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AbsorbentTechnology
2006 Fertilizer Outlook & Technology Conference
Tampa, FL – November 3
Sanford R. Simon
Director Fertilizer Regulatory Affairs
Spectrum Brands, Inc.
St. Louis, MO USA
On behalf of NFT Industries, LLC
2
2006 Fertilizer Outlook & Technology Conference
N
N
N
N
N
N
NN
N NN
N NN
N
N loss fromvolatilization and
denitrification
N loss fromleaching
•EFFICIENCY
•YIELD
• ENVIRONMENT
3
Absorbed Fertilizer – Nurea®
Research started in January 2000 at ACT
Developed absorption w/blockers technology
Granular nutrient delivery system
Target: Extended release fertilizer for homeowner market
Optimize nutrient availability
Efficient release of nutrients
Minimize loss to the environment
Economically viable for Agricultural
4
NUREA® HISTORYConcept
•Identify absorbent materials w/ greatest capacityfor absorption.
•Identify materials to delay the release of theabsorbed nutrients.
•Identify nitrogen source.
Paradigm shift in the way we look at extended release, orenhanced-efficiency fertilizers
5
NUREA® TECHNOLOGY
Perlite
SEM Raw Perlite
Wayne Robarge, NC State 2001
Natural volcanic glass
(hydrated obsidian) - Distinctiveconcentric cracks and a relativelyhigh water content.
Capacity to absorb 20x itsown weight
Determineabsorbent material
6
NUREA® TECHNOLOGYIdentify mechanism to delay release
Assessed synthetic and natural hydrogelsEvaluated natural starches:
Wheat, Potato, Corn, Rice.
Determine nitrogen source
Must be in a fluid stateMolten urea provided best opportunity for success
7
NUREA® TECHNOLOGY
Develop process to get urea-starch matrix into perlite
Determine Absorption Process
Urea / StarchSlurry
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NUREA® TECHNOLOGY
• Developed steamprocess to removeouter shellexposing innerfissures.
• Steam collapseswhen the perlite isbrought in contactwith urea solutionforming a vacuum.
Exfoliated Perlite
SEM Exfoliated PerliteWayne Robarge, NC State 2001
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MixTank
Heated Mixer
UreaSolution
from reactoror melt
HydrogelSteamedPerlite
GranulationDrum
FluidBed
Cooler
Multiple Particle Sizes
Custom Specifications
Flexible Technology
Other Nutrient sourcematerials or additives
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Occluded Slow Release
= Urea + Nitamin™ Matrix
= Natural Polymer
= Perlite
U
CS
• Nutrient matrix is introducedinto popped Perlite– Absorbed in Cavities
• Micro Particles of PerliteAgglomerated into One1. Outer Area = Quick Release2. Inner Area = Extended Release
N
KPN
N
NN
K
KPN
NP
N
NK P
K
NKP
KPN
N K
K P NN
N
K
NK
PN
NNKN
N
NKK
NN
P
N PN
K
KPN
K
PN
N
N
KN
KPN
N
PK
N
P
NK
PN
N
KP
K
K
NP
K
N KN
NN
NN
N
N
K
K
K
P
PN
N
K
KK
N
N
N
P
P
K
MagnifiedPopped Perlite
12
Absorption Determination - IFDC•Quantify how well pores are filled in Nurea process
•Accomplished by calculating POROSITY•Calculate porosity before and after absorption process
Porosity, % = (Td – Ad / Td ) X 100
Where Td = true density, g/cm3, and Ad = apparent density, g/cm3
Porosity: A measurement of the pore space within a granule
Apparent Density only accounts for space inside the granuleTrue Density – sample ground < 300 microns to collapse anyvoids, so porosity is equal to 0%.
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Absorption Determination - IFDC
0%
Porosity Scale: % of pore volume filled = (b-a / b) X 100
Using the percent of each component in formula (by analysis),the amount of N in the pore volume can be determined.
The % absorbed N / Total N of product = % N absorbedPilot plant range = 30 % 50 % absorbed N
Final productporosity (a)
Initial porosity ofunabsorbedproduct (b)
100%
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Research & DevelopmentSoil Incubation
•300 g potting soil (40% moisture)
•5 g Nurea (2.8-3.35 mm) in wire mesh
•Add 150 g potting soil
•Mist with 4 g DI water
•Measure N remaining after 9, 24, 36 hours
15
100
58.5
36.4
18.0
100
52.6
40.3
17.4
100
39.3
22.1
11.8
100
51.7
34.4
16.3
100
52.6
34.7
16.3
100
50.5
35.5
19.9
100
51.4
28.3
17.8
100
39.8
24.3
15.3
100
00
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
TIME (HOURS)
NIT
RO
GE
NR
ETA
INE
D(%
)
PRODUCT A PRODUCT B PRODUCT C PRODUCT D PRODUCT E PRODUCT F PRODUCT H PRODUCT I GRANULAR UREA
ACT Soil Incubation Test Release Curves
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Research & DevelopmentFlorida: N – 500 Method
•3 g sample in chromatographycolumn
•250 ml of DI water
•Circulate water through samplefor 2 hours using proportioningpump
•Analyze extract for N
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100
49.7
38.2
31.7
26.2
18.0
100
52.2
36.6
20.216.8
10.6
100
54.7
27.125.2
16.1
7.9
100
61.4
39.4
18.5
12.8 11.5
100
59.6
32.3
19.816.4
5.9
100
70.1
32.3
16.313.5
6.9
100
71.3
45.5
38.8
23.5
13.0
100
00
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
TIME (MINUTES)
NIT
RO
GEN
RE
TAIN
ED
(%)
PRODUCT A PRODUCT B PRODUCT C PRODUCT D PRODUCT E PRODUCT F PRODUCT H UREA
METHOD N-500 COLUMN TEST RELEASE CURVES
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Environmental Fate – Sartain 2004
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180N
LEA
CH
ED
(mg
)
AS N140
NPK140
U215
NPK280
U280
U165
N215
N280
NPK215
UF CTL
NITROGEN SOURCES
TOTAL N LEACHED
Greenhouse temperature at 90 – 92 oF.Zero P found in leachate; K followed N sources.
Ureaform
N = Nurea NPK = Nurea NPK
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NUREA™ research on Turf I2001 University of Arkansas (Dr. James A. Robbins), Little Rock, AR“Fertilizer Rate Study – Nurea Trials for Turf Grass”2001 University of Arkansas (Dr. James A. Robbins), Little Rock, AR“Fertilizer Burn Study – Nurea Trials for Turf Grass”2001 Auburn University (Dr. Elizabeth Guertal), Auburn, AL“Nurea Burn Study”2001 Auburn University (Dr. Elizabeth Guertal), Auburn, AL“Nurea Turfgrass Color Rating Study”2001 University of Wisconsin-Madison (Dr. Wayne R. Kussow), Madison, WI“Performance of Experimental Nitrogen Sources [Nurea] on Kentucky Bluegrass”2001 University of Wisconsin-Madison (Dr. Wayne R. Kussow), Madison, WI“Performance of Experimental Nitrogen Sources [Nurea] on Kentucky Bluegrass”2001 Michigan State University (Dr. Kevin W. Frank), Lansing, MI“Nurea Trials – Color and Quality”2001University of Arkansas (Dr. Douglas Karcher), Fayetteville, AR“Nurea Fertility Trials”2001North Carolina State University (Dr. Charles Peacock), NC“Nurea Fertility Trials”
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NUREA® research on Turf II2003 The University of Wisconsin (Dr. Wayne R. Kussow), Madison, WI“Tolerance Testing – Assessment of Safety at 2.0 to 6.0 lbs. N/1,000 sq. ft. on KentuckyBluegrass/Ryegrass”2003 The Pennsylvania State University (Dr. Max Schlossberg), University Park, PA “NitrogenSource and Rate Evaluation on Bentgrass Fairway”2003 The University of Georgia (Dr. Clint Waltz), Griffin, GA “Tolerance Testing – Assessment ofSafety at 2.0 to 6.0 lbs. N/1,000 sq. ft. on Tall Fescue”2003 Auburn University (Dr. Elizabeth A. Guertal), Auburn, AL “Field Lysimeter and Leaching ofNurea N source”2003 Michigan State University (Dr. Kevin Frank), East Lansing, MI “Nitrogen Source and RateEvaluation on Kentucky Bluegrass/Ryegrass Turf”2003 Texas A&M University (Dr. James A. McAfee), Dallas, TX “Nitrogen Source and RateEvaluation on Bermudagrass Turf”2003 TrueGreen ChemLawn (Dr. Mark Prinster), Douglasville, GA “Nitrogen Source and RateEvaluation on Tall Fescue and Bermuda Turf”2003 University of Florida (Dr. John Cisar), Ft. Lauderdale, FL “Nitrogen Source and RateEvaluation on St. Augustine Turf”2003 University of Florida (Dr. Jerry B. Sartain), Gainesville, FL “Growth Response Study”2003 North Carolina State University (Dr. Charles Peacock & Wayne Robarge), Raleigh, NC “FieldVolatilization/Leaching Studies”
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AAPFCO Definitions
T – 56 Absorbent - A material having the capacity to takeinto its mass a second substance.
T – 57 Hydrogel – A colloidal gel in which water is thedispersion medium.
T – 58 Absorbed Fertilizer – A fertilizer that has been takeninto an absorbent material.
Rule 3 b: …(3) occluded slow release, where fertilizers orfertilizer materials are mixed with waxes, resins,or otherinert materials and formed into particles...
AAPFCO
Absorbent Technology
Search for other ways to enhance release rate…
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What is Nitamin™ 30L?Patented urea-based polymer
Product Form – Liquid
30% N water-soluble liquid30-40 % free urea25-30 % mono substituted ureas5-10 % di/tri substituted ureas20-30 % cyclic material
AAPFCO N-33 Triazone, N-35 Urea-Triazone Solution
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The Nitamin AdvantageAdvantages are soil and climate dependent
Consistent with other enhanced-efficiency fertilizers
Fewer applications required
Lower N application rates
Stays in root zone
Reduced N leaching
Improved Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE)
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Trial results confirm efficacy
Yield improvements for some crops at reduced N rate
Nitrogen rates reduced by 25-30% and maintain yields
Single application at planting sufficient for some crops
Nurea-Nitamin Granular – Bulk Density 44-46 lb/Ft3Storage & handling characteristics similar to urea
Expectations for Nitamin™
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Corn
OnionsPotatoes
Snap Beans
Tomatoes
ApplesApples
Peppers
Onions
Peppers
Peppers
Cabbage
Cantaloupe
Carrots
Citrus
Citrus
CornCorn
Corn
Corn
CornCorn
CornCorn
Corn
Corn
Corn
Corn
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cucumbers
Cucumbers
Grapes
OnionsOnions
Onions
Onions
Ornamental
Pasture
Pasture
Pasture
PotatoesPotatoes
Potatoes
PotatoesPotatoes
Snap Beans
Snap Beans
Sugarcane
Sweet Corn
Sweet Corn
Sweet Potatoes
Tobacco
Tomatoes
Tomatoes
Tomatoes
Tomatoes
Watermelon
CornWheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Wheat
Turf
TurfTurf
Turf
Turf
Turf
Turf
Turf
TurfWheat
Nitamin 30L and Nitamin Granular 2005 US Trials
Blue = Replicated research trials Red = Grower trial
Pasture
Corn
Cranberries
Carrots
Potatoes
28Dr. Doug Sanders, NC State University, Asheville, NC 2005
Grower Standard
200 lb N - AN Drip over 12 wk
Nitamin Granular 30%
175 lb N - Preplant
Nitamin Granular - Tomatoes
Photos taken after 2 harvests. 3rd harvest taken from plotstreated with Nitamin Granular.
29Dr. Doug Sanders, NC State University, Fletcher, NC 2005
Bell Peppers – 50 DAP
Nitamin 30L vs. Grower Standard
From right to left: 250 lbs N from Nitamin 30L, middlerow 175 lb. N from Nitamin 30L, left row is 200 lb. Ngrower standard. No discernable growth differences.
Missing plants due to fertilizer burn in N/N 30%250 lb. N treatment. Injury did not occur uniformlyin all plots.
N/N 30% granular treatments from right to left – 250lb. N, 175 lb. N and 125 lb. N.All three treatments looked similar.
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Turf – Nitamin® Improves ToleranceConfidential
Leaching Study at Auburn University
• Lysimeter Construction: Nalgene lined, 70 gal. container
• Filled with Marvyn loamy sand soil
• Tifway bermudagrass planted in and around them.
Dr. Elizabeth Guertal, 2005
• Lysimeters drained to individual 5 gallon receivers
• Leachate collected at least once a week.
N rate of 3 lbs. N / M – All treatments
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Cumulative Nitrate Leached
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
27-Jun 7-Jul 17-Jul 27-Jul 6-Aug 16-Aug 26-Aug
date of sampling
cum
ulat
ive
nitr
ate
(ug)
Nurea-Nitamin10%
Nurea-Nitamin30%
Nurea
Nitamin 30L
Urea
UAN
Dr. Elizabeth Guertal, Auburn University, 20057 – Week Trial
32
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
27-Jun 7-Jul 17-Jul 27-Jul 6-Aug 16-Aug 26-Aug
date of sampling
cum
ula
tive
amm
oniu
m(u
g)
Nurea-Nitamin10%
Nurea-Nitamin30%
Nurea
Nitamin 30L
Urea
UAN
Dr. Elizabeth Guertal, Auburn University, 2005
Cumulative Ammonium Leached
7 – Week Trial
33
Turf – Nitamin® Improves Tolerance
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Urea Nurea Nurea +10%
Nitamin
Nurea +20%
Nitamin
Nurea +30%
Nitamin
Tu
rfIn
jury
Fertilizer Tolerance of Kentucky Bluegrass6 lb N/M Rated 2 DAT
Ratings (0-9): w/ 0 = no injury; 1 = slight tip burn; 5 = tip and whole leaf burn; 9 = all blades dead
Path Consulting, Rydal, Georgia, 2005
Confidential
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• Reduced Nitrogen loss to the environment
• Equivalent and/or improved yields with less N applied
• Ability to apply full Nitrogen loading in one application
• Economically viable for use in row crop Agriculture
AgriculturePro T & O
Specialty
EnhancedEnhanced--Efficiency FertilizersEfficiency Fertilizers
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