adebayo oluwayemisi mojisolajournal.unaab.edu.ng/ugprojects/2010bagricadebayoom.pdf · adebayo...
Post on 16-Feb-2018
226 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
EFFECT OF ENSILED CASSAVA LEAVES AND GUINEA
GRASS WITH OR WITHOUT MOLASSES ON THE
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS AND NUTRIENT
INTAKE OF GOATS.
BY
ADEBAYO OLUWAYEMISI MOJISOLA MATRIC NUMBER: 2006/0507
DEPARTMENT OF ANIMAL NUTRITION
A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE COLLEGE OF ANIMAL
SCIENCE AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
BACHELOR OF AGRICULTURE (B.AGRIC. Hons.) OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, ABEOKUTA
OCTOBER, 2010
ABSTRACT
The feeding value of ensiled cassava leaves and guinea grass with or without molasses fed
WAD goats at different inclusion levels of 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% of DM respectively, was
investigated in this experiment. The study lasted for 56 days during which feed intake and
performance characteristics were monitored in sixteen male WAD goats using a completely
randomized design. Dry matter (DM) intake from the experimental diets were not significant
(P < 0.05) except for carbohydrate intake with highest value of 121.18g/d for treatment 1
(0%) molasses and with lowest vales of 72.02g/d for treatment 4 (6%) molasses. The total
body weight gain of the animals average daily intake were significantly different (P < 0.05)
but decreased as the level of molasses inclusion increases. Growth rate ranged from 48.1g/d
to 7.1g/d while the feed conversion ratio ranged from 7.9 to 1.3 respectively. The concentrate
intake of CP, DM and NDF decreased as the level of inclusion of molasses increased and
were significantly different (P<0.05). The inclusion level of molasses in the silage feed for
ruminant animals on DM basis can be up to 6%.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My profound gratitude goes to Almighty God for granting me the grace to have a huge
success that I never thought of.
My heartfelt appreciation goes to my project supervisor, Dr. A.O. Oni for his competent
supervision out of his wealth of knowledge and his words of encouragement which made this
project a success. May God bless all that concern you.
I am very grateful to my incomparable parents Mr and Mrs Ayoade Adebayo for their
financial support, they have tried ignorance even when education is costly. May God satisfy
you with good health and long life to eat the fruits of your labour in Jesus Name (Amen). My
appreciation also goes to my elder brothers Mr Fola and Dr. Femi Adebayo for their financial
quota towards my success in this course. Also, thanks to Mrs Foluke Olokode and Mr.
Michael Adebayo for always being there for me.
Finally, I appreciate my loving and caring husband Engr. D.O. Abatan for his financial and
moral support. Thank you all and God bless.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page i
Certification ii
Abstract iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of Contents vi -vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Justification 2
1.2 Broad Objectives 2
1.3 Specific Objectives 2
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 3
2.1 Concept of Ensiling 3
2.2 Molasses for Energy 4
2.3 Utilization of Roughages in Ruminant Feeding 5
2.4 Silage of Feeding 5
2.5 Small Ruminant in the Tropics 6
2.6 West African Dwarf Goat 6
2.7 Economic Importance of Small Ruminant 6
2.8 Factors Affecting Voluntary Feed Intake 7
2.9 Nutritional Requirement of WAD Goat 8
2.9.1 Energy Requirement of Goat 8
2.9.2 Protein Requirement of Goat 9
2.9.3 Vitamin Requirement of Goat 9
2.9.4 Mineral Requirement of Goat 9
2.9.5 Water Requirement of Goat 9
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Method s 10
3.1 Location of the Experiment 10
3.2 Experimental Design 10
3.3 Experimental Diet 10
3.4 Experimental Animals and Management 11
3.5 Feeding Trial 11
3.6 Data Collection 11-12
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result and Discussion 13-17
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation 18
5.1 Conclusion 18
5.2 Recommendation 18
REFERENCES 19-21
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Nutrition is the most important factor limiting livestock in Nigeria while seasonal
variations have an important influence on feed production. When there is high
variability in feed supply, market fluctuation arises in the rate of weight gain of
grazing animals causing poor performance. The forage has a characteristically high
lignin content which influences both digestibility and the amount the animal will eat
(Adewumi, 2009). The improvement of pasture is expensive and its establishment is
capital intensive thus, there is need for forage conservation especially when the
availability is unlimited. The provision of good quality forage and feed all year round
is a major problem of ruminant livestock production in Africa general and Nigeria in
particular. Livestock farmers face their biggest challenge during dry season when the
animals are short of adequate feed thus, growth rate pattern is hindered (Davies and
Onwuka, 1993).
Cassava is an annual crop widely grown in the tropical region of Africa. It thrives in
sandy-loamy soils with low organic matter, and climates characterized by low rainfall
and high temperature (Wang, 1997). High content of crude protein in the cassava
leaves has been reported varying from 17 to 40% in the dry matter (Allen 1984).
Traditionally, cassava has been cultivated in Nigeria almost exclusively for tuber
production for human consumption, while their foliage has mainly been considered as
a residue (Eruvbetine, 1995). Ravindran (1993) reported that cassava leaves are rich
in protein, minerals and vitamins and all essential amino acids except methionine and
phenylalanine. However, Nestle and Machntyre (1993) said that cassava leaves
contain two cyanoglucosides; limarin and methlinamarin in the ratio of 96:4 which
undergoes hydrolysis by an analogous hydrocyanide acid (HCN) which limit leaf
utilization.
Though, researchers have shown that different methods of preservation can be used to
explore the benefits from cassava as ruminant feed resources, as well as increase the
effects of the hydrocyanic glucoside. Nevertheless, it is important to consider ensiling
of cassava leaves with forage grasses such as guinea grass. The present study is
therefore, designed to evaluate the effects of ensiled cassava leaves and guinea grass
with or without molasses on the performance characteristics and nutrient intake of
West African Dwarf goats.
1.1 JUSTIFICATION
Considerable amount of cassava leaves are readily available as by-product at the time
of harvesting the roots. However, in the rainy season it is difficult to sundry and
extending the drying period diminishes the nutritional quality of the product. Ensiling
would be a suitable alternative way of preserving the leaves.
Numerous reports have shown that cassava leaf has a high but variable protein content
of about 170g/kg to 400g/kg on a dry matter basis (Ravidran 1993). The high protein
content of cassava leaves and the year round availability of guinea grass are reasons
for believing that silage made from them could be a source of feed for ruminant
animals, in this case; the West Africa Dwarf goat.
1.2 BROAD OBJECTIVE
To determine the effect of ensiled cassava leaves and guinea grass with or without
molasses on the performance characteristics and nutrient intake of West Africa Dwarf
goats.
1.3 SPECIFIC OBJETIVES
1. To determine the chemical composition of the experimental diets.
2. To evaluate the nutrient intake of WAD goats fed the experimental diets.
3. To evaluate the performance characteristics of WAD goats fed the experimental diets.
4. To make recommendations based on the findings of this experiment.
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
Feeding is an important aspect of livestock management as it has direct effect on
animal performance and the farmer’s income. The cheapest source of feed for
ruminants is roughage which can be from pasture, range and crop residues. The
ruminant animals have a specialized system of digestion which enable them to utilize
feed otherwise ingestible to non-ruminants. A good feed is high in nutrients and
provides everything the body needs in order for the animal to grow and reproduce
(FAO, 1999).
The adaptability of cassava to the widely varying agro-ecological zones in Nigeria
together with its high yield has made it an attractive livestock feed (Eruvbetine and
Oguntona, 1997). Over the decades, researchers from all over the country have been
actively involved in the use of cassava roots and leaves as potential feed in ruminant
production. The young shoots (stem, leaves and petioles) are good supplementary
source of protein, vitamins and minerals which have been found edible and are widely
used as food and feed (Adegbola and Okonkwo, 2002). The presence of toxic
hydrogen cyanide in cassava is a limiting factor in its use as food for man and
livestock, although processing has been found to reduce the level of its toxicity. Many
traditional methods have been developed in various parts of the world for preparing
cassava for human consumption and livestock utilization. These vary according to the
form in which cassava is to be consumed, from simple sun drying to complex
methods involving fermentation (Akinfala and Tewe, 2002; Fasae, 2008). However,
during the rainy season when cassava leaves are excess, it is difficult to sun dry thus
alternative is considered (Oduguwa et al., 2007).
2.1 CONCEPT OF ENSILING
Silage is the moist succulent feed produced as a result of controlled fermentation of
fresh forage when stored in an air tight container under anaerobic condition. Silage
making is less dependent on weather conditions as compared to hay making. Silage
can be kept for months or years (Wong 1999) and can be used at any time when
required, especially during forage scarcity (Koong 1993). The process involves fresh
leaves collection, chopping (3-4cm long), wilting, loading, compaction and sealing to
make it air tight.
Addition of additive is optional though, it ensures successful fermentation of ensiled
material such as cassava leaves that have a high nitrogen content and low
concentration of water soluble carbohydrates (Peterson, 1988).
High quality roughage can be supplied in the dry season by feeding hay or silage. This
is greenstuffs such as grass (or other plants) that has been cut and conserved by drying
or fermenting. Hay and silage making are important but labour demanding techniques.
They are useful in areas where the wet season supplies plenty of grass but the lean
season can create serious fodder shortage.
Fresh cassava leaves
Chopping (3-4cm long)
Wilting (under well ventilated shed)
Loading
Compaction
Sealing
Schematic Diagram of Ensiled Concept.
2.2 MOLASSES FOR ENERGY
Molasses is a by-product of sugar making; it is a thick black sweet liquid. It has the
advantages that it can be stored almost indefinitely; and it can also be transported far
from the sugar mills. Molasses contains high levels of sugar which is easily digested
in the rumen. This makes it an important sources of energy. In addition, molasses is a
source of minerals of calcium and potassium especially, and of sulphur, an important
nutrient which goats often lack.
2.3 UTILIZATION OF ROUGHAGES (E.G. GUINEA GRASS) IN RUMINANT
FEEDING
* Roughages comprise over 50% of all feedstuffs fed to livestock animals especially
ruminants.
* Roughages are plant-based feedstuffs
* Technically, forage and herbage are defined as plant materials, with a higher fiber
content, available for consumption by animals.
* The National Research Council classifies a roughage as a feedstuff with a minimum
crude fiber content of 18% and maximum content; of total digestible nutrient (TDN)
of 70%.
* Roughages provide a range of nutrients to animals.
* Roughages also function to maintain and optimize the efficiency of the GI tract for
selected species.
* Fibrous carbohydrate function to maintain structure, activity, and microbial
population of the GI tract, essential for optimal function of the GI tract.
* Roughages alone are of minimal value to humans
* However, roughages consume by selected species provide a means for conversion of
relatively low-quality raw materials to relatively high-quality products such as food
and fiber that may be used to fulfill human needs.
* Roughages may be fed either in fresh, dried, or ensiled.
2.4 SILAGES FOR FEEDING
Silage is fermented feed usually young grass is ensiled but other crops materials such
as cassava leaves can be used. By making, silage feed can be stored over long period
and silage making is much more suitable method than hay making for wet season
when drying is difficult. Silage making works by making the feed acidity as quickly
as possible (low pH). This slows down the development of the bacteria possible for
routing. Acidification is encouraged by creating conditions for harmless (lactic acid)
bacteria to develop. The cut crop part must be placed in an environment where no
oxygen (air) can get at it and it must contain enough molasses.
2.5 SMALL RUMINANTS IN THE TROPICS
Sheep and goats are two of the species of ruminant animals specifically called small
ruminants. They are a common feature of virtually everybody in the rural areas. They
roam about to scavenge for food most of the time without necessary being adequately
provided for by the owners. They can survive by feeding on otherwise useless feeding
materials with the help of their specialized stomach. They are rugged, easy to handle
and affordable for average families (Devendra and MclLeroy, 1982).
2.6 WEST AFRICAN DWARF GOAT
The West African Dwarf goat is the dominant breed of small ruminants and make up
38 percentage of the 38 million goats found in the west African zone (Gall, 1996).
The breed is of achondroplastic type with disproportionately short legs which are
often but has an average weight of 18-20kg and at 35-45cm in height. It has fairly
large, curved and backwardly directed back in the male are long and horizontal. The
common colour are black, brown and black extremities, and sometimes with coloured
makings and serve as scavanges in the villages. It attains sexual maturity early and is
very prolific often producing occasionally quadruplet (Porter, 1996). It is well adapted
to this environment and trypanotolerant (Steele, 1996).
Generally, the feeding pattern of the dwarf goat is characteristic of the native
husbandry practice whereby they scavenge for food to meet daily nutrient
requirements (Daramola et al., 2005).
2.7 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF SMALL RUNIMANTS
Small ruminant are economic importance for small holder farmers, but achieving
maximum income is not their primary objective. The total income share of small
ruminant tends to be inversely related to size of land holding, suggesting that small
ruminants are of particular importance for land-less people. Since agriculture provides
only seasonal employment, rearing of this animal would provide employment and
income as a subsidiary occupation.
Goats are small ruminants which generally are recognized as a minor, but
complementary, component of small farm system interacting with other cropping
activities (Hart et al., 1982).
In developing countries, goats play an important role in the economic life of
smallholder farmer in converting low-cost inputs to high value products. They
produce meat, milk, offspring, skin and hair. They also serve as a savings bank and
provide available cash income when necessary. Goat meat is highly appreciated in
countries where pig and or cattle meat is taboo. (Devendra and McLeroy, 1982). Goat
can be a means to reduce poverty by increasing the household income. Women and
children can easily take care of goats, so the selling of goats could improve the
welfare of farmers, because women distribute the income more equitably (Ikuegbu et
al., 1994).
2.8 FACTORS AFFECTING VOLUNTARY FEED INTAKE PRODUCTION
Ruminant feed is affected by feed texture and flavours, social facilitation and
inhibition. Feed intake is a behavioural activity representing the amount of food eaten
by an animal in a given period of time.
Voluntary intake is defined as the amount consumed by the animal when its access to
forage is unrestricted. Voluntary intake is an important aspect of animal management
systems because it is closely related to rate of animal performance and profitability of
the livestock system (Gill et al., 1986). Eating is a special voluntary activity; it is
difficult to force a goat to consume some thing that it does not want to eat. So it is
important to understand the factors that obviously affect the feed intake, and how
these influence can be manipulated so that the goat can maximize its voluntary feed
intake (Peacock, 1996).
2.9 NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS OF WAD GOATS
According to Oyenuga (1999) the calorie intake of any livestock must not only be
adequate, there should also be sufficient and suitable protein feed to provide essential
amino-acids (in suitable proportion), vitamins and essential minerals elements to
enable the animal fulfill its functions and subsequently gives man the needed essential
proteins, WAD goats are known as scavengers i.e. they roam about looking for feed
such as grasses, shrubs, kitchen waste etc to meet their nutritional need (Adeniji et al.,
1989).
But when intensively reared in total confinement, they have to be supplied with feed
that contains all nutrients required for maximum production and performance. (Aye,
2004), suggested that total confinement is the best system of rearing goats because
they recorded better body weight and other linear body measurement when compare
to partially confined ones. In addition, (Essien et al., 2004) also reported goats rearers
should be taught simple and effective confinement techniques are these will improve
and increase goat productivity in Nigeria. Goat reared in the tropics and kept in
confinement are to be fed good forage with concentrate that measure up in quality and
quantity (Adeniji et al., 1989).
2.9.1 ENERGY REQUIREMENT OF GOATS
Goat generally used energy from feed for maintenance and production. Maintenance
energy is the amount of energy required to maintain the animal in a stable condition
and subsequently carry out basic activities. Production energy is that amount of
energy needed to produce growth, milk, foetus, fiber, skin etc (Steele, 1996).
Williamson and Payne (1978) reported that animals feed low protein or energy diets
increase their feed consumption presumable in an attempt to overcome the protein or
energy deficiency. Basically, energy for animal is from carbohydrates and fats and oil
(oxidation). The carbohydrates can be from soluble sugars such as roughages whose
digestion is by microbial action.
2.9.2 PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF GOATS
Ruminant animals generally require less protein in their feed when compared to non
ruminants. This is because ruminant have the ability to synthesize amino acids from
non protein such as nitrate, amines etc present in their food with the aid of microbes
in their rumen (Komolafe et al., 1980). Though not much is know about the specific
protein requirement of goat in the tropics where WAD goat are found but figure
related to sheep are commonly used, (Steele, 1996).
2.9.3 VITAMINS REQUIREMENT OF GOATS
Goat generally rarely suffers vitamins deficiency when they have access to good
forage (Steele, 1996).
2.9.4 MINERAL REQUIREMENT OF GOATS
Minerals either macro or micro minerals are important in the diets of goats to make
them healthy (Steele, 1996). Most of these are gotten from good quality forage
(Komolafe et al., 1980) or when animals are supplies block of rock salt to lick (Adi,
1996).
2.9.5 WATER REQUIREMENT OF GOATS
When goats eat succulent feeds that have a high moisture content, they need to drink
less water than when given dry feed (Steele, 1996).
According to Akinyosoye, (1988), to a limited extent, water is referred to as a by-
product of respiration and oxidation process which form part of a metabolic reactions
in animal. Preston and Leng (1987) stated that restriction in water intake apparently
reduces feed intake. Goats in the tropics where WAD goats are found are adapted to
water shortage and often have low water turn-over rates (Devendra and McLeroy
1982)
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Location of the experiment
The experiment was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm, College of
Animal Science and Livestock Production, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta
located in the tropic rainforest zone in Nigeria within 7o101N and 3o21E.
3.2 Experimental design
Sugarcane molasses application rates of 0, 2, 4 and 6% of fresh material, and one
storage period(1 month) for each of two plant species (Manihot esculenta, and
Panicum maximum) were allocated in a completely randomized block design with 3
replicates. A total of 12 plastic containers with capacity to contain 200kg fresh
materials each were used for the experiment.
3.3 Experimental diets
Cassava tops were collected right after root harvesting. Only the tops with the green
stem and its leaf canopy with an average weight of 40 to 60 cm in length were
collected. The Guinea grass was harvested at 2 months regrowth from the hedgerows
of the University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Pasture and Range Department
Experimental Farm. The grass was chopped into pieces of 3 to 4 cm length. The fresh
and chopped forages were mixed with the molasses and placed in polyethylene bags,
compacted by hand, bound with a string, and pressed by placing one 2 kg bag of sand
on each bag. Before mixing the fresh and chopped forages with molasses, separate
samples from each species were collected for chemical analysis.
3.4 Experimental animals and Management
Sixteen male West Africa Dwarf goats purchased from reputable sources were used
for the feeding trial. The animals were housed intensively in well-ventilated
individual pens (1.2mx0.90m), in an open-sided type of house with corrugated
aluminium roofing sheet and a wooden floor, which has been disinfected with Izal
solution before the arrival of the animals. The goats were vaccinated against Peste
Des petit de ruminant (PPR), given prophylactic treatments, which consist of
intramuscular application of oxytetracycline and Vitamin B complex at the dosage of
1ml/10kg body weight of the animal. They were dewormed with 1ml/10kg body
weight of albendazole and treated against ectoparasites with 0.5ml/10kg body weight
of Ivomec. They were allowed an adaptation period of four weeks during which they
maintained on elephant grass with gradual withdrawal of the grass.
3.5 Feeding Trial
The animals were fed daily at least 5% of their body weight of their body weight. The
experimental animals were divided into 4 animals per treatment each and offered the
different silage materials as indicated above. Pre-experimental body weight of the
animals were recorded after which the animals were weighed weekly prior to feeding.
3.6 Data Collection
At the beginning of the experiment, the goats were weighed as individual replicate
groups in a body weight and subsequently, data on feed consumption were taken and
recorded daily as well as growth rate. The data collected are used to determine
average feed intake, average body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio.
Feed intake= Final weight- Left over
Weight gain = Final weight- Initial weight
Feed conversion ratio = Feed intake (g)
Weight gain (g)
Average feed intake = Feed given – Left over
Number of goats
Average weight gain = Final weight – Initial weight
Number of goats
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table 1: Effect of molasses inclusion on chemical composition (g/kg.DM) of silage
produced at Different Level
<,,
<,
Storage
Parameters
Crude 214d 243b 269db 285a 081
Protein
Crude fat 686 697b 632d 731a 011
ASH 961d 101a 017a 102a 009
FIBRE 112c 113c 115a 113b 003
Moisture 128a 123b 122c 120c 009
Content
Dry Matter 872c 877b 879a 879a 009
Gross 381a 350b 331c 307d 082
Energy
NDF 543d 550c 564b 587a 051
ADF 350d 364c 372b 399a 054
ADL 201d 217c 227b 235a 037
ADF-Acid Detergent Fibre, NDF-Neutral Detergent Fibre, ADL-Acid Detergent Lignin
Note: MI= Molasses Inclusion abcd: means along the same row with different superscript are significantly different
(P<0.05).
(m) 0 (Zero)% 2% 4% 6% SEM
Molasses treatment
4.2 Table Nutrient 2: Intake of WAD Goats Fed Experimental Diets.
Nutrient Molasses Inclusion
Parameters (g/d) 0% 2% 4% 6% SEM
Dry matter 87.2 87.7 87.6 87.9 1.2
Crude Protein 68.0 71.6 74.6 66.8 3.2
Fibre 35.7 33.2 32.9 26.5 6.4
Ash 30.5 30.1 29.6 23.9 1.7
NFE 121.2a 103.0a 95.5ab 72.0b 6.1
Fat 21.8 19.0 18.3 17.4 3.7
a,b: Means along the same row with different superscripts are significantly (P<0.05)
different.
4.2 NUTRIENT INTAKE OF WAD GOAT FED CASSAVA SILAGE BASED DIET
Table 2 shows the nutrient intake of WAD goat fed experimental diet. The DM intake ranged
from 87.9g/d to 87.2g/d and was significantly (P<0.05) different and increased with increase
levels of molasses inclusion in the diets. There were not significant differences (P<0.05)
among all the treatments, CP, ash, fibre, and fat were not significantly different (P<0.05)
whereas carbohydrate was significant different. The reduced intake of energy may be
attributed to the higher molasses inclusion as this depress digestibility and reduce intake if
present in high level.
Ruminants generally require adequate fibre for normal rumen function. It was observed in the
result that molasses inclusion decreases fibre intake and this may be due to long term storage
of the experimental diet.
Table 3: Performance Characteristic of WAD Goat fed Experimental Diet
Nutrient Molasses Inclusion
Parameters O% 2% 4% 6%
T1 T2 T3 T4 SEM
Final weight (kg) 9.00 7.00 7.10 7.13 0.92
Initial weight (kg) 6.30 6.60 6.39 6.71 1.74
Total weight gain (kg) 2.70a 0.40 b 0.71 ab 0.42 b 2.28
Growth Rate (g/d) 48.1 7.14 12.68 7.50 0.95
Average daily intake (g/d) 340.18 a 313.12 ab 306.77 ab 249.06 b 2.03
FCR 7.94 1.28 2.31 1.69 1.69
Means across the treatments are significantly (P<0.05) different
4.3 Performance Characteristics of Wad Goats Fed Ensiled Cassava Leaves and
Guinea Grass With or Without Molasses.
Table 3 shows the growth performance of WAD goats fed ensiled cassava leaves and guinea
grass with or without molasses. The total weight gain and average daily intake were
significantly affected (P<0.05) by the dietary treatments. The total weight gain decreased
significantly (P<0.05) as the level of molasses inclusion increases in the diet.
The total weight gain and average daily intake ranges from 2.70kg to 0.40kg and 340.2g/d to
249.1g/d respectively. The improved weight gain and growth rate of the animal on the 0%
inclusion of molasses could be related to the carbohydrate intake and CP intake components.
Gilboa et al. (2000) reported that when supplementing or substituting forage legumes as
protein sources, a higher level of CP has to be fed to alleviate the protein binding effects of
tannins. The result obtained from this experiment agrees with the observation of Devendra
and Burns (1982) that body weight change is a reflection of the nutritive status of the animal.
REFERENCES
Adegbola, A.T. and Okonkwo J.C. (2002). nutrient intake, digestibility and growth of rabbits
feed varying level of cassava leaf meal. Nig. J. Admin. Prod. 29(1): 21 – 26.
Adeniji , M. O., Nwabike, P. N., Iheukwumere,, F and Udeogalanya A. C. C (1989).
Agriculture Science tect book. Evans Brothers (Nigeria Publishers) Limited. 201
Pp.
Akinfala, E.O. and Tewe, O.O. (2002). evaluation of energy and protein value of whole
cassava plant meals in growing pig diets in the tropics. Bull. Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afr. 50:
228 – 234.
Akinyosoye, V. O. (1988). Tropical Agriculture Macmillan Publishers Limited 199PP.
Allen, R.D. 1984. Feedstuff ingredients analysis table (USA), Pp: 25 – 30
Alli-Balogun, J. K., Lakpini, C. A. M., Alawa, J.P., Mohammed, A. and Nwata, J. A.
(2003). Evaluation of cassava foliage a protein supplemented for sheep.
Nigeria Journal of Animal Production 30(1): 37-46.
Alokan, J. A. (1989). A note on corns cobs in sheep diet. Nigerian Journal of Animal
Production. 15: 227-323.
Aye, P.A. (2004). Effect of management system on the growth performance of WAD
goalts. In: Proc. 9th Annual Conf. Anim. Sci. Ass. of Nig. (ASSAN). Pg 92-94,
(eds Ogunji, J.O., Osakwe, I . T., ewe, V.U, S.O., Otuma, M. O. and Nweze, B.
O. Inarroko) syndicate in Association with Nwanazi and publishing co-Ltd.
Nigeria.
Daramola, J.O. A.A. Adeloye, T.A Fatoba and A.O Soladoye, (2005): Haematological
and biochemical parameters of WAD goat livestock Research for Rural
Development, Vl 17,8. Retrieved from http://wwwcipav.org.co/irrd/7//8/ dara
17095htm.
Davies, A.T. and Onwuka, C.F.I. (1993). conversion of forages for dry season feeding in the
humid zone of Nigeria. In: sustainable feed production and utilization for smallholder
livestock enterprises in sub-saharan Africa. Proc. 2nd African feed resource network,
Harare, Zimbabwe. Pp 93 – 95.
Devendra, C,Mcleroy, G.B., (1982). Goat and sheep production in the tropics (1st
Edition). Intermediate Tropical Agriculture series, Longman, London. 271Pp.
Eruvbetine, D and Oguntona, E.B. (1999). Unpeeled cassava root meal in diets for laying
hens. Top. Agric (Trinidad). Vol. 74, No 4. pp 299 – 302.
Eruvbetine, D. (1995) processing and utilization of cassava as animal feed for non-ruminants
animals. A paper presented at Ogun state Ministry of Agriculture, cooperative and
Rural Development.
Essien, A., Oyesola, O. B., Akpet, S.O, E.A and Ibom., L.A. (2004). Contrast of goats
reared in Egbeda L. G. A. of Oyo State. In: Proc. 9th Annual Confr. Anim.
FAO (1998 )from the original book Tropical feeds by Bo Gohl, database by Andrew Speedy
and Nick Waltham version 8.http.//www.mekarn.org/proc kk/pres.htm
Komolafe, M. F., Adegbola, A. A., Are, L. A. and Ashaye T. I (1980): Agricultural science
for West African College, Macmillian publishers Limited Pg. 241.
Lancaster, P.A. and Brooks, J.E. (1983). Cassava leaves as human food. Economic Botany
37(3): 331 – 348.Longman London Group, pp 186.
Oduguwa, Jalaosho, and Ayankoso (2007). Effect of ensiling on the physical properties,
chemical composition and mineral contents of guinea grass and cassava tops silage.
Nig. J. Anim. Prod. 2007. 34(1): 100 – 106 © 2007 Nigerian Society for Animal
Production.
Oyenuga, V. A. (1999). Food and feed of tropical Africal. In: Proc. of international
symposium on Animal Production in the Tropics Pg.27-32 (eds). Loosle, J.K.,
Peacock, C. (1996). Improving Goat production in the tropics. A manual for development
workers. Publ, Oxfam (UK and Ireland).
Porter, V. (1996). Goat in the world farming press miller Freeman Professional Ltd. Whar
fedale, road IpsWich UK. 179pp. pp 50-57 publication 170pp
Preston, T. R. (2001). Potential of Cassva in integrated farming systems use of cassava as
animal feed. Proceedings of international Workshop, Khon, Khen, Thailand. Sci.
Ass of Nig. (ASAN). Pp 226-228. Alaku, V. U., Otuma, M.O. And Nweji,
B. O. Inarok syndicate in association with Nwamazi printing and
publishing. Co. Ltd, Nigeria.
Steele, M. (1996). Goats. CTA-Macmillan Publishing Ltd-, London and Basingtoke, 152pp.
Williamson, G. and Payne, W. J .A (1978). An Introduction to animal husbandry in the
tropics,
top related