isms today.
1.C.3: Populations of organisms continue to evolve.
3.C.2: Biological systems have multiple processes that increase genetic variation.
LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]
LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]
LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2]
LO 1.4 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.5 [See SP 7.1]
LO 1.6 [See SP 1.4, 2.1]
LO 1.7 [See SP 2.1]
LO 1.8 [See SP 6.4]
LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]
LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]
LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]
LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]
LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]
LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]
LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]
LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]
LO 3.27 [See SP 7.2]
LO 3.28 [See SP 6.2]
• Graphical analysis of allele frequencies in a population 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566
• Application of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation 467, 488, 489, 490–493, 495–498
• Natural selection on population color 14• Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500–501• DDT resistance in insects 1274• Artificial selection 472–474, 834, 837• Loss of genetic diversity within a crop species
1259–1268• Overuse of antibiotics 476• Graphical analyses of allele frequencies in a
population 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566
• Analysis of sequence data sets 351, 561, 562, 593–596, 606, 608–609
• Analysis of phylogenetic trees 16, 472, 478, 529, 531, 534, 535, 541, 547, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 569, 594, 596, 597, 599, 606, 608–609, 617, 674, 681, 717, 729
• Construction of phylogenetic trees based on sequence data 16, 472, 478, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 729
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Page COM-23 of 63
Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
23
Th
e Ev
olu
tion
of P
opu
lati
ons
(con
tin
ued
)
480–499
• Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112–121, 123, 130, 152, 1054
• Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533
• Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238–244, 256, 257, 259–260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
• Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 127, 128
• Chemical resistance (mutations for resistance to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, or chemotherapy drugs occur in the absence of the chemical) 476, 865
• Emergent diseases 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407, 408, 410, 411, 412
• Observed directional phenotypic change in a population (Grants’ observations of Darwin’s finches in the Galapagos) 471, 472, 484, 485, 486, 504
• A eukaryotic example that describes evolution of a structure or process such as heart chambers, limbs, the brain, and the immune system 231, 477, 478, 479, 480, 671–674, 677–679, 681, 685–687, 690, 691, 694–699, 704–710, 712, 713, 716–738, 1061
24
Th
e O
rig
in o
f Sp
ecie
s
500–518
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution.
1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of de-scent from common ancestry.
1.C: Life continues to evolve within a chang-ing environment.
1.A.3: Evolutionary change is also driven by random processes.
1.A.4: Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics.
1.B.2: Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested.
1.C.1: Speciation and extinction have occurred throughout the Earth’s history.
1.C.2: Speciation may occur when two populations become reproductively isolated from each other.
1.C.3: Populations of organisms continue to evolve.
LO 1.6 [See SP 1.4, 2.1]
LO 1.7 [See SP 2.1]
LO 1.8 [See SP 6.4]
LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]
LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]
LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]
LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]
LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]
LO 1.20 [See SP 5.1]
LO 1.21 [See SP 4.2]
LO 1.22 [See SP 6.4]
LO 1.23 [See SP 4.1]
LO 1.24 [See SP 7.2]
LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]
LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]
• Graphical analyses of allele frequencies in a population 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566
• Analysis of sequence data sets 351, 561, 562, 593–596, 606, 608–609
• Analysis of phylogenetic trees 16, 472, 478, 529, 531, 534, 535, 541, 547, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 569, 594, 596, 597, 599, 606, 608–609, 617, 674, 681, 717, 729
• Construction of phylogenetic trees based on sequence data 16, 472, 478, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 729
• Number of heart chambers in animals 921, 922, 924, 925, 926
• Opposable thumbs 744, 745• Absence of legs in some sea mammals 477,
480• Five major extinctions 538–540• Human impact on ecosystems and species
extinction rates 53, 700, 1168–1174, 1177–1180, 1251–1253, 1259–1264, 1265–1268, 1272–1280
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Page COM-24 of 63
Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
24
Th
e O
rig
in o
f Sp
ecie
s (c
onti
nu
ed)
500–518
• Chemical resistance (mutations for resistance to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, or chemotherapy drugs occur in the absence of the chemical) 476, 865
• Emergent diseases 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407, 408, 410, 411, 412
• Observed directional phenotypic change in a population (Grants’ observations of Darwin’s finches in the Galapagos) 471, 472, 484, 485, 486, 504
• A eukaryotic example that describes evolution of a structure or process such as heart chambers, limbs, the brain, and the immune system 231, 477, 478, 479, 480, 671–674, 677–679, 681, 685–687, 690, 691, 694–699, 704–710, 712, 713, 716–738, 1061
25
Th
e H
isto
ry o
f Lif
e on
Ear
th
519–545
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution.
1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of de-scent from common ancestry.
1.C: Life continues to evolve within a chang-ing environment.
1.D: The origin of living systems is explained by natural processes.
2.D: Growth and dy-namic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system’s environment.
3.C: The processing of genetic informa-tion is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation.
1.A.1. Natural selection is a major mecha-nism of evolution.
1.A.4: Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics.
1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organ-isms today.
1.B.2: Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested.
1.C.1: Speciation and extinction have oc-curred throughout the Earth’s history.
1.C.2: Speciation may occur when two populations become reproductively iso-lated from each other.
1.C.3: Populations of organisms continue to evolve.
1.D.1: There are several hypotheses about the natural origin of life on Earth, each with supporting scientific evidence.
LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]
LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]
LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2]
LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]
LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]
LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]
LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]
LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]
LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]
LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]
LO 1.20 [See SP 5.1]
LO 1.21 [See SP 4.2]
LO 1.22 [See SP 6.4]
LO 1.23 [See SP 4.1]
LO 1.24 [See SP 7.2]
LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]
LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]
• Graphical analysis of allele frequencies in a population 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566
• Application of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation 467, 488, 489, 490–493, 495–498
• Graphical analyses of allele frequencies in a population 280, 486, 563
• Analysis of sequence data sets 351, 561, 562, 593–596, 606, 608–609
• Analysis of phylogenetic trees 16, 472, 478, 529, 531, 534, 535, 541, 547, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 569, 594, 596, 597, 599, 606, 608–609, 617, 674, 681, 717, 729
• Construction of phylogenetic trees based on sequence data 16, 472, 478, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 729
• Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112–121, 123, 130, 152, 1054
• Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533
• Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238–244, 256, 257, 259–260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
• Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 127, 128
• Number of heart chambers in animals 921, 922, 924, 925, 926
• Opposable thumbs 744, 745• Absence of legs in some sea mammals
477, 480
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Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
25
Th
e H
isto
ry o
f Lif
e on
Ear
th (
con
tin
ued
)
519–545
1.D.2: Scientific evidence from many dif-ferent disciplines supports models of the origin of life.
2.D.1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communi-ties, and ecosystems are affected by com-plex biotic and abiotic interactions involv-ing exchange of matter and free energy.
3.C.1: Changes in genotype can result in changes in phenotype.
LO 1.27 [See SP 1.2]
LO 1.28 [See SP 3.3]
LO 1.29 [See SP 6.3]
LO 1.30 [See SP 6.5]
LO 1.31 [See SP 4.4]
LO 1.32 [See SP 4.1]
LO 2.22 [See SP 1.3, 3.2]
LO 2.23 [See SP 4.2, 7.2]
LO 2.24 [See SP 5.1]
LO 3.24 [See SP 6.4, 7.2]
LO 3.25 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.26 [See SP 7.2]
• Five major extinctions 538–540• Human impact on ecosystems and species
extinction rates 53, 700, 1168–1174, 1177–1180, 1251–1253, 1259–1264, 1265–1268, 1272–1280
• Chemical resistance (mutations for resistance to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, or chemotherapy drugs occur in the absence of the chemical) 476, 865
• Emergent diseases 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407, 408, 410, 411, 412
• Observed directional phenotypic change in a population (Grants’ observations of Darwin’s finches in the Galapagos) 471, 472, 484, 485, 486, 504
• A eukaryotic example that describes evolution of a structure or process such as heart chambers, limbs, the brain, and the immune system 231, 477, 478, 479, 480, 671–674, 677–679, 681, 685–687, 690, 691, 694–699, 704–710, 712, 713, 716–738, 1061
• Cell density 247–248• Biofilms 215, 580• Temperature 1165, 1167, 1169, 1171–1174,
1177–1180• Water availability 784, 981, 1183, 1230–1231,
1248• Sunlight 9, 10, 165, 189, 191–198, 206–207,
783, 845, 853–858, 1164–1165, 1183–1184, 1237–1239
• Symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism) 586–587, 612, 665–668, 694, 810–818, 822, 840, 910–912, 1218–1219
• Predator–prey relationships 671, 699–700, 708, 840, 1065, 1201–1204, 1215–1217
• Water and nutrient availability, temperature, salinity, pH 133–134, 213, 584–585, 860–863, 1171–1174, 1177–1180, 1183, 1230, 1246–1249
• Water and nutrient availability 860–863, 1246–1249
• Availability of nesting materials and sites 1267–1268
• Food chains and food webs 613, 1222–1224, 1254–1255
• Species diversity 1220–1221, 1226, 1230,• Population density 1189–1190, 1194–1195,
1201–1202, 1205–1206, 1254–1255• Algal blooms 1225, 1273• Antibiotic resistance mutations 476, 579• Pesticide resistance mutations 488• Sickle cell disorder and heterozygote
advantage 82, 286, 357, 499–502
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Page COM-26 of 63
Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
UNIT 5 The Evolutionary History of Biological Diversity, pg. 546
26
Ph
ylog
eny
and
th
e Tr
ee o
f Lif
e
547–566
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution.
1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of de-scent from common ancestry.
1.C: Life continues to evolve within a chang-ing environment.
1.A.2: Natural selection acts on pheno-typic variations in populations.
1.A.4: Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics.
1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organ-isms today.
1.B.2: Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested.
1.C.3: Populations of organisms continue to evolve.
LO 1.4 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.5 [See SP 7.1]
LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]
LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]
LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]
LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]
LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]
LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]
LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]
LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]
LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]
• Natural selection on population color 14• Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500–501• DDT resistance in insects 1274• Artificial selection 472–474, 834, 837• Loss of genetic diversity within a crop species
1259–1268• Overuse of antibiotics 476• Graphical analyses of allele frequencies in a
population 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566• Analysis of sequence data sets 351, 561, 562,
593–596, 606, 608–609• Analysis of phylogenetic trees 16, 472, 478,
529, 531, 534, 535, 541, 547, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 569, 594, 596, 597, 599, 606, 608–609, 617, 674, 681, 717, 729
• Construction of phylogenetic trees based on sequence data 16, 472, 478, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 729
• Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112–121, 123, 130, 152, 1054
• Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533
• Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238–244, 256, 257, 259–260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
• Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 127, 128
• Number of heart chambers in animals 921, 922, 924, 925, 926
• Opposable thumbs 744, 745• Absence of legs in some sea mammals 477, 480• Chemical resistance (mutations for resistance
to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, or chemotherapy drugs occur in the absence of the chemical) 476, 865
• Emergent diseases 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407, 408, 410, 411, 412
• Observed directional phenotypic change in a population (Grants’ observations of Darwin’s finches in the Galapagos) 471, 472, 484, 485, 486, 504
• A eukaryotic example that describes evolution of a structure or process such as heart chambers, limbs, the brain, and the immune system 231, 477, 478, 479, 480, 671–674, 677–679, 681, 685–687, 690, 691, 694–699, 704–710, 712, 713, 716–738, 1061
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Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
27
B
acte
ria
and
Arc
hae
a
567–586
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of de-scent from common ancestry.
1.D: The origin of living systems is explained by natural processes.
2.E: Many biological processes involved in growth, reproduction, and dynamic homeo-stasis include tem-poral regulation and coordination.
3.A: Heritable informa-tion provides for conti-nuity of life.
3.C: The processing of genetic informa-tion is imperfect and is a source of genetic variation.
3.D: Cells communicate by generating, trans-mitting, and receiving chemical signals.
1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organ-isms today.
1.B.2: Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested.
1.D.1: There are several hypotheses about the natural origin of life on Earth, each with supporting scientific evidence.
1.D.2: Scientific evidence from many dif-ferent disciplines supports models of the origin of life.
2.E.2: Timing and coordination of physi-ological events are regulated by multiple mechanisms.
3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
3.C.3: Viral replication results in genetic variation and viral infection can introduce genetic variation into the hosts.
LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]
LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]
LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]
LO 1.27 [See SP 1.2]
LO 1.28 [See SP 3.3]
LO 1.29 [See SP 6.3]
LO 1.30 [See SP 6.5]
LO 1.31 [See SP 4.4]
LO 1.32 [See SP 4.1]
LO 2.35 [See SP 4.2]
LO 2.36 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.37 [See SP 7.2]
LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]
LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]
LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.29 [See SP 6.2]
LO 3.30 [See SP 1.4]
• Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112–121, 123, 130, 152, 1054
• Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533
• Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238–244, 256, 257, 259–260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
• Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 127, 128
• Number of heart chambers in animals 921, 922, 924, 925, 926
• Opposable thumbs 744, 745• Absence of legs in some sea mammals 477,
480• Circadian rhythms, or the physiological
cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotes and persists even in the absence of external cues 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
• Diurnal/nocturnal and sleep/awake cycles 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
• Seasonal responses, such as hibernation, estivation, and migration 891, 1138–1139, 1154, 1266
• Release and reaction to pheromones 656, 668, 999, 1021, 1141
• Visual displays in the reproductive cycle 737, 1019, 1023–1024, 1137
• Fruiting body formation in fungi, slime molds, and certain types of bacteria 213, 609–610, 656–657, 659–664
• Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356, 370, 959• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160, 161, 349• Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129,
130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,
337, 347–350, 400• Degradation 350• Electrophoresis 414, 415, 416, 418• Plasmid-based transformation 315, 316, 416,
417, 420• Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA 416, 417,
420, 422
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Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
27
B
acte
ria
and
Arc
hae
a (c
onti
nu
ed)
567–586
3.D.3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response.
3.D.4: Changes in signal transduction pathways can alter cellular response.
LO 3.36 [See SP 1.5]
LO 3.37 [See SP 6.1]
LO 3.38 [See SP 1.5]
LO 3.39 [See SP 6.2]
• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 418, 419, 420, 422, 423
• Genetically modified foods 416, 426, 427, 434, 835–836
• Transgenic animals 420, 421, 434, 834–836• Cloned animals 416, 417, 419, 420, 428–431, 441• Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or
factor X 310, 431, 432, 914–915, 1261, 1275• Transduction in bacteria 211, 213, 395, 396,
397, 577–579• Transposons present in incoming DNA 375,
413, 415, 416, 418, 419, 449–450, 457• G protein-linked receptors 218, 224, 225, 227• Ligand-gated ion channels 220, 1076• Receptor tyrosine kinases 219• Ligand-gated ion channels 220, 1076• Second messengers, such as cyclic GMP,
cyclic AMP calcium ions (Ca2+), and inositol triphosphate (IP3) 223–225, 367, 842, 1001, 1078
• Diabetes, heart disease, neurological disease, autoimmune disease, cancer, cholera 224, 386–392, 416, 914–915, 935–937, 969, 1100–1102
• Effects of neurotoxins, poisons, pesticides 1079, 1216, 1274
• Drugs (Hypertensives, Anesthetics, Antihistamines, and Birth Control Drugs) 937, 969, 1036
28
Pr
otis
ts
587–611
Big Idea 1: The pro-cess of evolution drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.
1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of descent from common ancestry.
1.C: Life continues to evolve within a chang-ing environment.
1.D: The origin of living systems is explained by natural processes.
2.A: Growth, reproduc-tion, and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter.
2.C: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to regulate growth and reproduction, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
2.D: Growth and dy-namic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system’s environment.
1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organ-isms today.
1.B.2: Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested.
1.C.3: Populations of organisms continue to evolve.
1.D.1: There are several hypotheses about the natural origin of life on Earth, each with supporting scientific evidence.
1.D.2: Scientific evidence from many dif-ferent disciplines supports models of the origin of life.
2.A.1: All living systems require constant input of free energy.
2.C.2: Organisms respond to changes in their external environments.
LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]
LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]
LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]
LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]
LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.27 [See SP 1.2]
LO 1.28 [See SP 3.3]
LO 1.29 [See SP 6.3]
LO 1.30 [See SP 6.5]
LO 1.31 [See SP 4.4]
LO 1.32 [See SP 4.1]
LO 2.1 [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.2 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.3 [See SP 6.4]
LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]
LO 2.22 [See SP 1.3, 3.2]
LO 2.23 [See SP 4.2, 7.2]
LO 2.24 [See SP 5.1]
• Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112–121, 123, 130, 152, 1054
• Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533
• Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238–244, 256, 257, 259–260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
• Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 127, 128
• Number of heart chambers in animals 921, 922, 924, 925, 926
• Opposable thumbs 744, 745• Absence of legs in some sea mammals 477, 480• Chemical resistance (mutations for resistance
to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, or chemotherapy drugs occur in the absence of the chemical) 476, 865
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Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
28
Pr
otis
ts (
con
tin
ued
)
587–611
3.A: Heritable informa-tion provides for conti-nuity of life.
4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties.
2.D.1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communi-ties, and ecosystems are affected by com-plex biotic and abiotic interactions involv-ing exchange of matter and free energy.
3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
4.A.6: Interactions among living systems and with their environment result in the movement of matter and energy.
LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]
LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]
LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]
LO 4.14 [See SP 2.2]
LO 4.15 [See SP 1.4]
LO 4.16 [See SP 6.4]
• Emergent diseases 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407, 408, 410, 411, 412
• Observed directional phenotypic change in a population (Grants’ observations of Darwin’s finches in the Galapagos) 471, 472, 484, 485, 486, 504
• A eukaryotic example that describes evolution of a structure or process such as heart chambers, limbs, the brain, and the immune system 231, 477, 478, 479, 480, 671–674, 677–679, 681, 685–687, 690, 691, 694–699, 704–710, 712, 713, 716–738, 1061
• Krebs cycle 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183
• Glycolysis 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 181, 182, 183
• Calvin cycle 191, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 202, 204, 206, 207, 208–209
• Fermentation 181• Endothermy (the use of thermal energy
generated by metabolism to maintain homeostatic body temperatures) 144, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 160, 879, 880, 883, 884, 886, 887, 889, 891, 998
• Ectothermy (the use of external thermal energy to help regulate and maintain body temperature) 878, 881, 882, 883, 885, 998
• Elevated floral temperatures in some plant species 206
• Seasonal reproduction in animals and plants 506, 1018, 1019, 1020
• Life-history strategy (biennial plants, reproductive diapause) 1198–1202
• Change in the producer level can affect the number and size of other trophic levels. 1190, 1191, 1192, 1193, 1195, 1195, 1214, 1215, 1217, 1241, 1242, 1244, 1245
• Change in energy resources levels such as sunlight can affect the number and size of the trophic levels. 187, 1237, 1238, 1240, 1241
• Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants 853–855, 857–858
• Hibernation and migration in animals 891, 1138–1139, 1154, 1266
• Taxis and kinesis in animals 112–116, 574, 1123–1129, 1130–1134
• Chemotaxis in bacteria, sexual reproduction in fungi 258, 574, 655–657
• Nocturnal and diurnal activity: circadian rhythms 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
• Shivering and sweating in humans 885–887
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Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
28
Pr
otis
ts (
con
tin
ued
)
587–611
• Cell density 247–248• Biofilms 215, 580• Temperature 1165, 1167, 1169, 1171–1174,
1177–1180• Water availability 784, 981, 1183, 1230–1231,
1248• Sunlight 9, 10, 165, 189, 191–198, 206–207,
783, 845, 853–858, 1164–1165, 1183–1184, 1237–1239
• Symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism) 586–587, 612, 665–668, 694, 810–818, 822, 840, 910–912, 1218–1219
• Predator–prey relationships 671, 699–700, 708, 840, 1065, 1201–1204, 1215–1217
• Water and nutrient availability, temperature, salinity, pH 133–134, 213, 584–585, 860–863, 1171–1174, 1177–1180, 1183, 1230, 1246–1249
• Water and nutrient availability 860–863, 1246–1249
• Availability of nesting materials and sites 1267–1268
• Food chains and food webs 613, 1222–1224, 1254–1255
• Species diversity 1220–1221, 1226, 1230• Population density 1189–1190, 1194–1195,
1201–1202, 1205–1206, 1254–1255• Algal blooms 1225, 1273• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356,
370, 959• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160, 161,
349• Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129,
130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,
337, 347–350, 400• Degradation 350• Electrophoresis 414, 415, 416, 418• Plasmid-based transformation 315, 316, 416,
417, 420• Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA 416, 417,
420, 422• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 418, 419,
420, 422, 423• Genetically modified foods 416, 426, 427,
434, 835–836• Transgenic animals 420, 421, 434, 834–836• Cloned animals 416, 417, 419, 420, 428–431,
441• Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or
factor X 310, 431, 432, 914–915, 1261, 1275
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Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
29
Pl
ant
Div
ersi
ty I:
How
Pla
nts
Col
oniz
ed L
and
612–629
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of de-scent from common ancestry.
1.C: Life continues to evolve within a chang-ing environment.
1.D: The origin of living systems is explained by natural processes.
1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organ-isms today.
1.B.2: Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested.
1.C.1: Speciation and extinction have oc-curred throughout the Earth’s history.
1.D.2: Scientific evidence from many dif-ferent disciplines supports models of the origin of life.
LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]
LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]
LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]
LO 1.20 [See SP 5.1]
LO 1.21 [See SP 4.2]
LO 1.32 [See SP 4.1]
• Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112–121, 123, 130, 152, 1054
• Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533
• Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238–244, 256, 257, 259–260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
• Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 127, 128
• Number of heart chambers in animals 921, 922, 924, 925, 926
• Opposable thumbs 744, 745• Absence of legs in some sea mammals 477,
480• Five major extinctions 538–540• Human impact on ecosystems and species
extinction rates 53, 700, 1168–1174, 1177–1180, 1251–1253, 1259–1264, 1265–1268, 1272–1280
30
Pl
ant
Div
ersi
ty II
: Th
e Ev
olu
tion
of S
eed
Pla
nts
630–647
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.
1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of de-scent from common ancestry.
1.C: Life continues to evolve within a chang-ing environment.
2.C: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to regulate growth and reproduction, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties.
1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organ-isms today.
1.B.2: Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested.
1.C.1: Speciation and extinction have oc-curred throughout the Earth’s history.
1.C.3: Populations of organisms continue to evolve.
2.C.1: Organisms use feedback mecha-nisms to maintain their internal environ-ments and respond to external environ-mental changes.
2.C.2: Organisms respond to changes in their external environments.
4.A.6: Interactions among living systems and with their environment result in the movement of matter and energy.
LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]
LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]
LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]
LO 1.20 [See SP 5.1]
LO 1.21 [See SP 4.2]
LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]
LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]
LO 2.15 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.16 [See SP 7.2]
LO 2.17 [See SP 5.3]
LO 2.18 [See SP 6.4]
LO 2.19 [See SP 6.4]
LO 2.20 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]
LO 4.14 [See SP 2.2]
LO 4.15 [See SP 1.4]
LO 4.16 [See SP 6.4]
• Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112–121, 123, 130, 152, 1054
• Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533
• Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238–244, 256, 257, 259–260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
• Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 127, 128
• Number of heart chambers in animals 921, 922, 924, 925, 926
• Opposable thumbs 744, 745• Absence of legs in some sea mammals 477,
480• Five major extinctions 538–540
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Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
30
Pl
ant
Div
ersi
ty II
: Th
e Ev
olu
tion
of S
eed
Pla
nts
(co
nti
nu
ed)
630–647
• Human impact on ecosystems and species extinction rates 53, 700, 1168–1174, 1177–1180, 1251–1253, 1259–1264, 1265–1268, 1272–1280
• Chemical resistance (mutations for resistance to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, or chemotherapy drugs occur in the absence of the chemical) 476, 865
• Emergent diseases 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407, 408, 410, 411, 412
• Observed directional phenotypic change in a population (Grants’ observations of Darwin’s finches in the Galapagos) 471, 472, 484, 485, 486, 504
• A eukaryotic example that describes evolution of a structure or process such as heart chambers, limbs, the brain, and the immune system 231, 477, 478, 479, 480, 671–674, 677–679, 681, 685–687, 690, 691, 694–699, 704–710, 712, 713, 716–738, 1061
• Operons in gene regulation 364–367• Temperature regulation in animals 145, 871,
879–881, 882–887• Plant responses to water limitations 783–789,
792–794, 795–796, 797–799• Lactation in mammals 1006• Onset of labor in childbirth 1032, 1033,
1034, 1035• Ripening of fruit 643• Diabetes mellitus in response to decreased
insulin 914, 915• Dehydration in response to decreased
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 67–75, 77, 78, 202, 992, 993, 994, 1002, 1006
• Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) 1008• Blood clotting 10, 297, 697, 934,
935, 998• Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants
853–855, 857–858• Hibernation and migration in animals 891,
1138–1139, 1154, 1266• Taxis and kinesis in animals 112–116, 574,
1123–1129, 1130–1134• Chemotaxis in bacteria, sexual reproduction
in fungi 258, 574, 655–657• Nocturnal and diurnal activity: circadian
rhythms 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
• Shivering and sweating in humans 885–887
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Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
31
Fu
ng
i
648–666
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution.
1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of de-scent from common ancestry.
2.C: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to regulate growth and reproduction, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
2.E: Many biological processes involved in growth, reproduction, and dynamic homeo-stasis include tem-poral regulation and coordination.
3.D: Cells communicate by generating, trans-mitting, and receiving chemical signals.
1.A.1. Natural selection is a major mecha-nism of evolution.
1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organ-isms today.
1.B.2: Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested.
2.C.2: Organisms respond to changes in their external environments.
2.E.2: Timing and coordination of physi-ological events are regulated by multiple mechanisms.
3.D.2: Cells communicate with each other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance via chemical signaling.
LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]
LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]
LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2]
LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]
LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]
LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]
LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]
LO 2.35 [See SP 4.2]
LO 2.36 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.37 [See SP 7.2]
LO 3.34 [See SP 6.2]
LO 3.35 [See SP 1.1]
• Graphical analysis of allele frequencies in a population 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566
• Application of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566
• Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112–121, 123, 130, 152, 1054
• Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533
• Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238–244, 256, 257, 259–260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
• Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 127, 128
• Number of heart chambers in animals 921, 922, 924, 925, 926
• Opposable thumbs 744, 745• Absence of legs in some sea mammals 477,
480• Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants
853–855, 857–858• Hibernation and migration in animals 891,
1138–1139, 1154, 1266• Taxis and kinesis in animals 112–116, 574,
1123–1129, 1130–1134• Chemotaxis in bacteria, sexual reproduction
in fungi 258, 574, 655–657• Nocturnal and diurnal activity: circadian
rhythms 258, 574, 655–657• Shivering and sweating in humans 885–887• Circadian rhythms, or the physiological
cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotes and persists even in the absence of external cues 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
• Diurnal/nocturnal and sleep/awake cycles 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
• Seasonal responses, such as hibernation, estivation, and migration 891, 1138–1139, 1154, 1266
• Release and reaction to pheromones 656, 668, 999, 1021, 1141
• Visual displays in the reproductive cycle 737, 1019, 1023–1024, 1137
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Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
31
Fu
ng
i (co
nti
nu
ed)
648–666
• Fruiting body formation in fungi, slime molds, and certain types of bacteria 213, 609–610, 656–657, 659–664
• Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215• Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact,
antigen-presenting cells (APCs), helper T cells, and killer T cells. [See also 2.D.4] 220, 221, 956–959, 962–965
• Plasmodesmata between plant cells that allow material to be transported from cell to cell 101, 118, 119, 120, 215, 800
• Neurotransmitters 998, 999, 1066, 1075–1080
• Plant immune response 854–867• Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215• Morphogens in embryonic development
379–380, 383, 384, 385, 672, 1041–1046, 1047–1054
• Insulin 10, 76, 105, 138, 213, 224, 913, 914, 915, 1001, 1002
• Human growth hormone 1006, 1007, 1008• Thyroid hormones 1007, 1008• Testosterone 62, 218, 1012, 1009, 1025,
1028–1029• Estrogen 62, 218, 1012, 1028–1030
32
A
n O
verv
iew
of A
nim
al D
iver
sity
667–679
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution.
1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of de-scent from common ancestry.
1.C: Life continues to evolve within a chang-ing environment.
3.D: Cells communicate by generating, trans-mitting, and receiving chemical signals.
1.A.1. Natural selection is a major mecha-nism of evolution.
1.A.4: Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics.
1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organ-isms today.
1.B.2: Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested.
1.C.3: Populations of organisms continue to evolve.
3.D.2: Cells communicate with each other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance via chemical signaling.
LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]
LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]
LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2]
LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]
LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]
LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]
LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]
LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]
LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]
LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]
LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]
LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]
LO 3.34 [See SP 6.2]
LO 3.35 [See SP 1.1]
• Application of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation 467, 488, 489, 490–493, 495–498
• Graphical analyses of allele frequencies in a population 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566
• Analysis of sequence data sets 351, 561, 562, 593–596, 606, 608–609
• Analysis of phylogenetic trees 16, 472, 478, 529, 531, 534, 535, 541, 547, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 569, 594, 596, 597, 599, 606, 608–609, 617, 674, 681, 717, 729
• Construction of phylogenetic trees based on sequence data 16, 472, 478, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 729
• Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112–121, 123, 130, 152, 1054
• Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533
• Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238–244, 256, 257, 259–260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
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Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
32
A
n O
verv
iew
of A
nim
al D
iver
sity
(co
nti
nu
ed)
667–679
• Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 127, 128
• Number of heart chambers in animals 921, 922, 924, 925, 926
• Opposable thumbs 744, 745• Absence of legs in some sea mammals 477,
480• Chemical resistance (mutations for resistance
to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, or chemotherapy drugs occur in the absence of the chemical) 476, 865
• Emergent diseases 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407, 408, 410, 411, 412
• Observed directional phenotypic change in a population (Grants’ observations of Darwin’s finches in the Galapagos) 471, 472, 484, 485, 486, 504
• A eukaryotic example that describes evolution of a structure or process such as heart chambers, limbs, the brain, and the immune system 231, 477, 478, 479, 480, 671–674, 677–679, 681, 685–687, 690, 691, 694–699, 704–710, 712, 713, 716–738, 1061
• Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact, antigen-presenting cells (APCs), helper T cells, and killer T cells. [See also 2.D.4] 220, 221, 956–959, 962–965
• Plasmodesmata between plant cells that allow material to be transported from cell to cell 101, 118, 119, 120, 215, 800
• Neurotransmitters 998, 999, 1066, 1075–1080
• Plant immune response 854–867• Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215• Morphogens in embryonic development
379–380, 383, 384, 385, 672, 1041–1046, 1047–1054
• Insulin 10, 76, 105, 138, 213, 224, 913, 914, 915, 1001, 1002
• Human growth hormone 1006, 1007, 1008• Thyroid hormones 1007, 1008• Testosterone 62, 218, 1012, 1009, 1025,
1028–1029• Estrogen 62, 218, 1012, 1028–1030
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Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
33
A
n In
trod
uct
ion
to
Inve
rteb
rate
s
680–711
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of de-scent from common ancestry.
1.C: Life continues to evolve within a chang-ing environment.
1.B.2: Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested.
1.C.3: Populations of organisms continue to evolve.
LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]
LO 1.25 [See SP 1.2]
LO 1.26 [See SP 5.3]
• Number of heart chambers in animals 921, 922, 924, 925, 926
• Opposable thumbs 744, 745• Absence of legs in some sea mammals 477,
480• Chemical resistance (mutations for resistance
to antibiotics, pesticides, herbicides, or chemotherapy drugs occur in the absence of the chemical) 476, 865
• Emergent diseases 399, 400, 401, 402, 403, 404, 405, 407, 408, 410, 411, 412
• Observed directional phenotypic change in a population (Grants’ observations of Darwin’s finches in the Galapagos) 471, 472, 484, 485, 486, 504
• A eukaryotic example that describes evolution of a structure or process such as heart chambers, limbs, the brain, and the immune system 231, 477, 478, 479, 480, 671–674, 677–679, 681, 685–687, 690, 691, 694–699, 704–710, 712, 713, 716–738, 1061
34
Th
e O
rig
in a
nd
Evo
luti
on o
f Ver
teb
rate
s
712–750
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of de-scent from common ancestry.
1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organ-isms today.
1.B.2: Phylogenetic trees and cladograms are graphical representations (models) of evolutionary history that can be tested.
LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]
LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]
LO 1.17 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.18 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.19 [See SP 1.1]
• Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112–121, 123, 130, 152, 1054
• Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533
• Linear chromosomes 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533
• Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 127, 128
• Number of heart chambers in animals 921, 922, 924, 925, 926
• Opposable thumbs 744, 745• Absence of legs in some sea mammals
477, 480
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Chapters/Sections
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Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
UNIT 6 Plant Form and Function, pg. 751
35
Pl
ant
Stru
ctu
re, G
row
th, a
nd
D
evel
opm
ent
752–777
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.
1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of de-scent from common ancestry.
4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties.
1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organ-isms today.
4.A.3: Interactions between external stim-uli and regulated gene expression result in specialization of cells, tissues, and organs.
LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]
LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]
LO 4.7 [See SP 1.3]
• Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112–121, 123, 130, 152, 1054
• Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533
• Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238–244, 256, 257, 259–260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
• Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 127, 128
36
R
esou
rce
Acq
uis
itio
n a
nd
Tra
nsp
ort
in
Vas
cula
r Pl
ants
778–798
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
2.B: Growth, reproduc-tion, and dynamic ho-meostasis require that cells create and main-tain internal environ-ments that are different from their external environments.
2.C: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to regulate growth and reproduction, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
2.D: Growth and dy-namic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system’s environment.
2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively per-meable due to their structure.
2.C.1: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to maintain their internal environments and respond to external environmental changes.
2.C.2: Organisms respond to changes in their external environments.
2.D.3: Biological systems are affected by disruptions to their dynamic homeostasis.
2.D.4: Plants and animals have a variety of chemical defenses against infections that affect dynamic homeostasis.
LO 2.10 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]
LO 2.11 [See SP 1.1, 7.1, 7.2]
LO 2.15 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.16 [See SP 7.2]
LO 2.17 [See SP 5.3]
LO 2.18 [See SP 6.4]
LO 2.19 [See SP 6.4]
LO 2.20 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]
LO 2.28 [See SP 1.4]
LO 2.29 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]
LO 2.30 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]
• Operons in gene regulation 364–367• Temperature regulation in animals 145, 871,
879–881, 882–887• Plant responses to water limitations 783–789,
792–794, 795–796, 797–799• Lactation in mammals 1006• Onset of labor in childbirth 1032, 1033,
1034, 1035• Ripening of fruit 643• Diabetes mellitus in response to decreased
insulin 914, 915• Dehydration in response to decreased
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 67–75, 77, 78, 202, 992, 993, 994, 1002, 1006
• Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) 1008• Blood clotting 10, 297, 697, 934, 935, 998• Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants
853–855, 857–858• Hibernation and migration in animals 891,
1138–1139, 1154, 1266• Taxis and kinesis in animals 112–116, 574,
1123–1129, 1130–1134• Chemotaxis in bacteria, sexual reproduction
in fungi 258, 574, 655–657• Nocturnal and diurnal activity: circadian
rhythms 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
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Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
36
R
esou
rce
Acq
uis
itio
n a
nd
Tra
nsp
ort
in
Vas
cula
r Pl
ants
(co
nti
nu
ed)
778–798
• Shivering and sweating in humans 885–887
• Physiological responses to toxic substances 1274–1275
• Dehydration 203–206, 978–980• Immunological responses to pathogens,
toxins, and allergens 954, 956• Invasive and/or eruptive species
410, 1225• Human impact 53, 700, 1168–1174, 1177–
1180, 1251–1253, 1259–1264, 1265–1268, 1272–1280
• Hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, fires 1170, 1226–1227
• Water limitation 782–793, 795–796• Salination 134, 436, 571, 584, 863, 979,
1175, 1178–1179, 1183–1184• Invertebrate immune systems have
nonspecific response mechanisms, but they lack pathogen-specific defense responses. 951–952
• Plant defenses against pathogens include molecular recognition systems with systemic responses; infection triggers chemical responses that destroy infected and adjacent cells, thus localizing the effects. 865–867
• Vertebrate immune systems have nonspecific and nonheritable defense mechanisms against pathogens. 121, 953–955, 957–963
37
So
il an
d P
lan
t N
utr
itio
n
799–814
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.
2.A: Growth, reproduc-tion, and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter.
2.E: Many biological processes involved in growth, reproduction, and dynamic homeo-stasis include tem-poral regulation and coordination.
4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties.
2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization.
2.E.1: Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal devel-opment of an organism, and these events are regulated by a variety of mechanisms.
4.A.6: Interactions among living systems and with their environment result in the movement of matter and energy.
LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]
LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]
LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]
LO 2.31 [See SP 7.2]
LO 2.32 [See SP 1.4]
LO 2.33 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.34 [See SP 7.1]
LO 4.14 [See SP 2.2]
LO 4.15 [See SP 1.4]
LO 4.16 [See SP 6.4]
• Cohesion 46, 793• Adhesion 46, 793• High specific heat capacity 44, 46–50• Universal solvent supports reactions. 49,
50, 52• Heat of vaporization 44, 46–50• Heat of fusion 44, 46–50• Water’s thermal conductivity 47, 48• Root hairs 757, 758, 759, 766, 757, 768, 791,
793, 805, 814, 816• Cells of the alveoli 941• Cells of the villi 693, 907, 908• Microvilli 100, 116, 693• Morphogenesis of fingers and toes 229, 523,
668, 728, 729, 1060–1061• Immune function 951–958• C. elegans development 230, 446, 1056,
1057• Flower development 642, 644–648,
778, 779, 821, 822, 824, 825, 829, 857, 858
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Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
38
A
ng
iosp
erm
Rep
rod
uct
ion
an
d B
iote
chn
olog
y
815–835
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
2.E: Many biological processes involved in growth, reproduction, and dynamic homeo-stasis include tem-poral regulation and coordination.
3.A: Heritable informa-tion provides for conti-nuity of life.
2.E.1: Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal devel-opment of an organism, and these events are regulated by a variety of mechanisms.
3.A.1: DNA, and in some cases RNA, is the primary source of heritable information.
3.A.2: In eukaryotes, heritable informa-tion is passed to the next generation via processes that include the cell cycle and mitosis or meiosis plus fertilization.
3.A.3: The chromosomal basis of inheri-tance provides an understanding of the pattern of passage (transmission) of genes from parent to offspring.
3.A.4: The inheritance pattern of many traits cannot be explained by simple Mendelian genetics.
LO 2.31 [See SP 7.2]
LO 2.32 [See SP 1.4]
LO 2.33 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.34 [See SP 7.1]
LO 3.1 [See SP 6.5]
LO 3.2 [See SP 4.1]
LO 3.3 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.4 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.5 [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.6 [See SP 6.4]
LO 3.7 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.9 [See SP 6.2]
LO 3.10 [See SP 7.1]
LO 3.11 [See SP 5.3]
LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2]
LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1]
LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]
LO 3.15 [See SP 6.5]
LO 3.16 [See SP 6.3]
LO 3.17 [See SP 1.2]
• Morphogenesis of fingers and toes 229, 523, 668, 728, 729, 1060–1061
• Immune function 951–958• C. elegans development 230, 446, 1056,
1057• Flower development 642, 644–648, 778,
779, 821, 822, 824, 825, 829, 857, 858• Addition of a poly-A tail 345, 356, 370, 959• Addition of a GTP cap 345, 352, 353• Excision of introns 346, 347, 959• Enzymatic reactions 76, 153–156, 160, 161,
349• Transport by proteins 76, 126, 127, 128, 129,
130, 131, 135, 137, 138, 140• Synthesis 84, 85, 226, 227, 323–329, 336,
337, 347–350, 400• Degradation 350• Electrophoresis 414, 415, 416, 418• Plasmid-based transformation 315, 316, 416,
417, 420• Restriction enzyme analysis of DNA 416, 417,
420, 422• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 418, 419,
420, 422, 423• Genetically modified foods 416, 426, 427,
434, 835–836• Transgenic animals 420, 421, 434, 834–836• Cloned animals 416, 417, 419, 420, 428–431,
441• Pharmaceuticals, such as human insulin or
factor X 310, 431, 432, 914–915, 1261, 1275• Mitosis-promoting factor (MPF) 245–246• Action of platelet-derived growth factor
(PDGF) 247• Cancer results from disruptions in cell cycle
control. 248–250, 387–391• Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500–501• Tay-Sachs disease 108, 288• Huntington’s disease 287• X-linked color blindness 299• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 308–309• Klinefelter’s syndrome 309• Reproduction issues 506, 507, 512–521, 601,
602, 603, 604, 608, 610, 1022, 1023, 1025• Sex-linked genes reside on sex chromosomes
(X in humans) 298• In mammals and flies, the Y chromosome is
very small and carries few genes. 298–299• In mammals and flies, females are XX and
males are XY; as such, X-linked recessive traits are always expressed in males. 298, 299, 300
• Some traits are sex limited, and expression depends on the sex of the individual, such as milk production in female mammals and pattern baldness in males. 298, 299, 300
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Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
39
Pl
ant
Res
pon
ses
to In
tern
al a
nd
Ext
ern
al S
ign
als
836–865
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution.
2.A: Growth, reproduc-tion, and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter.
2.C: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to regulate growth and reproduction, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
2.D: Growth and dy-namic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system’s environment.
2.E: Many biological processes involved in growth, reproduction, and dynamic homeo-stasis include tem-poral regulation and coordination.
3.D: Cells communicate by generating, trans-mitting, and receiving chemical signals.
1.A.1. Natural selection is a major mecha-nism of evolution.
2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes.
2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization.
2.C.1: Organisms use feedback mecha-nisms to maintain their internal environ-ments and respond to external environ-mental changes.
2.C.2: Organisms respond to changes in their external environments.
2.D.4: Plants and animals have a variety of chemical defenses against infections that affect dynamic homeostasis.
2.E.2: Timing and coordination of physi-ological events are regulated by multiple mechanisms.
3.D.2: Cells communicate with each other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance via chemical signaling.
3.D.3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response.
3.D.4: Changes in signal transduction pathways can alter cellular response.
LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]
LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]
LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2]
LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]
LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]
LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]
LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]
LO 2.15 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.16 [See SP 7.2]
LO 2.17 [See SP 5.3]
LO 2.18 [See SP 6.4]
LO 2.19 [See SP 6.4]
LO 2.20 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]
LO 2.29 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]
LO 2.30 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]
LO 2.35 [See SP 4.2]
LO 2.36 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.37 [See SP 7.2]
LO 3.34 [See SP 6.2]
LO 3.35 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.36 [See SP 1.5]
LO 3.37 [See SP 6.1]
LO 3.38 [See SP 1.5]
LO 3.39 [See SP 6.2]
• Graphical analysis of allele frequencies in a population 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566
• Application of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation 467, 488, 489, 490–493, 495–498
• NADP+ in photosynthesis 191, 197, 198, 200, 202, 211
• Oxygen in cellular respiration 40–41, 143, 149, 150, 154, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, 189, 191, 194, 197, 200, 207, 208–209
• Cohesion 46, 793• Adhesion 46, 793• High specific heat capacity 44, 46–50• Universal solvent supports reactions. 49,
50, 52• Heat of vaporization 44, 46–50• Heat of fusion 44, 46–50• Water’s thermal conductivity 47, 48• Root hairs 757, 758, 759, 766, 757, 768, 791,
793, 805, 814, 816• Cells of the alveoli 941• Cells of the villi 693, 907, 908• Microvilli 100, 116, 693• Operons in gene regulation 364–367• Temperature regulation in animals 145, 871,
879–881, 882–887• Plant responses to water limitations 783–789,
792–794, 795–796, 797–799• Lactation in mammals 1006• Onset of labor in childbirth 1032, 1033,
1034, 1035• Ripening of fruit 643• Diabetes mellitus in response to decreased
insulin 914, 915• Dehydration in response to decreased
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 67–75, 77, 78, 202, 992, 993, 994, 1002, 1006
• Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) 1008• Blood clotting 10, 297, 697, 934, 935, 998• Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants
853–855, 857–858• Hibernation and migration in animals 891,
1138–1139, 1154, 1266• Taxis and kinesis in animals 112–116, 574,
1123–1129, 1130–1134• Chemotaxis in bacteria, sexual reproduction
in fungi 258, 574, 655–657• Nocturnal and diurnal activity: circadian
rhythms 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
• Shivering and sweating in humans 885–887
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Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
39
Pl
ant
Res
pon
ses
to In
tern
al a
nd
Ext
ern
al S
ign
als
(con
tin
ued
)
836–865
• Invertebrate immune systems have nonspecific response mechanisms, but they lack pathogen-specific defense responses. 951–952
• Plant defenses against pathogens include molecular recognition systems with systemic responses; infection triggers chemical responses that destroy infected and adjacent cells, thus localizing the effects. 865–867
• Vertebrate immune systems have nonspecific and nonheritable defense mechanisms against pathogens. 121, 953–955, 957–963
• Circadian rhythms, or the physiological cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotes and persists even in the absence of external cues 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
• Diurnal/nocturnal and sleep/awake cycles 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
• Seasonal responses, such as hibernation, estivation, and migration 891, 1138–1139, 1154, 1266
• Release and reaction to pheromones 656, 668, 999, 1021, 1141
• Visual displays in the reproductive cycle 737, 1019, 1023–1024, 1137
• Fruiting body formation in fungi, slime molds, and certain types of bacteria 737, 1019, 1023–1024, 1137
• Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215• Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact,
antigen-presenting cells (APCs), helper T cells, and killer T cells. [See also 2.D.4] 220, 221, 956–959, 962–965
• Plasmodesmata between plant cells that allow material to be transported from cell to cell 101, 118, 119, 120, 215, 800
• Neurotransmitters 998, 999, 1066, 1075–1080
• Plant immune response 854–867• Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215• Morphogens in embryonic development
379–380, 383, 384, 385, 672, 1041–1046, 1047–1054
• Insulin 10, 76, 105, 138, 213, 224, 913, 914, 915, 1001, 1002
• Human growth hormone 1006, 1007, 1008• Thyroid hormones 1007, 1008• Testosterone 62, 218, 1012, 1009, 1025,
1028–1029• Estrogen 62, 218, 1012, 1028–1030• G protein-linked receptors 218, 224, 225, 227• Ligand-gated ion channels 220, 1076
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Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
• Receptor tyrosine kinases 219• Ligand-gated ion channels 220, 1076• Second messengers, such as cyclic GMP,
cyclic AMP calcium ions (Ca2+), and inositol triphosphate (IP3) 223–225, 367, 842, 1001, 1078
• Diabetes, heart disease, neurological disease, autoimmune disease, cancer, cholera 224, 386–392, 416, 914–915, 935–937, 969, 1100–1102
• Effects of neurotoxins, poisons, pesticides 1079, 1216, 1274
• Drugs (Hypertensives, Anesthetics, Antihistamines, and Birth Control Drugs) 937, 969, 1036
UNIT 7 Animal Form and Function, pg. 866
40
B
asic
Pri
nci
ple
s of
An
imal
For
m a
nd
Fu
nct
ion
867–891
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.
2.A: Growth, reproduc-tion, and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter.
2.B: Growth, reproduc-tion, and dynamic ho-meostasis require that cells create and main-tain internal environ-ments that are different from their external environments.
2.C: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to regulate growth and reproduction, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
2.D: Growth and dy-namic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system’s environment.
2.E: Many biological processes involved in growth, reproduction, and dynamic homeo-stasis include tem-poral regulation and coordination.
4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties.
2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological processes.
2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization.
2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant move-ment of molecules across membranes.
2.C.1: Organisms use feedback mecha-nisms to maintain their internal environ-ments and respond to external environ-mental changes.
2.C.2: Organisms respond to changes in their external environments.
2.D.2: Homeostatic mechanisms reflect both common ancestry and diver-gence due to adaptation in different environments.
2.E.1: Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal devel-opment of an organism, and these events are regulated by a variety of mechanisms.
LO 2.4 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]
LO 2.5 [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]
LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]
LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]
LO 2.12 [See SP 1.4]
LO 2.15 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.16 [See SP 7.2]
LO 2.17 [See SP 5.3]
LO 2.18 [See SP 6.4]
LO 2.19 [See SP 6.4]
LO 2.20 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]
LO 2.25 [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.26 [See SP 5.1]
LO 2.27 [See SP 7.1]
LO 2.31 [See SP 7.2]
LO 2.32 [See SP 1.4]
LO 2.33 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.34 [See SP 7.1]
• NADP+ in photosynthesis 191, 197, 198, 200, 202, 211
• Oxygen in cellular respiration 40–41, 143, 149, 150, 154, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 174, 189, 191, 194, 197, 200, 207, 208–209
• Cohesion 46, 793• Adhesion 46, 793• High specific heat capacity 44, 46–50• Universal solvent supports reactions. 49,
50, 52• Heat of vaporization 44, 46–50• Heat of fusion 44, 46–50• Water’s thermal conductivity 47, 48• Root hairs 757, 758, 759, 766, 757, 768, 791,
793, 805, 814, 816• Cells of the alveoli 941• Cells of the villi 693, 907, 908• Microvilli 100, 116, 693• Glucose transport 9, 132, 138, 914• Na+/K+ transport 137• Operons in gene regulation 364–367• Temperature regulation in animals 145, 871,
879–881, 882–887
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Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
40
B
asic
Pri
nci
ple
s of
An
imal
For
m a
nd
Fu
nct
ion
(co
nti
nu
ed)
867–891
2.E.2: Timing and coordination of physi-ological events are regulated by multiple mechanisms.
2.E.3: Timing and coordination of behav-ior are regulated by various mechanisms and are important in natural selection.
4.A.3: Interactions between external stim-uli and regulated gene expression result in specialization of cells, tissues, and organs.
LO 2.35 [See SP 4.2]
LO 2.36 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.37 [See SP 7.2]
LO 2.38 [See SP 5.1]
LO 2.39 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.40 [See SP 7.2]
LO 4.7 [See SP 1.3]
• Plant responses to water limitations 783–789, 792–794, 795–796, 797–799
• Lactation in mammals 1006• Onset of labor in childbirth 1032, 1033,
1034, 1035• Ripening of fruit 643• Diabetes mellitus in response to decreased
insulin 914, 915• Dehydration in response to decreased
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 67–75, 77, 78, 202, 992, 993, 994, 1002, 1006
• Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) 1008• Blood clotting 10, 297, 697, 934, 935, 998• Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants
853–855, 857–858• Hibernation and migration in animals 891,
1138–1139, 1154, 1266• Taxis and kinesis in animals 112–116, 574,
1123–1129, 1130–1134• Chemotaxis in bacteria, sexual reproduction
in fungi 258, 574, 655–657• Nocturnal and diurnal activity: circadian
rhythms 851, 852, 853, 854, 855, 876, 887, 1088, 1126
• Shivering and sweating in humans 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
• Gas exchange in aquatic and terrestrial plants 189, 769, 794–796, 893, 1255
• Digestive mechanisms in animals such as food vacuoles, gastrovascular cavities, one-way digestive systems 107–108, 140, 901–913
• Respiratory systems of aquatic and terrestrial animals 937–941, 942–944, 945–947
• Nitrogenous waste production and elimination in aquatic and terrestrial animals 980–981, 982–985, 986–990
• Excretory systems in flatworms, earthworms, and vertebrates 692–694, 702, 980–981, 982–985, 986–990
• Osmoregulation in bacteria, fish, and protists 938–939, 975–980
• Osmoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial plants 786–789, 793, 795, 991
• Circulatory systems in fish, amphibians, and mammals 920–923, 924–931
• Thermoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial animals (countercurrent exchange mechanisms) 879–881, 882–887
• Morphogenesis of fingers and toes 229, 523, 668, 728, 729, 1060–1061
• Immune function 951–958• C. elegans development 230, 446, 1056,
1057
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Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
40
B
asic
Pri
nci
ple
s of
An
imal
For
m a
nd
Fu
nct
ion
(co
nti
nu
ed)
867–891
• Flower development 642, 644–648, 778, 779, 821, 822, 824, 825, 829, 857, 858
• Circadian rhythms, or the physiological cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotes and persists even in the absence of external cues 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
• Diurnal/nocturnal and sleep/awake cycles 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
• Seasonal responses, such as hibernation, estivation, and migration 891, 1138–1139, 1154, 1266
• Release and reaction to pheromones 656, 668, 999, 1021, 1141
• Visual displays in the reproductive cycle 737, 1019, 1023–1024, 1137
• Fruiting body formation in fungi, slime molds, and certain types of bacteria 213, 609–610, 656–657, 659–664
• Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215• Hibernation 891• Estivation 891• Migration 1138–1139, 1267• Courtship 497, 506–507, 1019, 1139–1140,
1147–1152• Availability of resources leading to fruiting
body formation in fungi and certain types of bacteria 213, 609–610, 656–657, 659–664
• Niche and resource partitioning 1213–1215• Mutualistic relationships (lichens; bacteria in
digestive tracts of animals; mycorrhizae) 535, 586, 654–655, 665–667, 758, 810–811, 840, 910–912, 1218
• Biology of pollination 270–275, 512, 520, 636, 642, 644, 646–647, 820–823, 825, 832, 1260
41
A
nim
al N
utr
itio
n
892–914
Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.
4.B: Competition and cooperation are impor-tant aspects of biologi-cal systems.
4.B.2: Cooperative interactions within organisms promote efficiency in the use of energy and matter.
LO 4.18 [See SP 1.4]
• Exchange of gases 189, 769, 794–796, 893, 937–941, 942–947
• Circulation of fluids 920–923, 924–931• Digestion of food 900–909, 910–915• Excretion of wastes 872–873, 980–981,
982–985, 986–990• Bacterial community in the rumen of animals
912• Bacterial community in and around deep sea
vents 524, 584
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Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
42
C
ircu
lati
on a
nd
Gas
Exc
han
ge
915–945
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.
2.E: Many biological processes involved in growth, reproduction, and dynamic homeo-stasis include tem-poral regulation and coordination.
3.D: Cells communicate by generating, trans-mitting, and receiving chemical signals.
4.B: Competition and cooperation are impor-tant aspects of biologi-cal systems.
2.E.2: Timing and coordination of physi-ological events are regulated by multiple mechanisms.
3.D.1: Cell communication processes share common features that reflect a shared evolutionary history.
4.B.2: Cooperative interactions within organisms promote efficiency in the use of energy and matter.
LO 2.35 [See SP 4.2]
LO 2.36 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.37 [See SP 7.2]
LO 3.31 [See SP 7.2]
LO 3.32 [See SP 3.1]
LO 3.33 [See SP 1.4]
LO 4.18 [See SP 1.4]
• Circadian rhythms, or the physiological cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotes and persists even in the absence of external cues 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
• Diurnal/nocturnal and sleep/awake cycles 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
• Seasonal responses, such as hibernation, estivation, and migration 891, 1138–1139, 1154, 1266
• Release and reaction to pheromones 656, 668, 999, 1021, 1141
• Visual displays in the reproductive cycle 737, 1019, 1023–1024, 1137
• Fruiting body formation in fungi, slime molds, and certain types of bacteria 213, 609–610, 656–657, 659–664
• Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215• Use of chemical messengers by microbes to
communicate with other nearby cells and to regulate specific pathways in response to population density (quorum sensing) 213, 215
• Use of pheromones to trigger reproduction and developmental pathways 656, 668, 999, 1021, 1141
• Response to external signals by bacteria that influences cell movement 991
• Epinephrine stimulation of glycogen breakdown in mammals 210, 216–217, 227, 1001, 1010–1011
• DNA repair mechanisms 327–328• Exchange of gases 189, 769, 794–796, 893,
937–941, 942–947• Circulation of fluids 920–923, 924–931• Digestion of food 900–909, 910–915• Excretion of wastes 872–873, 980–981,
982–985, 986–990• Bacterial community in the rumen of animals
912• Bacterial community in and around deep sea
vents 524, 584
43
Th
e Im
mu
ne
Syst
em
946–970
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution.
2.D: Growth and dy-namic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system’s environment.
3.D: Cells communicate by generating, trans-mitting, and receiving chemical signals.
1.A.4: Biological evolution is supported by scientific evidence from many disciplines, including mathematics.
2.D.4: Plants and animals have a variety of chemical defenses against infections that affect dynamic homeostasis.
3.D.1: Cell communication processes share common features that reflect a shared evolutionary history.
3.D.2: Cells communicate with each other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance via chemical signaling.
LO 1.9 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.10 [See SP 5.2]
LO 1.11 [See SP 4.2]
LO 1.12 [See SP 7.1]
LO 1.13 [See SP 1.1, 2.1]
LO 2.29 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]
LO 2.30 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]
LO 3.31 [See SP 7.2]
LO 3.32 [See SP 3.1]
LO 3.33 [See SP 1.4]
LO 3.34 [See SP 6.2]
LO 3.35 [See SP 1.1]
• Graphical analyses of allele frequencies in a population 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566
• Analysis of sequence data sets 351, 561, 562, 593–596, 606, 608–609
• Analysis of phylogenetic trees 16, 472, 478, 529, 531, 534, 535, 541, 547, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 569, 594, 596, 597, 599, 606, 608–609, 617, 674, 681, 717, 729
• Construction of phylogenetic trees based on sequence data 16, 472, 478, 552, 553, 554, 555, 558–561, 729
• Invertebrate immune systems have nonspecific response mechanisms, but they lack pathogen-specific defense responses. 951–952
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Chapters/Sections
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Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
43
Th
e Im
mu
ne
Syst
em
946–970
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
• Plant defenses against pathogens include molecular recognition systems with systemic responses; infection triggers chemical responses that destroy infected and adjacent cells, thus localizing the effects. 865–867
• Vertebrate immune systems have nonspecific and nonheritable defense mechanisms against pathogens. 121, 953–955, 957–963
• Use of chemical messengers by microbes to communicate with other nearby cells and to regulate specific pathways in response to population density (quorum sensing) 213, 215
• Use of pheromones to trigger reproduction and developmental pathways 656, 668, 999, 1021, 1141
• Response to external signals by bacteria that influences cell movement 991
• Epinephrine stimulation of glycogen breakdown in mammals 210, 216–217, 227, 1001, 1010–1011
• DNA repair mechanisms 327–328• Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact,
antigen-presenting cells (APCs), helper T cells, and killer T cells. [See also 2.D.4] 220, 221, 956–959, 962–965
• Plasmodesmata between plant cells that allow material to be transported from cell to cell 101, 118, 119, 120, 215, 800
• Neurotransmitters 998, 999, 1066, 1075–1080
• Plant immune response 854–867• Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215• Morphogens in embryonic development
379–380, 383, 384, 385, 672, 1041–1046, 1047–1054
• Insulin 10, 76, 105, 138, 213, 224, 913, 914, 915, 1001, 1002
• Human growth hormone 1006, 1007, 1008• Thyroid hormones 1007, 1008• Testosterone 62, 218, 1012, 1009, 1025,
1028–1029• Estrogen 62, 218, 1012, 1028–1030
44
O
smor
egu
lati
on a
nd
Ex
cret
ion
971–992
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
2.A: Growth, reproduc-tion, and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter.
2.B: Growth, reproduc-tion, and dynamic ho-meostasis require that cells create and main-tain internal environ-ments that are different from their external environments.
2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization.
2.B.1: Cell membranes are selectively per-meable due to their structure.
2.B.2: Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant move-ment of molecules across membranes.
2.C.1: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to maintain their internal environments and respond to external environmental changes.
LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]
LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]
LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]
LO 2.10 [See SP 1.4, 3.1]
LO 2.11 [See SP 1.1, 7.1, 7.2]
LO 2.12 [See SP 1.4]
LO 2.15 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.16 [See SP 7.2]
LO 2.17 [See SP 5.3]
• Cohesion 46, 793• Adhesion 46, 793• High specific heat capacity 44, 46–50• Universal solvent supports reactions. 49, 50,
52• Heat of vaporization 44, 46–50• Heat of fusion 44, 46–50• Water’s thermal conductivity 47, 48• Root hairs 757, 758, 759, 766, 757, 768, 791,
793, 805, 814, 816• Cells of the alveoli 941• Cells of the villi 693, 907, 908• Microvilli 100, 116, 693• Glucose transport 9, 132, 138, 914
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Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
44
O
smor
egu
lati
on a
nd
Exc
reti
on (
con
tin
ued
)
971–992
2.C: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to regulate growth and reproduction, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
2.D: Growth and dy-namic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system’s environment.
2.C.2: Organisms respond to changes in their external environments.
2.D.2: Homeostatic mechanisms reflect both common ancestry and diver-gence due to adaptation in different environments.
2.D.3: Biological systems are affected by disruptions to their dynamic homeostasis.
LO 2.18 [See SP 6.4]
LO 2.19 [See SP 6.4]
LO 2.20 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]
LO 2.25 [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.26 [See SP 5.1]
LO 2.27 [See SP 7.1]
LO 2.28 [See SP 1.4]
• Na+/K+ transport 137• Operons in gene regulation 364–367• Temperature regulation in animals 145, 871,
879–881, 882–887• Plant responses to water limitations 783–789,
792–794, 795–796, 797–799• Lactation in mammals 1006• Onset of labor in childbirth 1032, 1033,
1034, 1035• Ripening of fruit 643• Diabetes mellitus in response to decreased
insulin 914, 915• Dehydration in response to decreased
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 67–75, 77, 78, 202, 992, 993, 994, 1002, 1006
• Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) 1008• Blood clotting 10, 297, 697, 934, 935, 998• Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants
853–855, 857–858• Hibernation and migration in animals 891,
1138–1139, 1154, 1266• Taxis and kinesis in animals 112–116, 574,
1123–1129, 1130–1134• Chemotaxis in bacteria, sexual reproduction
in fungi 258, 574, 655–657• Nocturnal and diurnal activity: circadian
rhythms 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
• Shivering and sweating in humans 885–887• Gas exchange in aquatic and terrestrial plants
189, 769, 794–796, 893, 1255• Digestive mechanisms in animals such
as food vacuoles, gastrovascular cavities, one-way digestive systems 107–108, 140, 901–913
• Respiratory systems of aquatic and terrestrial animals 937–941, 942–944, 945–947
• Nitrogenous waste production and elimination in aquatic and terrestrial animals 980–981, 982–985, 986–990
• Excretory systems in flatworms, earthworms, and vertebrates 692–694, 702, 980–981, 982–985, 986–990
• Osmoregulation in bacteria, fish, and protists 938–939, 975–980
• Osmoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial plants 786–789, 793, 795, 991
• Circulatory systems in fish, amphibians, and mammals 920–923, 924–931
• Thermoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial animals (countercurrent exchange mechanisms) 879–881, 882–887
• Physiological responses to toxic substances 1274–1275
• Dehydration 203–206, 978–980
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Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
971–992
• Immunological responses to pathogens, toxins, and allergens 954, 956
• Invasive and/or eruptive species 410, 1225• Human impact 53, 700, 1168–1174, 1177–
1180, 1251–1253, 1259–1264, 1265–1268, 1272–1280
• Hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, volcanoes, fires 1170, 1226–1227
• Water limitation 782–793, 795–796• Salination 134, 436, 571, 584, 863, 979,
1175, 1178–1179, 1183–1184
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Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
2.D: Growth and dy-namic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system’s environment.
3.D: Cells communicate by generating, trans-mitting, and receiving chemical signals.
3.E: Transmission of information results in changes within and between biological systems.
2.D.1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communi-ties, and ecosystems are affected by com-plex biotic and abiotic interactions involv-ing exchange of matter and free energy.
2.D.2: Homeostatic mechanisms reflect both common ancestry and diver-gence due to adaptation in different environments.
2.D.3: Biological systems are affected by disruptions to their dynamic homeostasis.
3.D.1: Cell communication processes share common features that reflect a shared evolutionary history.
3.D.2: Cells communicate with each other through direct contact with other cells or from a distance via chemical signaling.
3.D.3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response.
3.D.4: Changes in signal transduction pathways can alter cellular response.
3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses.
LO 2.22 [See SP 1.3, 3.2]
LO 2.23 [See SP 4.2, 7.2]
LO 2.24 [See SP 5.1]
LO 2.25 [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.26 [See SP 5.1]
LO 2.27 [See SP 7.1]
LO 2.28 [See SP 1.4]
LO 3.31 [See SP 7.2]
LO 3.32 [See SP 3.1]
LO 3.33 [See SP 1.4]
LO 3.34 [See SP 6.2]
LO 3.35 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.36 [See SP 1.5]
LO 3.37 [See SP 6.1]
LO 3.38 [See SP 1.5]
LO 3.39 [See SP 6.2]
LO 3.43 [See SP 6.2, 7.1]
LO 3.44 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.45 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.46 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.47 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.48 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.49 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.50 [See SP 1.1]
• Cell density 247–248• Biofilms 215, 580• Temperature 1165, 1167, 1169, 1171–1174,
1177–1180• Water availability 784, 981, 1183, 1230–1231,
1248• Sunlight 9, 10, 165, 189, 191–198, 206–207,
783, 845, 853–858, 1164–1165, 1183–1184, 1237–1239
• Symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism) 586–587, 612, 665–668, 694, 810–818, 822, 840, 910–912, 1218–1219
• Predator–prey relationships 671, 699–700, 708, 840, 1065, 1201–1204, 1215–1217
• Water and nutrient availability, temperature, salinity, pH 133–134, 213, 584–585, 860–863, 1171–1174, 1177–1180, 1183, 1230, 1246–1249
• Water and nutrient availability 860–863, 1246–1249
• Availability of nesting materials and sites 1267–1268
• Food chains and food webs 613, 1222–1224, 1254–1255
• Species diversity 1220–1221, 1226, 1230• Population density 1189–1190, 1194–1195,
1201–1202, 1205–1206, 1254–1255• Algal blooms 1225, 1273• Gas exchange in aquatic and terrestrial plants
189, 769, 794–796, 893, 1255• Digestive mechanisms in animals such
as food vacuoles, gastrovascular cavities, one-way digestive systems 107–108, 140, 901–913
• Respiratory systems of aquatic and terrestrial animals 937–941, 942–944, 945–947
• Nitrogenous waste production and elimination in aquatic and terrestrial animals 980–981, 982–985, 986–990
• Excretory systems in flatworms, earthworms, and vertebrates 692–694, 702, 980–981, 982–985, 986–990
• Osmoregulation in bacteria, fish, and protists 938–939, 975–980
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Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
45
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• Osmoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial plants 786–789, 793, 795, 991
• Circulatory systems in fish, amphibians, and mammals 920–923, 924–931
• Thermoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial animals (countercurrent exchange mechanisms) 920–923, 924–931
• Physiological responses to toxic substances 1274–1275
• Dehydration 203–206, 978–980• Immunological responses to pathogens,
toxins, and allergens 954, 956• Invasive and/or eruptive species 410, 1225• Hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, volcanoes,
fires 1170, 1226–1227• Water limitation 782–793, 795–796• Salination 134, 436, 571, 584, 863, 979,
1175, 1178–1179, 1183–1184• Use of chemical messengers by microbes to
communicate with other nearby cells and to regulate specific pathways in response to population density (quorum sensing) 213, 215
• Use of pheromones to trigger reproduction and developmental pathways 656, 668, 999, 1021, 1141
• Response to external signals by bacteria that influences cell movement 991
• Epinephrine stimulation of glycogen breakdown in mammals 210, 216–217, 227, 1001, 1010–1011
• DNA repair mechanisms 327–328• Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact,
antigen-presenting cells (APCs), helper T cells, and killer T cells. [See also 2.D.4] 220, 221, 956–959, 962–965
• Plasmodesmata between plant cells that allow material to be transported from cell to cell 101, 118, 119, 120, 215, 800
• Human impact 53, 700, 1168–1174, 1177–1180, 1251–1253, 1259–1264, 1265–1268, 1272–1280
• Neurotransmitters 998, 999, 1066, 1075–1080
• Plant immune response 854–867• Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215• Morphogens in embryonic development
379–380, 383, 384, 385, 672, 1041–1046, 1047–1054
• Insulin 10, 76, 105, 138, 213, 224, 913, 914, 915, 1001, 1002
• Human growth hormone 1006, 1007, 1008• Thyroid hormones 1007, 1008• Testosterone 62, 218, 1012, 1009, 1025,
1028–1029
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Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
45
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993–1012
• Estrogen 62, 218, 1012, 1028–1030• G protein-linked receptors 218, 224, 225, 227• Ligand-gated ion channels 220, 1076• Receptor tyrosine kinases 219• Ligand-gated ion channels 220, 1076• Second messengers, such as cyclic GMP,
cyclic AMP calcium ions (Ca2+), and inositol triphosphate (IP3) 223–225, 367, 842, 1001, 1078
• Diabetes, heart disease, neurological disease, autoimmune disease, cancer, cholera 224, 386–392, 416, 914–915, 935–937, 969, 1100–1102
• Effects of neurotoxins, poisons, pesticides 1079, 1216, 1274
• Drugs (Hypertensives, Anesthetics, Antihistamines, and Birth Control Drugs) 937, 969, 1036
• Acetylcholine 1078–1079, 1126–1127• Epinephrine 210, 216–217, 223–224, 227,
1000–1001, 1010–1011• Norepinephrine 1079• Dopamine 1079• Serotonin 1079• GABA 1079• Vision 8, 545–546, 1115–1120• Hearing 1110–1114• Muscle movement 76, 1123–1130• Abstract thought and emotions 1091–1094,
1098–1099• Neuro-hormone production 1005–1007• Forebrain (cerebrum), midbrain (brainstem),
and hindbrain (cerebellum) 1089–1090, 1095, 1097
• Right and left cerebral hemispheres in humans 1091, 1095
46
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1013–1036
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
2.C: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to regulate growth and reproduction, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
2.E: Many biological processes involved in growth, reproduction, and dynamic homeo-stasis include tem-poral regulation and coordination.
3.A: Heritable informa-tion provides for conti-nuity of life.
2.C.1: Organisms use feedback mecha-nisms to maintain their internal environ-ments and respond to external environ-mental changes.
2.C.2: Organisms respond to changes in their external environments.
2.E.3: Timing and coordination of behav-ior are regulated by various mechanisms and are important in natural selection.
3.A.3: The chromosomal basis of inheri-tance provides an understanding of the pattern of passage (transmission) of genes from parent to offspring.
3.B.1: Gene regulation results in differ-ential gene expression, leading to cell specialization.
LO 2.15 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.16 [See SP 7.2]
LO 2.17 [See SP 5.3]
LO 2.18 [See SP 6.4]
LO 2.19 [See SP 6.4]
LO 2.20 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]
LO 2.38 [See SP 5.1]
LO 2.39 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.40 [See SP 7.2]
LO 3.12 [See SP 1.1, 7.2]
LO 3.13 [See SP 3.1]
LO 3.14 [See SP 2.2]
LO 3.18 [See SP 7.1]
• Operons in gene regulation 364–367• Temperature regulation in animals 145, 871,
879–881, 882–887• Plant responses to water limitations 783–789,
792–794, 795–796, 797–799• Lactation in mammals 1006• Onset of labor in childbirth 1032, 1033,
1034, 1035• Ripening of fruit 643• Diabetes mellitus in response to decreased
insulin 914, 915• Dehydration in response to decreased
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 67–75, 77, 78, 202, 992, 993, 994, 1002, 1006
• Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) 1008• Blood clotting 10, 297, 697, 934, 935, 998• Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants
853–855, 857–858• Hibernation and migration in animals 891,
1138–1139, 1154, 1266
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46
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)
1013–1036
3.B: Expression of genetic information involves cellular and molecular mechanisms.
LO 3.19 [See SP 7.1]
LO 3.20 [See SP 6.2]
LO 3.21 [See SP 1.4]
• Taxis and kinesis in animals 112–116, 574, 1123–1129, 1130–1134
• Chemotaxis in bacteria, sexual reproduction in fungi 258, 574, 655–657
• Nocturnal and diurnal activity: circadian rhythms 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
• Shivering and sweating in humans 885–887• Hibernation 891• Estivation 891• Migration 1138–1139, 1267• Courtship 497, 506–507, 1019, 1139–1140,
1147–1152• Availability of resources leading to fruiting
body formation in fungi and certain types of bacteria 213, 609–610, 656–657, 659–664
• Niche and resource partitioning 1213–1215• Mutualistic relationships (lichens; bacteria in
digestive tracts of animals; mycorrhizae) 535, 586, 654–655, 665–667, 758, 810–811, 840, 910–912, 1218
• Biology of pollination 270–275, 512, 520, 636, 642, 644, 646–647, 820–823, 825, 832, 1260
• Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500–501• Tay-Sachs disease 108, 288• Huntington’s disease 287• X-linked color blindness 299• Trisomy 21/Down syndrome 308–309• Klinefelter’s syndrome 309• Reproduction issues 506, 507, 512–521, 601,
602, 603, 604, 608, 610, 1022, 1023, 1025• Promoters 342–344, 365–367, 371–372, 806• Terminators 342, 367• Enhancers 371–372
47
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1037–1060
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of de-scent from common ancestry.
2.E: Many biological processes involved in growth, reproduction, and dynamic homeo-stasis include tem-poral regulation and coordination.
3.D: Cells communicate by generating, trans-mitting, and receiving chemical signals.
1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organ-isms today.
2.E.1: Timing and coordination of specific events are necessary for the normal devel-opment of an organism, and these events are regulated by a variety of mechanisms.
3.D.3: Signal transduction pathways link signal reception with cellular response.
3.D.4: Changes in signal transduction pathways can alter cellular response.
LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]
LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.31 [See SP 7.2]
LO 2.32 [See SP 1.4]
LO 2.33 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.34 [See SP 7.1]
LO 3.36 [See SP 1.5]
LO 3.37 [See SP 6.1]
LO 3.38 [See SP 1.5]
LO 3.39 [See SP 6.2]
• Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112–121, 123, 130, 152, 1054
• Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533
• Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238–244, 256, 257, 259–260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
• Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 127, 128
• Morphogenesis of fingers and toes 229, 523, 668, 728, 729, 1060–1061
• Immune function 951–958• C. elegans development 230, 446, 1056, 1057• Flower development 642, 644–648, 778,
779, 821, 822, 824, 825, 829, 857, 858
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Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
1037–1060
• G protein-linked receptors 218, 224, 225, 227• Ligand-gated ion channels 220, 1076• Receptor tyrosine kinases 219• Diabetes, heart disease, neurological disease,
autoimmune disease, cancer, cholera 224, 386–392, 416, 914–915, 935–937, 969, 1100–1102
• Effects of neurotoxins, poisons, pesticides 1079, 1216, 1274
• Drugs (Hypertensives, Anesthetics, Antihistamines, and Birth Control Drugs) 937, 969, 1036
48
N
euro
ns,
Syn
apse
s, a
nd
Sig
nal
ing
1061–1078
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution.
2.E: Many biological processes involved in growth, reproduction, and dynamic homeo-stasis include tempo-ral regulation, and coordination.
3.D: Cells communicate by generating, trans-mitting, and receiving chemical signals.
3.E: Transmission of information results in changes within and between biological systems.
1.A.2: Natural selection acts on pheno-typic variations in populations.
2.E.2: Timing and coordination of physi-ological events are regulated by multiple mechanisms.
3.D.1: Cell communication processes share common features that reflect a shared evolutionary history.
3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses.
LO 1.4 [See SP 5.3]
LO 1.5 [See SP 7.1]
LO 2.35 [See SP 4.2]
LO 2.36 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.37 [See SP 7.2]
LO 3.31 [See SP 7.2]
LO 3.32 [See SP 3.1]
LO 3.33 [See SP 1.4]
LO 3.43 [See SP 6.2, 7.1]
LO 3.44 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.45 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.46 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.47 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.48 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.49 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.50 [See SP 1.1]
• Natural selection on population color 14• Sickle cell anemia 82, 286, 357, 500–501• DDT resistance in insects 1274• Artificial selection 472–474, 834, 837• Loss of genetic diversity within a crop species
1259–1268• Overuse of antibiotics 476• Circadian rhythms, or the physiological
cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotes and persists even in the absence of external cues 476
• Diurnal/nocturnal and sleep/awake cycles 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
• Seasonal responses, such as hibernation, estivation, and migration 891, 1138–1139, 1154, 1266
• Release and reaction to pheromones 656, 668, 999, 1021, 1141
• Visual displays in the reproductive cycle 737, 1019, 1023–1024, 1137
• Fruiting body formation in fungi, slime molds, and certain types of bacteria 213, 609–610, 656–657, 659–664
• Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215• Use of chemical messengers by microbes to
communicate with other nearby cells and to regulate specific pathways in response to population density (quorum sensing) 213, 215
• Use of pheromones to trigger reproduction and developmental pathways 656, 668, 999, 1021, 1141
• Response to external signals by bacteria that influences cell movement 991
• Epinephrine stimulation of glycogen breakdown in mammals 210, 216–217, 227, 1001, 1010–1011
• DNA repair mechanisms 327–328• Acetylcholine 1078–1079, 1126–1127• Epinephrine 210, 216–217, 223–224, 227,
1000–1001, 1010–1011• Norepinephrine 1079• Dopamine 1079• Serotonin 1079
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Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
1061–1078
• GABA 1079• Vision 8, 545–546, 1115–1120• Hearing 1110–1114• Muscle movement 76, 1123–1130• Abstract thought and emotions 1091–1094,
1098–1099• Neuro-hormone production 1005–1007• Forebrain (cerebrum), midbrain (brainstem),
and hindbrain (cerebellum) 1089–1090, 1095, 1097
• Right and left cerebral hemispheres in humans 1091, 1095
49
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1079–1100
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
2.C: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to regulate growth and reproduction, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
2.D: Growth and dy-namic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system’s environment.
2.E: Many biological processes involved in growth, reproduction, and dynamic homeo-stasis include tem-poral regulation and coordination.
3.D: Cells communicate by generating, trans-mitting, and receiving chemical signals.
3.E: Transmission of information results in changes within and between biological systems.
2.C.1: Organisms use feedback mechanisms to maintain their internal environments and respond to external environmental changes.
2.C.2: Organisms respond to changes in their external environments.
2.D.2: Homeostatic mechanisms reflect both common ancestry and diver-gence due to adaptation in different environments.
2.E.2: Timing and coordination of physi-ological events are regulated by multiple mechanisms.
3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses.
LO 2.15 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.16 [See SP 7.2]
LO 2.17 [See SP 5.3]
LO 2.18 [See SP 6.4]
LO 2.19 [See SP 6.4]
LO 2.20 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.21 [See SP 4.1]
LO 2.25 [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.26 [See SP 5.1]
LO 2.27 [See SP 7.1]
LO 2.35 [See SP 4.2]
LO 2.36 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.37 [See SP 7.2]
LO 3.43 [See SP 6.2, 7.1]
LO 3.44 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.45 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.46 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.47 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.48 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.49 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.50 [See SP 1.1]
• Operons in gene regulation 364–367• Temperature regulation in animals 145, 871,
879–881, 882–887• Plant responses to water limitations 783–789,
792–794, 795–796, 797–799• Lactation in mammals 1006• Onset of labor in childbirth 1032, 1033,
1034, 1035• Ripening of fruit 643• Diabetes mellitus in response to decreased
insulin 914, 915• Dehydration in response to decreased
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 67–75, 77, 78, 202, 992, 993, 994, 1002, 1006
• Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) 1008• Blood clotting 10, 297, 697, 934,
935, 998• Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants
853–855, 857–858• Hibernation and migration in animals 891,
1138–1139, 1154, 1266• Taxis and kinesis in animals 112–116, 574,
1123–1129, 1130–1134• Chemotaxis in bacteria, sexual reproduction
in fungi 2258, 574, 655–657• Nocturnal and diurnal activity: circadian
rhythms 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
• Shivering and sweating in humans 885–887
• Gas exchange in aquatic and terrestrial plants 189, 769, 794–796, 893, 1255
• Digestive mechanisms in animals such as food vacuoles, gastrovascular cavities, one-way digestive systems 107–108, 140, 901–913
• Respiratory systems of aquatic and terrestrial animals 937–941, 942–944, 945–947
• Nitrogenous waste production and elimination in aquatic and terrestrial animals 980–981, 982–985, 986–990
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Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
49
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ervo
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Syst
ems
(con
tin
ued
)
1079–1100
• Excretory systems in flatworms, earthworms, and vertebrates 692–694, 702, 980–981, 982–985, 986–990
• Osmoregulation in bacteria, fish, and protists 938–939, 975–980
• Osmoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial plants 786–789, 793, 795, 991
• Circulatory systems in fish, amphibians, and mammals 920–923, 924–931
• Thermoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial animals (countercurrent exchange mechanisms) 879–881, 882–887
• Circadian rhythms, or the physiological cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotes and persists even in the absence of external cues 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
• Diurnal/nocturnal and sleep/awake cycles 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
• Seasonal responses, such as hibernation, estivation, and migration 891, 1138–1139, 1154, 1266
• Release and reaction to pheromones 656, 668, 999, 1021, 1141
• Visual displays in the reproductive cycle 737, 1019, 1023–1024, 1137
• Fruiting body formation in fungi, slime molds, and certain types of bacteria 213, 609–610, 656–657, 659–664
• Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215• Acetylcholine 1078–1079, 1126–1127• Epinephrine 210, 216–217, 223–224, 227,
1000–1001, 1010–1011• Norepinephrine 1079• Dopamine 1079• Serotonin 1079• GABA 1079• Vision 8, 545–546, 1115–1120• Hearing 1110–1114• Muscle movement 76, 1123–1130• Abstract thought and emotions 1091–1094,
1098–1099• Neuro-hormone production 1005–1007• Forebrain (cerebrum), midbrain (brainstem),
and hindbrain (cerebellum) 1089–1090, 1095, 1097
• Right and left cerebral hemispheres in humans 1091, 1095
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Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
50
Se
nso
ry a
nd
Mot
or M
ech
anis
ms
1101–1132
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
2.D: Growth and dynamic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system’s environment.
2.E: Many biological processes involved in growth, reproduction, and dynamic homeo-stasis include tem-poral regulation and coordination.
3.E: Transmission of information results in changes within and between biological systems.
2.D.4: Plants and animals have a variety of chemical defenses against infections that affect dynamic homeostasis.
2.E.2: Timing and coordination of physi-ological events are regulated by multiple mechanisms.
2.E.3: Timing and coordination of behav-ior are regulated by various mechanisms and are important in natural selection.
3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses.
LO 2.29 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]
LO 2.30 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]
LO 2.35 [See SP 4.2]
LO 2.36 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.37 [See SP 7.2]
LO 2.38 [See SP 5.1]
LO 2.39 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.40 [See SP 7.2]
LO 3.43 [See SP 6.2, 7.1]
LO 3.44 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.45 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.46 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.47 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.48 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.49 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.50 [See SP 1.1]
• Invertebrate immune systems have nonspecific response mechanisms, but they lack pathogen-specific defense responses. 951–952
• Plant defenses against pathogens include molecular recognition systems with systemic responses; infection triggers chemical responses that destroy infected and adjacent cells, thus localizing the effects. 865–867
• Vertebrate immune systems have nonspecific and nonheritable defense mechanisms against pathogens. 121, 953–955, 957–963
• Circadian rhythms, or the physiological cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotes and persists even in the absence of external cues 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
• Diurnal/nocturnal and sleep/awake cycles 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
• Seasonal responses, such as hibernation, estivation, and migration 891, 1138–1139, 1154, 1266
• Release and reaction to pheromones 656, 668, 999, 1021, 1141
• Visual displays in the reproductive cycle 737, 1019, 1023–1024, 1137
• Fruiting body formation in fungi, slime molds, and certain types of bacteria 213, 609–610, 656–657, 659–664
• Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215• Hibernation 891• Estivation 891• Migration 1138–1139, 1267• Courtship 497, 506–507, 1019, 1139–1140,
1147–1152• Availability of resources leading to fruiting
body formation in fungi and certain types of bacteria 213, 609–610, 656–657, 659–664
• Niche and resource partitioning 1213–1215• Mutualistic relationships (lichens; bacteria in
digestive tracts of animals; mycorrhizae) 535, 586, 654–655, 665–667, 758, 810–811, 840, 910–912, 1218
• Biology of pollination 270–275, 512, 520, 636, 642, 644, 646–647, 820–823, 825, 832, 1260
• Acetylcholine 1078–1079, 1126–1127• Epinephrine 210, 216–217, 223–224, 227,
1000–1001, 1010–1011• Norepinephrine 1079• Dopamine 1079• Serotonin 1079• GABA 1079• Vision 8, 545–546, 1115–1120• Hearing 1110–1114
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Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
1101–1132
• Muscle movement 76, 1123–1130• Abstract thought and emotions 1091–1094,
1098–1099• Neuro-hormone production 1005–1007• Forebrain (cerebrum), midbrain (brainstem),
and hindbrain (cerebellum) 1089–1090, 1095, 1097
• Right and left cerebral hemispheres in humans 1091, 1095
51
A
nim
al B
ehav
ior
1133–1156
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
1.B: Organisms are linked by lines of de-scent from common ancestry.
2.E: Many biological processes involved in growth, reproduction, and dynamic homeo-stasis include tem-poral regulation and coordination.
3.E: Transmission of information results in changes within and between biological systems.
1.B.1: Organisms share many conserved core processes and features that evolved and are widely distributed among organ-isms today.
2.E.2: Timing and coordination of physi-ological events are regulated by multiple mechanisms.
2.E.3: Timing and coordination of behav-ior are regulated by various mechanisms and are important in natural selection.
3.E.2: Animals have nervous systems that detect external and internal signals, transmit and integrate information, and produce responses.
LO 1.14 [See SP 3.1]
LO 1.15 [See SP 7.2]
LO 1.16 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.35 [See SP 4.2]
LO 2.36 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.37 [See SP 7.2]
LO 2.38 [See SP 5.1]
LO 2.39 [See SP 6.1]
LO 2.40 [See SP 7.2]
LO 3.43 [See SP 6.2, 7.1]
LO 3.44 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.45 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.46 [See SP 1.2]
LO 3.47 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.48 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.49 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.50 [See SP 1.1]
• Cytoskeleton (a network of structural proteins that facilitate cell movement, morphological integrity, and organelle transport) 100, 101, 112–121, 123, 130, 152, 1054
• Membrane-bound organelles (mitochondria and/or chloroplasts) 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 169, 189, 207, 208, 209, 533
• Linear chromosomes 234, 235, 236, 238–244, 256, 257, 259–260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 294, 295, 297, 298, 299, 302, 303, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310
• Endomembrane systems, including the nuclear envelope 5, 6, 7, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 118, 124, 127, 128
• Circadian rhythms, or the physiological cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotes and persists even in the absence of external cues 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
• Diurnal/nocturnal and sleep/awake cycles 855–858, 880–881, 890–891, 1092, 1140
• Seasonal responses, such as hibernation, estivation, and migration 891, 1138–1139, 1154, 1266
• Release and reaction to pheromones 656, 668, 999, 1021, 1141
• Visual displays in the reproductive cycle 737, 1019, 1023–1024, 1137
• Fruiting body formation in fungi, slime molds, and certain types of bacteria 213, 609–610, 656–657, 659–664
• Quorum sensing in bacteria 213, 215• Hibernation 891• Estivation 891• Migration 1138–1139, 1267• Courtship 497, 506–507, 1019, 1139–1140,
1147–1152• Availability of resources leading to fruiting
body formation in fungi and certain types of bacteria 213, 609–610, 656–657, 659–664
• Niche and resource partitioning 1213–1215
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Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
51
A
nim
al B
ehav
ior
(con
tin
ued
)
1133–1156
• Mutualistic relationships (lichens; bacteria in digestive tracts of animals; mycorrhizae) 535, 586, 654–655, 665–667, 758, 810–811, 840, 910–912, 1218
• Biology of pollination 270–275, 512, 520, 636, 642, 644, 646–647, 820–823, 825, 832, 1260
• Acetylcholine 1078–1079, 1126–1127• Epinephrine 210, 216–217, 223–224, 227,
1000–1001, 1010–1011• Norepinephrine 1079• Dopamine 1079• Serotonin 1079• GABA 1079• Vision 8, 545–546, 1115–1120• Hearing 1110–1114• Muscle movement 76, 1123–1130• Abstract thought and emotions 1091–1094,
1098–1099• Neuro-hormone production 1005–1007• Forebrain (cerebrum), midbrain (brainstem),
and hindbrain (cerebellum) 1089–1090, 1095, 1097
• Right and left cerebral hemispheres in humans 1091, 1095
UNIT 8 ECOLOGY, pg. 1157
52
A
n In
trod
uct
ion
to
Ecol
ogy
and
th
e B
iosp
her
e
1158–1183
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.
2.D: Growth and dynamic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system’s environment.
4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties.
4.B: Competition and cooperation are impor-tant aspects of biologi-cal systems.
4.C: Naturally occurring diversity among and between components within biological sys-tems affects interactions with the environment.
2.D.1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communi-ties, and ecosystems are affected by com-plex biotic and abiotic interactions involv-ing exchange of matter and free energy.
4.A.5: Communities are composed of populations of organisms that interact in complex ways.
4.B.3: Interactions between and within populations influence patterns of species distribution and abundance.
4.B.4: Distribution of local and global eco-systems changes over time.
4.C.2: Environmental factors influence the expression of the genotype in an organism.
4.C.3: The level of variation in a popula-tion affects population dynamics.
4.C.4: The diversity of species within an ecosystem may influence the stability of the ecosystem.
LO 2.22 [See SP 1.3, 3.2]
LO 2.23 [See SP 4.2, 7.2]
LO 2.24 [See SP 5.1]
LO 4.11 [See SP 1.4, 4.1]
LO 4.12 [See SP 2.2]
LO 4.13 [See SP 6.4]
LO 4.19 [See SP 5.2]
LO 4.20 [See SP 6.3]
LO 4.21 [See SP 6.4]
LO 4.23 [See SP 6.2]
LO 4.24 [See SP 6.4]
LO 4.25 [See SP 6.1]
LO 4.26 [See SP 6.4]
LO 4.27 [See SP 6.4]
• Cell density 247–248• Biofilms 215, 580• Temperature 1165, 1167, 1169, 1171–1174,
1177–1180• Water availability 784, 981, 1183, 1230–1231,
1248• Sunlight 9, 10, 165, 189, 191–198, 206–207,
783, 845, 853–858, 1164–1165, 1183–1184, 1237–1239
• Symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism) 586–587, 612, 665–668, 694, 810–818, 822, 840, 910–912, 1218–1219
• Predator–prey relationships 671, 699–700, 708, 840, 1065, 1201–1204, 1215–1217
• Water and nutrient availability, temperature, salinity, pH 133–134, 213, 584–585, 860–863, 1171–1174, 1177–1180, 1183, 1230, 1246–1249
• Water and nutrient availability 860–863, 1246–1249
• Availability of nesting materials and sites 1267–1268
• Food chains and food webs 613, 1222–1224, 1254–1255
• Species diversity 1220–1221, 1226, 1230• Population density 1189–1190, 1194–1195,
1201–1202, 1205–1206, 1254–1255
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Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
52
A
n In
trod
uct
ion
to
Ecol
ogy
and
th
e B
iosp
her
e (c
onti
nu
ed)
1158–1183
• Algal blooms 1225, 1273• Predator/prey relationships spreadsheet
model 671, 699–700, 708, 840, 1065, 1201–1204, 1215–1217
• Symbiotic relationship 586–587, 612, 665–668, 694, 810–818, 822, 840, 910–912, 1218–1219
• Introduction of species 1262• Global climate change models 1208,
1270–1280• Loss of keystone species 1224• Kudzu 1262–1263• Dutch elm disease 667• Logging, slash and burn agriculture,
urbanization, monocropping, infrastructure development (dams, transmission lines, roads), and global climate change threaten ecosystems and life on Earth. 649, 1258–1260, 1261–1264, 1266–1270
• An introduced species can exploit a new niche free of predators or competitors, thus exploiting new resources. 1262
• Small pox (historic example for Native Americans) 407, 966
• Continental drift 537• Meteor impact on dinosaurs 539• Height and weight in humans 53, 700,
1168–1174, 1177–1180, 1251–1253, 1259–1264, 1265–1268, 1272–1280
• Flower color based on soil pH 282• Sex determination in reptiles 1019–1022,
1015• Density of plant hairs as a function of
herbivory 866–867• Effect of adding lactose to a Lac + bacterial
culture 366–367• Presence of the opposite mating type on
pheromones production in yeast and other fungi 656, 658–664
• Prairie chickens 493–494, 1265• Potato blight causing the potato famine 865• Corn rust effects on agricultural crops 449,
667• Not all animals in a population stampede
1138, 1145• Not all individuals in a population in a
disease outbreak are equally affected; some may not show symptoms, some may have mild symptoms, or some may be naturally immune and resistant to the disease. 1201–1203
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Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
53
Po
pu
lati
on E
colo
gy
1184–1207
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.
1.A: Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time is evolution.
2.D: Growth and dy-namic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system’s environment.
4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties.
4.B: Competition and cooperation are impor-tant aspects of biologi-cal systems.
4.C: Naturally occurring diversity among and between components within biological sys-tems affects interactions with the environment.
1.A.1. Natural selection is a major mecha-nism of evolution.
2.D.1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, com-munities, and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy
2.D.4: Plants and animals have a variety of chemical defenses against infections that affect dynamic homeostasis.
4.A.5: Communities are composed of populations of organisms that interact in complex ways.
4.B.3: Interactions between and within populations influence patterns of species distribution and abundance.
4.C.2: Environmental factors influence the expression of the genotype in an organism.
4.C.3: The level of variation in a popula-tion affects population dynamics.
4.C.4: The diversity of species within an ecosystem may influence the stability of the ecosystem.
LO 1.1 [See SP 1.5, 2.2]
LO 1.2 [See SP 2.2, 5.3]
LO 1.3 [See SP 2.2]
LO 2.22 [See SP 1.3, 3.2]
LO 2.23 [See SP 4.2, 7.2]
LO 2.24 [See SP 5.1]
LO 2.29 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]
LO 2.30 [See SP 1.1, 1.2]
LO 4.11 [See SP 1.4, 4.1]
LO 4.12 [See SP 2.2]
LO 4.13 [See SP 6.4]
LO 4.19 [See SP 5.2]
LO 4.23 [See SP 6.2]
LO 4.24 [See SP 6.4]
LO 4.25 [See SP 6.1]
LO 4.26 [See SP 6.4]
LO 4.27 [See SP 6.4]
• Graphical analysis of allele frequencies in a population 280, 426, 486, 495, 563, 564, 566
• Application of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation 467, 488, 489, 490–493, 495–498
• Cell density 247–248• Biofilms 215, 580• Temperature 1165, 1167, 1169, 1171–1174,
1177–1180• Water availability 784, 981, 1183, 1230–1231,
1248• Sunlight 9, 10, 165, 189, 191–198, 206–207,
783, 845, 853–858, 1164–1165, 1183–1184, 1237–1239
• Symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism) 586–587, 612, 665–668, 694, 810–818, 822, 840, 910–912, 1218–1219
• Predator–prey relationships 671, 699–700, 708, 840, 1065, 1201–1204, 1215–1217
• Water and nutrient availability, temperature, salinity, pH 133–134, 213, 584–585, 860–863, 1171–1174, 1177–1180, 1183, 1230, 1246–1249
• Water and nutrient availability 860–863, 1246–1249
• Availability of nesting materials and sites 1267–1268
• Food chains and food webs 613, 1222–1224, 1254–1255
• Species diversity 1220–1221, 1226, 1230• Population density 1189–1190, 1194–1195,
1201–1202, 1205–1206, 1254–1255• Algal blooms 1225, 1273• Invertebrate immune systems have
nonspecific response mechanisms, but they lack pathogen-specific defense responses. 951–952
• Plant defenses against pathogens include molecular recognition systems with systemic responses; infection triggers chemical responses that destroy infected and adjacent cells, thus localizing the effects. 865–867
• Vertebrate immune systems have nonspecific and nonheritable defense mechanisms against pathogens. 121, 953–955, 957–963
• Predator/prey relationships spreadsheet model 671, 699–700, 708, 840, 1065, 1201–1204, 1215–1217
• Symbiotic relationship 586–587, 612, 665–668, 694, 810–818, 822, 840, 910–912, 1218–1219
• Introduction of species 1262• Global climate change models 1208,
1270–1280
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Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
53
Po
pu
lati
on E
colo
gy
(con
tin
ued
)
1184–1207
• Loss of keystone species 1224• Kudzu 1262–1263• Dutch elm disease 667• Height and weight in humans 53, 700,
1168–1174, 1177–1180, 1251–1253, 1259–1264, 1265–1268, 1272–1280
• Flower color based on soil pH 282• Sex determination in reptiles 1019–1022• Density of plant hairs as a function of
herbivory 866–867• Effect of adding lactose to a Lac + bacterial
culture 366–367• Presence of the opposite mating type on
pheromones production in yeast and other fungi 656, 658–664
• Prairie chickens 493–494, 1265• Potato blight causing the potato famine 865• Corn rust effects on agricultural crops 449,
667• Not all animals in a population stampede
1138, 1145• Not all individuals in a population in a
disease outbreak are equally affected; some may not show symptoms, some may have mild symptoms, or some may be naturally immune and resistant to the disease. 1201–1203
54
C
omm
un
ity
Ecol
ogy
1208–1231
Big Idea 2: Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to re-produce, and to maintain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 3: Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes.
Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.
2.D: Growth and dy-namic homeostasis of a biological system are influenced by changes in the system’s environment.
3.E: Transmission of information results in changes within and between biological systems.
4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties.
4.B: Competition and cooperation are impor-tant aspects of biologi-cal systems.
4.C: Naturally occurring diversity among and between components within biological sys-tems affects interactions with the environment.
2.D.1: All biological systems from cells and organisms to populations, communities, and ecosystems are affected by complex biotic and abiotic interactions involving exchange of matter and free energy.
3.E.1: Individuals can act on information and communicate it to others.
4.A.4: Organisms exhibit complex prop-erties due to interactions between their constituent parts.
4.A.5: Communities are composed of populations of organisms that interact in complex ways.
4.A.6: Interactions among living systems and with their environment result in the movement of matter and energy.
4.B.3: Interactions between and within populations influence patterns of species distribution and abundance.
4.B.4: Distribution of local and global eco-systems changes over time.
LO 2.22 [See SP 1.3, 3.2]
LO 2.23 [See SP 4.2, 7.2]
LO 2.24 [See SP 5.1]
LO 3.40 [See SP 5.1]
LO 3.41 [See SP 1.1]
LO 3.42 [See SP 7.1]
LO 4.8 [See SP 3.3]
LO 4.9 [See SP 6.4]
LO 4.10 [See SP 1.3]
LO 4.11 [See SP 1.4, 4.1]
LO 4.12 [See SP 2.2]
LO 4.13 [See SP 6.4]
LO 4.14 [See SP 2.2]
LO 4.15 [See SP 1.4]
LO 4.16 [See SP 6.4]
LO 4.19 [See SP 5.2]
LO 4.20 [See SP 6.3]
LO 4.21 [See SP 6.4]
LO 4.25 [See SP 6.1]
LO 4.26 [See SP 6.4]
LO 4.27 [See SP 6.4]
• Cell density 247–248• Biofilms 215, 580• Temperature 1165, 1167, 1169, 1171–1174,
1177–1180• Water availability 784, 981, 1183, 1230–1231,
1248• Sunlight 9, 10, 165, 189, 191–198, 206–207,
783, 845, 853–858, 1164–1165, 1183–1184, 1237–1239
• Symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, parasitism) 586–587, 612, 665–668, 694, 810–818, 822, 840, 910–912, 1218–1219
• Predator–prey relationships 671, 699–700, 708, 840, 1065, 1201–1204, 1215–1217
• Water and nutrient availability, temperature, salinity, pH 133–134, 213, 584–585, 860–863, 1171–1174, 1177–1180, 1183, 1230, 1246–1249
• Water and nutrient availability 860–863, 1246–1249
• Availability of nesting materials and sites 1267–1268
• Food chains and food webs 613, 1222–1224, 1254–1255
• Species diversity 1220–1221, 1226, 1230• Population density 1189–1190, 1194–1195,
1201–1202, 1205–1206, 1254–1255
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Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
54
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omm
un
ity
Ecol
ogy
(con
tin
ued
)
1208–1231
4.C.3: The level of variation in a popula-tion affects population dynamics.
4.C.4: The diversity of species within an ecosystem may influence the stability of the ecosystem.
• Algal blooms 1225, 1273• Fight or flight response 212, 1001, 1010• Predator warnings 1146, 1215–1216• Protection of young 1148–1150• Plant-plant interactions due to herbivory 1217• Avoidance responses 1146, 1215–1216• Herbivory responses 865–867, 1217• Territorial marking in mammals 1190, 1203• Coloration in flowers 270–275, 279, 282• Bee dances 1139–1140• Birds songs 1145• Territorial marking in mammals 1190, 1203• Pack behavior in animals 1190• Herd, flock, and schooling behavior in
animals 1138–1146, 1154• Predator warning 1146, 1215–1216• Colony and swarming behavior in insects
885, 1139–1140, 1154• Coloration 20, 1013–1014, 1216–1217• Parent and offspring interactions 1021,
1148–1149, 1199–1200• Migration patterns 1138–1139, 1268–1270• Courtship and mating behaviors 497,
506–507, 1019, 1139–1140, 1147–1152• Foraging in bees and other animals 999,
1105–1106, 1139–1140, 1143, 1147–1148• Avoidance behavior to electric fences,
poisons, or traps 1216–1217, 1252• Pack behavior in animals 1190• Herd, flock, and schooling behavior in
animals 1138–1146, 1154• Predator warning 1146, 1215–1216• Colony and swarming behavior in insects
885, 1139–1140, 1154• Stomach and small intestines 693, 905–908• Kidney and bladder 984–989, 1006• Root, stem, and leaf 629, 756–763, 766–769,
782–786, 810–811• Respiratory and circulatory 920–923,
924–926, 927–931, 937–942, 943–947• Nervous and muscular 876–878, 998,
1066–1067, 1068–1070, 1071–1075, 1076–1080, 1084–1088, 1089–1094, 1095–1097, 1098–1100, 1106–1109, 1123–1130
• Plant vascular and leaf 616–621, 623–624, 626–632, 640–641
• Predator/prey relationships spreadsheet model 671, 699–700, 708, 840, 1065, 1201–1204, 1215–1217
• Symbiotic relationship 586–587, 612, 665–668, 694, 810–818, 822, 840, 910–912, 1218–1219
• Global climate change models 1208, 1270–1280
• Loss of keystone species 1224
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Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
54
C
omm
un
ity
Ecol
ogy
(con
tin
ued
)
1208–1231
• Kudzu 1262–1263• Dutch elm disease 667• Logging, slash and burn agriculture,
urbanization, monocropping, infrastructure development (dams, transmission lines, roads), and global climate change threaten ecosystems and life on Earth. 649, 1258–1260, 1261–1264, 1266–1270
• An introduced species can exploit a new niche free of predators or competitors, thus exploiting new resources. 1262
• Small pox (historic example for Native Americans) 407, 966
• Continental drift 537• Meteor impact on dinosaurs 539• Prairie chickens 493–494, 1265• Potato blight causing the potato famine 865• Corn rust effects on agricultural crops 449,
667• Not all animals in a population stampede
1138, 1145• Not all individuals in a population in a
disease outbreak are equally affected; some may not show symptoms, some may have mild symptoms, or some may be naturally immune and resistant to the disease. 1201–1203
55
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1232–1253
Big Idea 2: Biological sys-tems utilize free energy and mo-lecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, and to main-tain dynamic homeostasis.
Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.
2.A: Growth, reproduc-tion, and maintenance of the organization of living systems require free energy and matter.
4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties.
2.A.3: Organisms must exchange matter with the environment to grow, reproduce, and maintain organization.
4.A.6: Interactions among living systems and with their environment result in the movement of matter and energy.
LO 2.6 [See SP 2.2]
LO 2.7 [See SP 6.2]
LO 2.8 [See SP 4.1]
LO 2.9 [See SP 1.1, 1.4]
LO 4.14 [See SP 2.2]
LO 4.15 [See SP 1.4]
LO 4.16 [See SP 6.4]
• Cohesion 46, 793• Adhesion 46, 793• High specific heat capacity 44, 46–50• Universal solvent supports reactions. 49, 50,
52• Heat of vaporization 44, 46–50• Heat of fusion 44, 46–50• Water’s thermal conductivity 47, 48• Root hairs 757, 758, 759, 766, 757, 768, 791,
793, 805, 814, 816• Cells of the alveoli 941• Cells of the villi 693, 907, 908• Microvilli 100, 116, 693
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Chapters/Sections
Page Numbers Big Idea
Enduring Understanding Essential Knowledge Learning Objectives
Illustrative examples covered in this textbook—teach at least one
56
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Bio
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1254–1279
Big Idea 1: The process of evolu-tion drives the diversity and unity of life.
Big Idea 4: Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties.
1.C: Life continues to evolve within a chang-ing environment.
4.A: Interactions within biological systems lead to complex properties.
4.B: Competition and cooperation are impor-tant aspects of biologi-cal systems.
4.C: Naturally occurring diversity among and between components within biological sys-tems affects interactions with the environment.
1.C.1: Speciation and extinction have oc-curred throughout the Earth’s history.
4.A.5: Communities are composed of populations of organisms that interact in complex ways.
4.A.6: Interactions among living systems and with their environment result in the movement of matter and energy.
4.B.3: Interactions between and within populations influence patterns of species distribution and abundance.
4.C.3: The level of variation in a popula-tion affects population dynamics.
4.C.4: The diversity of species within an ecosystem may influence the stability of the ecosystem.
LO 1.20 [See SP 5.1]
LO 1.21 [See SP 4.2]
LO 4.11 [See SP 1.4, 4.1]
LO 4.12 [See SP 2.2]
LO 4.13 [See SP 6.4]
LO 4.14 [See SP 2.2]
LO 4.15 [See SP 1.4]
LO 4.16 [See SP 6.4]
LO 4.19 [See SP 5.2]
LO 4.25 [See SP 6.1]
LO 4.26 [See SP 6.4]
LO 4.27 [See SP 6.4]
• Five major extinctions 538–540• Human impact on ecosystems and species
extinction rates 53, 700, 1168–1174, 1177–1180, 1251–1253, 1259–1264, 1265–1268, 1272–1280
• Predator/prey relationships spreadsheet model 671, 699–700, 708, 840, 1065, 1201–1204, 1215–1217
• Symbiotic relationship 586–587, 612, 665–668, 694, 810–818, 822, 840, 910–912, 1218–1219
• Introduction of species 1262• Global climate change models 1208,
1270–1280• Loss of keystone species 1224• Kudzu 1262–1263• Dutch elm disease 667• Prairie chickens 493–494, 1265• Potato blight causing the potato famine 865• Corn rust effects on agricultural crops 449,
667• Not all animals in a population stampede
1138, 1145• Not all individuals in a population in a
disease outbreak are equally affected; some may not show symptoms, some may have mild symptoms, or some may be naturally immune and resistant to the disease. 1201–1203
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