adhd and psychopharmacology by monica robles m.d
Post on 26-Dec-2015
218 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
ADHD and Psychopharmacology
By Monica Robles M.D
ADHD: prevalence and treatment
• Recent studies suggests that ADHD is under diagnosed in the US
• 1300 children were interviewed in 4 US communities
• 5% met criteria for ADHD
• Only 14% of them had been treated with medication in the past 12 months
Pharmacotherapy ADHD
• It is the cornerstone of treatment
• Decision to treat should be based on severity of symptoms
Impairment related to ADHD
• Psychiatric comorbidity• School failure• Peer relationship dysfunction• Legal difficulties• Smoking and substance abuse• Accidents and injuries• Family conflict• Parent stress
MTA study
• 579 kids ages 7-9 with ADHD were studied for 14 months
1.Medication management by child psychiatrist
2.Behavioral therapy
3.Combination of medication and therapy
4.Community visits with the pediatrician
Results MTA study
• All the treatment groups were effective
• BUT MEDICATION MANAGEMENT ALONE BETTER THAN COMBINATION
Summary of the study
• Well delivered medication may be enough for the treatment of ADHD
• Behavioral management is also an acceptable method for those who prefer not to use medication
ATTENTION: ask for therapy
• Parent-child conflict or family stress
• Serious academic difficulties
• Social skills
• Anxiety symptoms or depression
• Oppositional or aggressive symptoms
• If the family wants it.
ADHD pharmacotherapy
• ADHD has largest body of data of any medication treatment for childhood psychiatric disorder
What do stimulants do
Improve core symptoms of ADHD inattention Impulsivity hyperactivity
What do stimulants do
noncomplianceImpulsive aggressionSocial interactionAcademic efficiencyAcademic accuracyEnhanced vigilanceImprove reaction timeImprove short term memory
Stimulants: mechanism of action
• They work inside of our brain controlling release of neurotransmitters and inhibiting reuptake
Stimulants
Methylphenidate
Amphetamine preparations
Stimulants
• Short-acting
Focalin, Methylin, Ritalin
• Intermediate-acting
Metadate ER and CD, Methylin ER,Ritalin LA and SR
• Long-acting
Concerta, Focalin XR and Daytrana
Stimulants: amphetamine
• Short-acting
Adderall , Dexedrine, Dextrostat
• Long-acting
Adderall XR, Dexedrine Spansule, Vyvanse
Stimulants(adverse effects)
• Use caution in
hx of drug dependency and alcoholism
Serious cardiac history
history of psychotic symptoms or bipolar disorder
Stimulants side effects
• Decrease appetite
• Gastrointestinal
problems
Stimulants side effects
• Headache
Stimulants side effects
• Sleep difficulties
Stimulants side effects
• Jitteriness
• Irritability
• Anxiety
• Depression
Stimulants side effects
• Psychosis and paranoia
Stimulants side effects
• Tics or abnormal movements
Stimulants side effects
• Nail biting
• Skin picking
Stimulants side effects
• Rebound
Stimulants side effects
• Cardiac side effects
1.Increases blood pressure
2.Cardiac complications
Areas of concern and controversy
• When to do EKG
Family history of sudden death
Personal history of congenital cardiac defects
syncope,CP, palpitation or increase BP
Stimulants side effects
• Growth Effects
Adult height appears to be uncompromised
Abuse potential of stimulants
• No scientific data that ADHD children abuse meds when appropriately administered.
Alternatives to stimulants
Around 15% nonresponders
Intolerable side effects
Symptom rebound
Complicated ADHD with comorbidity.
Alternatives to stimulants
• Atomoxetine(Strattera)
• Tricyclic antidepressants
• Clonidine and guanfacine
• Bupropion
• Others
Atomoxetine
• Approved by FDA 2002
• Non stimulant med approved for kids and adults
• Selective NE reuptake inhibitor
• Minimum abuse potential
Atomoxetine side effects
• Appetite suppression
• Sleep disturbance
• Jitteriness and irritability
• NAUSEA
• Small increase of pulse and Blood pressure
Black Box warning
• Hepatitis( 2 cases)
Notify doctor if: dark urine, abdominal pain , yellow skin or eyes.
• Suicidality
Atomoxetine benefits
• It lasts all day
• Little or no rebound
• No abuse potential
Non-pharmacological treatment
• Education and Support: parent centered advocacy groups such as CHADD
• Decrease stimulation and increase structure
• School intervention
• Parent therapy/guidance (behavioral)
• Social skills therapy
School intervention
• Evaluate for comorbid learning disabilities
• Provide special education support
• Classroom accommodations
• Resource room if needed( smaller classroom)
• Aides in the class
• Individual tutoring
Psychosocial therapy
• Child’s ADHD symptoms are mild with minimal impairment
• Uncertainty of ADHD diagnosis• Marked disagreement about ADHD
diagnosis• Preference of the family• Presence of comorbid disorders or
problems that usually respond to therapy• Family problems need to be address
Summary :ADHD treatment• We need to recognize ADHD as a chronic disorder• Define the target behaviors• Create an alliance that will include
patient/parents/teacher and clinician• Provide patient and parents education about ADHD• Make a rational decision about the use of
medication• Include psychosocial therapy when needed• SYSTEMATIC MONITORING , REVIEW and
FOLLOW UP
top related