administration and supervision in education

ReporterCharo May J. NaiganMaEd Student

Dr. Jovita C. ArrezaProfessor

*Significance of Administration and Supervision

*Types of School Administration and Supervision

*Management Functions

*Administration and Supervision in Philippine Setting

SPECIAL OFFICES UNDER OSEC1. CENTER FOR STUDENTS AND CO-CURRICULAR AFFAIRS 2. EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY UNIT3. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SPECIAL CONCERNS OFFICE4. SPECIAL EVENTS UNIT5. DETEXT ACTION CENTER6. INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION UNIT7. SCHOOL SITES TITLING UNITOTHER ATTACHED AGENCIES

1. TEACHER EDUCATION COUNCIL

2. INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS COUNCIL

3. LITERACY COORDINATING COUNCIL

4. PHILIPPINE HIGH SCHOOL FOR THE ARTS

5. NATIONAL BOOK DEVELOPMENT BOARD

6. NATIONAL COUNCIL FOR CHILDREN’S TELEVISION

ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICE

FINANCIAL AND MANAGEMENT

SERVICE

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

SERVICE

PLANNING SERVICE

TECHNICAL SERVICE

*Including 21 interim divisions

**SY 2005-2006

NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL TESTING AND

RESEARCH CENTER

SCHOOL HEALTH &

NUTRITION CENTER

PROCUREMENT SERVICE

NATIONAL EDUCATORS’ ACADEMY OF

THE PHILIPPINES

NATIONAL SCIENCE TEACHING

INSTRUMENTATION CENTER

INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS

COUNCIL SECRETARIAT

EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

PROJECTS IMPLEMENTING

TASK FORCE

BUREAU OF ELEMENTARY EDUCATION

BUREAU OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

BUREAU OF ALTERNATIVE

LEARNING SYSTEM

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY

REGIONAL OFFICES (17)

SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICES (188*)

SCHOOLS

ELEM. SEC.

PUBLIC 37,161 4,915

PRIVATE 4,788 3,372

SCHOOL DISTRICT (2,364**)

Organizational ChartOrganizational Chart

OVERVIEW OF THE OVERVIEW OF THE PHILIPPINEPHILIPPINE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM

As of Dec. 2007As of Dec. 2007

*Introspection

*Research

*Training

*Guidance

*Evaluation

• Studying the teacher-learner situation

• Improving the teacher –learner situation

• Evaluating the means, methods, and outcomes of supervision

*Emphasis on Administration

*Emphasis on Curriculum

*Emphasis on Instruction

*Emphasis on Human Relations

*Emphasis on Leadership

*Emphasis on Evaluation

*Mc.Nelly have identified four types of supervision:

*1.Laissez-faire supervision-This type is an inspectional supervisory methods in which the class was observed,but nothing was done to help the teacher improves the job. Spinelessness and evasion of responsibility not democratic

*2.Coercive supervision-this concept was based in 3 assumptions:first,that there is a well defined body of knowledge which desirable for all pupils to learn;second,that it is possible for desirable to establish for all children to learn it;and third there is a best methods are and the best way to make teachers teach prescribed curriculum is to use coercive methods.

* DESTRUCTIVE TO HUMAN RELATIONSHIPS

* IT IS INCONSISTENT WITH DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLES

*3.Supervision as training and guidance-under this concept due recognition was given to the fact that education should be the process of guiding growth.(teaching-training institutions)

*4.Supervision as democratic professional leadership-this is the emerging philosophy of supervision. Combination of four factors formula:

factor 1-deeper understanding of functional meaning of democracy

factor 2-contributions of research to fund knowledge concerning learning process

factor 3-centered on human relationships

factor 4-groupwork

A summary of the contrast between old and modern concepts of administration and supervision made by Dr.Hollis P. Allen, professor at the College of Education, University of the Philippines.

Edicts- a proclamation having a force law

Meddle- to interest in what is one’s concern/interfere without right

Case 1

Mr.Santos was a school administrator. One day he was talking to the meeting about management.He said, among other things:

“One does not have to have a good qualities as a leader but he has to appear to have them. Maintain a social distance from employees, so they can judge you from a distance rather than from a close range.”

CASE 2Mrs X, a school teacher used to be very attentive and helpful

principal,Mrs.Y.She brought flowers with which decorate he “boss’s”table and often sent some crabs and prawns to her house when she had plenty from her husband’s punong.The two became very close.

On her part,Mrs.Y gave her preferential assignments such as assigning her bright sections giving her convenient assignment such as assigning bright sections or no advisory sections, convenient schedule of classes,etc.

*What cultural pattern of human relations are involved in the whole situation?

Fawning- to show affection, used especially of a dog,court favor by flattering manner

Extraneous-coming from outside

Values Clinical Supervision

Traditional Supervision

Aim To help improve instruction

Evaluation Instruction

Basis Classroom Data Observer’s rating

Focus Limited specific concerns

Broad general concerns

Frequency Based on need Based on policy

Philosophy Promotes independence

Promotes dependence

Process Cyclical Linear

Responsibility Shared between teacher and supervisor

Supervisor’s responsibility

• Management is not carrying out a prescribed task in a prescribed way:• Management is:• Setting directions, aims, and objectives• Planning how progress will be made• Organizing available resources• Controlling the process• Setting and improving organizational standards

Administration is a process which six elements:

Decision-making, planning,organizing,communicating,coordinating and evaluating. These elements is a process themselves.

*Decision making implies the analysis of the alternatives particularly the consequences in the future.

*Planning is concerned with the setting of goals an organization, preparation of programs or course action designed to accomplish goals to plot the operation of the program.

*Organizing has to do with arrangements of functions of offices and personnel so as to reciprocal relations.

*Without communication in an organization, it is impossible for an organization to get things done effectively.

*Coordinating aims to insure smooth operation of performance of all sectors of the organization. The administrators problems is how to make the people accept assignments willingly and to adjust their behavior to that of the group.In order to accomplish a group goals requires firm and fair exercise of authority and persuasive performance of the leadership function.

*Evaluating pervades all the elements of the administration process.—It aims to determine whether goals-long range or short range are implemented. It points out strengths and weaknesses of organizational operations and leads thereby, the administrator to make more rational decisions.

Management Functions According to Modern Authorities

*We speak of process as sequence of behavior,one behavior leading to another.However,one cannot actually see the process as such. He can only infer it from the behavior manifested.

*Elements of the administrative process

*1.Decision making-the nerve center of administration.A switch-throwing mechanism to administration.It is important because one’s decisions affect or influence his subordinates behavior.If the decision has made and pursued action,there is literally no turning back.

*Webste’s New dictionary defines decision as a judgement or a conclusion reached.

*Steps in the decision process

1.Determine the relevant behavior alternatives

a.recall relevant information

b.investigate so he can have additional information

c. consult other people including subordinates.

d. evaluate the behavior alternatives

2.Define the behavior alternatives

3.Evaluate the behavior alternatives-weigh advantages and disadvantages

*A high school principal has found after investigation that Julio a student in the fourth year,was guilty of tearing out pages of library reference book. When asked why he done it he said:

“I was behind in my work. I wanted to review for my examination”

Give possible alternatives from dealing with this situation?

Give example of personal experience in which one leads to another.

*If you are planning for one year, grow rice. If you are planning for 20 years, grow trees. If you are planning for centuries, grow men!

*Chinese Proverb

*Goal – what is it?

*Objective – what is it?

*Plan – what is it?

*Objective – A clear specific measuring post indicating progress towards achieving a short term goal.

*Goal – An overall or longer term aim providing focus for day to day activities

*Plan – projected courses of action aimed at achieving future objectives – they provide clear goals and map the activities needed to achieve them efficiently and effectively – they are the propellers of an airplane or rudder of a ship

*Planning is critical for business – we have to organize our day’s, weekly, monthly, yearly and long range activities.

*Planning gives us direction and helps identify and focus important issues for business.

*Mission

*SMART Plan

*Strategic Plans

*Values – what is important to a person or a company Egs – being impartial, free from discrimination, ethical, fair, flexible, safety, trust, customer focus – Tylenol challenge in 1980

*Vision – where we are headed – expresses what a business truly wants to achieve – aims to challenge, inspire and stretch people in a company – Eg – Disney’s vision is ‘ to make people happy’.

*Mission – How will we get there? The path to reach the vision

*Values – what is important to a person or a company Egs – being impartial, free from discrimination, ethical, fair, flexible, safety, trust, customer focus – Tylenol challenge in 1980

*Vision – where we are headed – expresses what a business truly wants to achieve – aims to challenge, inspire and stretch people in a company – Eg – Disney’s vision is ‘ to make people happy’.

*Mission – How will we get there? The path to reach the vision

*Administration of Process

*Initiates the planning of programs and strategies

*Long-range: on in-depth needs assessment, based on clear goals and objectives

*Short term: immediate needs of the incoming school year

* Developing a Strategic Plan1. Based on the Values of the business2. Based on Vision of the business3. Based on Mission of business4. SWOT your business5. Focus on top important issues6. Design the objectives for (5) above – this

is your strategic objectives7. Do a Gap analysis8. Get to WORK!9. Do the SMART Plan

*What is organizing? –

*It is defining roles, responsibilities and arranging and coordinating the resources needed to successfully carry out plans – Right People in the Right Seat in the BUS called BUSINESS

*What is staffing? –* “putting right people in the right position” to insure maximum effectiveness and efficiency in the organization.

*People are a hotel’s most valuable resource – the hotel needs the right people to be attracted to join it – then it is recruiting, training to do their jobs effectively and treating them well to retain them. *Losing employees is easy – recruiting is twice as hard – Let’s do a costing of recruitment?

*Leadership is about achieving business goals through the work of others

David Karpin

*Trait Approach – focusses on personal qualities such as height, intelligence, genetic etc

*Transformational Approach – leads the organisation in new direction through leaders talent and drive

*Charismatic Approach – leads through personal magnetism, charm and other qualities – Eg Steve Jobs of Apple Computers, JW Marriott of Marriott Hotels

*Narcisstic Approach – leads through personal skills, magnetic attraction and also are distrustful of others and consider themselves invincible – Eg Napolean, Bill Gates,

*Styles of Leadership –

1.Dictatorial – lead through force and threats – “you do not lead by hitting people over the head – that is assault, not leadership” – Eisenhower

2.Authoritarian – task centred leaders, want to control, decision making is very limited

3.Democratic – participative leadership – people centered style

4.Laissez Faire – use delegation and leave employees to do their jobs with little or no input from themselves

*How are we doing?

*Are we operating within the budget?

*Are we meeting our targets?

*It is keeping an eye on how the business is doing – checking on budgets, materials, costs, staff, revenues, quality, safety measures etc

*Standards are set,controls are observed,so that group effort is integrated into a working unit

*Unity of purpose is stressed.

*Coordination can be achieved through effective communication and good leadership.

*Evaluation in education has been defined as “ judging the worth of experience,idea or process”.

*In literature it is referred as appraising.

--criteria must be set

to what extent and how well have the organization objectives been accomplished?

*For examples,

*Did the pupils increase their competency in reading?

*Did the principals and the supervisors increase their competency in supervising the teaching of reading?

*Administrators should remember that teachers’ work should be evaluated on the basis of adequacy but rather on the basis of efficiency.

*Imagine that you are managing a restaurant – for each of the managerial functions list Five Activities that you would regularly undertake

*In groups work on each function*5 Minutes

*Professional Leadership

*Shared vision & goals

*Learning Environment

*Concentration on Learning and Teaching

*High Expectations

*Positive Reinforcement

*Monitoring Progress

*Administration-consider as service organization to bring together under favorable circumtances possible, competent teachers, educative materials and equipment and effective teaching

*In our system, the division superintendent and district supervisor---administration

*Division and subject supervisor—supervision

*Principal-attends both supervision and administration

*Swanson Committee- which made a survey of public schools in the Philippines found out that principal-teacher ratio has increased from 20 to 47 in 1958.

*It can be seen then that the administrative and supervisory responsibilities of the principal expanded.

*Problems arise out of the dynamics of the social, political and cultural framework of the Philippine society.

*Leadership patterns: social position denoted by relative wealth and ritual (compadre system or tayo-tayo) kin appointments ,respect for conformity to values and tradition (huya at utang na loob) and socially personality traits (pakikisama).

*Some characteristics of Filipino leadership patterns are(1) tendency for a ningas kugon pattern (2)tendency towards personalism (3) a tendency to concentrate leadership functions in few people, which is possibly due to the lack of leaders to go around or refusal to assume responsibilities.

*Results to poor supervision and administration therefore poor education

*Case 2

*A district supervisor used to get some of his teachers together to play mahjong on Sunday afternoons or evenings. When asked by another district supervisor why he did this, he said that these teachers like other human beings need recreation.

*How do you explain the outward motivations of the supervisor from the point of view of value system?

•The End