aaa driver improvement program™ instructor leader certification presenter name presenter title...

Instructor Leader Certification

Presenter namePresenter titleXXXXXX, 2006

Name? From? (Geographic and Business)

Traffic Safety Experience

Expectations of the Course

Introductions

RestroomsEmergency ExitsSmoking PolicyEmergency ContactPhones, Beepers, E-mail AccessRefreshmentsSchedule

Introductions

Course Information

40 Hour Instructor Certification Class

• Pass with at least a grade of 70% 70% Course Content Test 70% How to Drive Test 70% Presentation score Recertify every 3 years with 8 hour

course

Instructor Leader Candidates

•Must have 88% or better on Instructor Certification Course

•Must be recommended and sponsored by AAA club

•Successfully complete 32 hour Instructor Leader Course

•Be observed by an experienced instructor leader

•Re-certify every three years

Objectives

• Identify content and structure of the AAA Driver Improvement Program (DIP)

• Know the policies and procedures for the use of the AAA DIP

• Identify target population of the AAA DIP

• Identify the goal/objective of the Highway Transportation System (HTS)

• Define the driving task and describe the consequences of HTS failures

Objectives

• Identify the need for driver training

• Define risk management and understand how to manage risk while driving

• Understand the importance of the principles of perception to the driving task

• Understand the physical, mental and emotional influences that affect driver performance

• Contrast the performance characteristics of vehicles using the HTS

• Demonstrate proficiency of classroom presentation and understanding of vehicle dynamics

m™ Administrative

Policies

Instructor Manual

Introduction Module Summaries Instructor Certification Materials Instructional Techniques Course Materials Checklist Handouts and Quizzes Handouts and Quizzes with Answers Module Content

• Introduction Insurance/Fleet 1st Offender Mature Operator

• Seeing Insurance/Fleet/1st Offender Mature Operator

Instructor Manual

Communicating

Adjusting Speed

Margin of Safety

Your Vehicle

Driving Emergencies

You the Driver

• Insurance/Fleet/Offender

• Mature Operator

Program Applications

Fleet training Driver license point reduction Court/DMV referral, interdiction Insurance premium reduction Risk management Professional development

Administrative Procedures and Guidelines--Defining Roles AAA National AAA Clubs Instructors AAA Foundation

AAA National

Created the DIP Updates and revises programs Standardized videos, manuals Certifies instructors and instructor leaders Coordinates with AAA clubs Helps gain recognition of program Audits certified lead instructors Safeguards use of AAA logo

AAA Clubs

Serve specific geographical areas Determine how the programs are used Can restrict use to club only Assists certifying instructors Supplies instructors with materials Coordinates with AAA National Audits Certified Instructors Safeguards use of AAA logo

Instructors

Certified to present all AAA DIP programs Must meet standards Motor Vehicle Registration (MVR)

requirements Meet certification requirements Class size, current materials Advise local AAA Club of schedule Maintain records Present Driver Improvement Programs

Instructors

May not use orbit or oval The statement “[instructor name] is

certified to teach AAA’s Driver Improvement Program” in print, electronic, broadcast advertising, or other forms of advertising to describe training may be used.

Present at least twice a year Recertify every three years

AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety Separate from AAA National and

AAA clubs Research Publishes results Videos Materials

Program Presentation Format

Program is flexible Generally 8 hours Can be easily adjusted to meet

company or court needs from 4 to 16 hours

Allows for increased instructor involvement

Interactive, keeps participants engaged

Allows for inclusion of new material Constantly updated No annual instructor fees

Review of DIP Program Key Traffic Safety

Concepts by Module

m™ Introduction

Module 1

Module Titles

Introduction (Risk) Seeing Communicating Adjusting Speed Margin of Safety Your Vehicle Driving Emergencies You the Driver

Introduction

Populations

•Volunteers

•Mature Operators

•Traffic Offenders

•Fleet Operators

Introduction

DIP Concepts

• Crash Prevention

• Specific Needs

• Breaking the Law

• Attitude Toward Participation

• Traffic Violations

The Need for Driver Improvement

2004 NHTSA report On average, police reported that a

motor vehicle crash occurs every 5 seconds.

Someone is killed in a motor vehicle related crash every 12 minutes.

Note: Data is from (FARS) Fatality Analysis Reporting System and (GES) General Estimates System

2004 Motor Vehicle Crash Data

Vehicle miles traveled – 2,962,513,000,000 (2.962 trillion)

All fatalities/100 million vehicle miles traveled – 1.44

All fatalities/100,000 population – 14.52

Aged 16-20 fatalities/100,000 population – 27.07

Note: Data is from (FARS) Fatality Analysis Reporting System and (GES) General Estimates System

Odds of Traffic Situations

Events 200 per mile Decisions 20 per mile Errors 1 per 2 miles Near collisions 1 per 500 miles

The Costs—2004

6,181,000 crashes• Fatal crashes 38,253

• Injury crashes 1,862,000

• Property damage crashes 4,281,000

Total Cost: $230.6 billion

Mature Operators—Age 65 or Older• Presently there are more than 36 million Presently there are more than 36 million

people over 65 in United States.people over 65 in United States.

• For the first time in U.S. history, this age For the first time in U.S. history, this age group increased at a slower rate than group increased at a slower rate than the overall population.the overall population.

• Most fatalities (82%) occurred during Most fatalities (82%) occurred during daytime.daytime.

• Most fatalities (71%) involved another Most fatalities (71%) involved another vehicle.vehicle.

Multiple Cause Crashes—Driver Error

Decision Errors 76.2%•Speed, false assumption, improper

technique, inadequate defensive driving, improper maneuver, inadequate signal, tailgating, misjudgment, pedestrian, no headlights, excessive acceleration

Recognition Errors 64.2%

• Failed to stop, delays in recognition

Multiple Cause Crashes—Driver Error Performance Errors 38.6%•Improper evasive action, inadequate

directional control, overcompensation, panic

Other Human Factors 4.3%

Fleet Crashes Cost

$25,000 per non-injury crash $85,000 per 1 million miles traveled $110,000 per injury $53.3 billion annually

• Source, NHTSA 1995 Human Cost of Crashes Study

Fleet-crashes represent 25% of all worker compensation claims.

A comprehensive safety program can save over $50,000 for every million miles traveled.

*State of Maryland

Costs Connected with Crashes

Vehicle Damage•Mechanical and body

•Vehicle downtime

Personnel Hours Lost•Investigations, review boards, hearings,

suspension, injuries/deaths, litigation, funerals

Personal Injury•Worker’s comp., medical bills, hospital

visits

Delay in Service

Lower Crash Rate Benefits

Improved Vehicle Condition

Better Employee Relations

Reduced Operating Costs

Improved Vehicle Appearance

Better Driver Attitude

Lower Driver Turnover

Definition of Driving

Driving a motor vehicle consists of taking skilled and properly timed actions under varying road and traffic conditions based on :•Learned information•Realistic perceptions •Sound judgments

Understanding and Applying the PDA Process

Perception Decision Action

The process by which an individual receives or extracts information about the environment and attaches or assigns meaning to it.

Perception

• Before sensory impulses reach the reasoning center of the brain they take on the emotional characteristics of our values and personal needs. What we see is What we see is

filtered on the filtered on the way to our brain way to our brain by our emotions, by our emotions,

values and values and personal needs.personal needs.

In simpler words...

Perception

Value elements—beliefs, attitudes, purposes, motives and interests “color’’ our perception of people and events.

As much as our values are realistic, our perceptions are realistic.

Survey of Perceptions

30.4 percent of drivers feel that a crash is very unlikely. Unless a driver perceives highway driving as high-risk, it is difficult to motivate change in behavior.

Perceptions of Risk and ControlLikelihood of a crash Percent1 in 51 in 5 10.910.91 in 101 in 10 12.212.21 in 501 in 50 13.413.41 in 1001 in 100 16.516.51 in 5001 in 500 11.511.51 in 10001 in 1000 30.430.4Don’t KnowDon’t Know 5.1 5.1

“It will never

happen to me!”

82.6 percent of drivers feel they have a lot, or almost total control of their car. Their perception is that they are at minimal risk for a crash of any kind.

Perceptions of Risk and ControlAmount of Perceived Control PercentAlmost total controlAlmost total control 37.437.4A lot of controlA lot of control 45.245.2Some controlSome control 15.115.1Very little controlVery little control 1.7 1.7

“I’m good. Much better than the average driver!”

Drivers who believe that risk is high, believe fault could lie with themselves. Conversely, drivers who believe risk is low are more likely to blame others, or expect bad luck.

Perceptions of Risk and ControlMost Likely Cause of a Crash PercentSomeone else’s driving error Someone else’s driving error 58.8 58.8Unavoidable bad luckUnavoidable bad luck 16.5 16.5Physical defect in car or road Physical defect in car or road 9.6 9.6My driving errorMy driving error 6.3 6.3OtherOther 6.1 6.1

“Nothing I could do.”

Definition of Risk:

The Chance of Injury, Damage or Loss

Assessing Risk When Driving

The amount of risk can seldom be determined with complete accuracy.

How would you respond?

Factors to Evaluate for Better Risk Management Probability•What is the likelihood of a dangerous

event occurring?

Manageability•What is the manageability of the

dangerous event?

Consequences•Identify and consider alternative actions.

Characteristics of Risk When Driving

Risk is always present

• Probability, Manageability, Consequences

Characteristics of Risk When Driving Perceived risk differs from actual risk

Characteristics of Risk When Driving Risk is shared•Probability, Manageability, Consequences

Characteristics of Risk When Driving

Risk can be altered

Reducing the Consequences of a Crash

Never hit head-on.

Drive off the road rather than skid off the road.

Hit something soft rather than something hard.

Hit something going your way.

Hit something stationary with a glancing blow.

Hit something stationary before hitting something coming toward you.

Steer right whenever possible.

Reducing the Probability That a Dangerous Event Will Occur

Direct: Driver performance•Manipulative competence, maximizing

visibility, and vehicle performance

Indirect: Influencing behavior of other highway users

•Signaling, horn, obey traffic laws, do the expected, headlights, eye contact, position of vehicle, flashers, blind spots, reduce time of involvement

Factors Affecting Decision Making and Risk Management

Laws of Learning•Recency

•Level of training

•Use

Transfer of Training•Classroom to car

•Vehicles

•Environments

Motivation•Attitudes, emotions, needs

Factors Affecting Decision Making and Risk Management

Sensory Modalities•Sight, touch, movement, hearing, smell

and taste

Level of Awareness•Fatigue, physical wellness

Drugs•Over-the-counter, illicit, illegal, alcohol

Seeing

Module 2

Seeing

DIP Concepts

• Establishing a visual lead

• Checking to the sides

• Checking behind

• Compensating for impairments

Principles of Visual Perception

Perception takes time and is selective The human is an integrated being Mental set Grouping

Eye Trace--Principles of Visual Perception

Visual Habits--Scanning

3 - 4 4 - 5 6 - 7

years old years old years old

Please read the statement below carefully.

“Finished file are the result of years of scientific study

combined with the experience of many”

Seeing Example

Principles of Visual Perception

• Selective Search

• How many “F” did you see?3? 4? 5? 6? 7? 8? 9? 10?

Answer?

Visual Search Categories

Highway

Non-Motorized Users

Motor Vehicles

Traffic Controls

Visual Search Categories

* Fatals are by 100 Million Miles Traveled

Highways- 3,880,151 Miles

• Interstate highways

52,744 miles (1.3 fatalities)

• Urban streets

757,363 miles (1.8 fatalities)

• Rural highways

3,089,241 miles (3.0 fatalities)

Vision Characteristics/Basic Visual Fields

Vision Sightlines/Travel Paths

Sightlines/Travel Path Characteristics

m™ Roadway

Structure

RoadwayStructure

RoadwaySurfaces

RoadwayFeatures

AtmosphereAtmosphereIntersectionsIntersections

Types of Input

Managing Visibility, Time, and Space

20-30 second visual search

12-15 second visual control zone

Factors Affecting Driver’s Ability to Detect Useful Information

FatigueAge

Alcohol

OtherDrugs

Stand Still (0 MPH)Stand Still (0 MPH)

30 MPH30 MPH

Visual Reductions Due to Speed

45 MPH45 MPH

60 MPH60 MPH

Field of

Field ofVisionVision

Field of

Field ofVisionVision

Sources of Glare

Sources of glare:•Vehicle headlights/oncoming or following

•Dirty and/or pitted windshield

•Light colored paper on dash

•Snow or ice on ground

•Driving into the sun/morning or evening

Sources of Glare

Sources of glare continued:•Flood lights

•Misaligned head lights

•Failure to dim lights in fog, rain or snow

•Flashing lights of any kind

Controlling Glare

Preventive Measures:

• Keep all windows and lights clean

• Keep all objects of reflective nature off the dash

• Adjust sun visors

• Adjust mirrors: inside mirror to night driving setting, outside mirrors to enhanced setting

Controlling Glare

Preventative Measures:•Wear sunglasses on sunny days

•Adjust speed to accommodate reduced visibility conditions

•Adjust seat to a higher position

Visual Changes and Compensations Vision changes as we age

• Eye muscles tire easily

• Eye muscles become rubbery

• Glare recovery slows

• Field of view shrinks

• Transparency of lenses decreases

Visual Changes and Compensations

Vision changes as we age• Depth perception weakens

• Pupil size is reduced

• Visual acuity diminishes Static vs. dynamic

Dynamic Visual Acuity

Charleston

Dynamic Visual Acuity

Interstate “destination” signs have letters 16 inches tall•At 60 mph a driver should be able to

read clearly 9 seconds away.

•If it is readable at less than 5 seconds, then the driver has less than 20/40 visual acuity.

Charleston16”

Visual Changes and Compensations

Vision changes as we age

• Dynamic depth perception worsens

• Dark adaptation is poorer

• Glare sensitivity increases

Techniques for Improving Night Driving Vision and Safety

Adjust speed Keep your eyes moving Look to the sides Protect your eyes

from glare Keep windshields

and headlights clean

Techniques for Improving Night Driving Vision and Safety

Use headlights wisely Make it easy for others to

see you Avoid driving at your

bedtime hour Select vehicles with

automatic day/night headlights (electrochromatic)

Increase following distance at night

m™ Communicating

Module 3CommunicatingModule 3

Communicating

DIP Concepts

• How drivers communicate with you.

• How to interpret road signs signals and markings.

• Communicating with other drivers.

• Communicating in special circumstances.

Communicating

Categories of Communication

Signs, Signalsand Markings

HighwayEnvironment

Drivers

Clues to Motor Vehicle Actions

Pay Attention to Other Drivers

VISITOR

Communicating to Other Drivers

Traffic Signs

Red/White:

Prohibitive,Forbidden

Black/White:

Regulatory speed control

Black/White:

Regulatory signs

Yellow/Black:

General Warning

Orange/Black:

Construction Maintenance

Brown/White:

Recreation Scenic

Blue/White:

Service

Green/White:

Guide Directions

Sign TypesRegulatory

Yield Signs

inverted triangle

Do Not Enter Signs

red circles on

square background

Stop Signs

eight-sided

and red

Sign TypesRegulatory

Sign Types Warning

Intersections

Traffic

Changes in width

Sign Types Warning

Crossing

Conditions

Curves

Sign TypesWarning

A merge sign warns drivers on the

freeway and those merging onto the

freeway. Both should adjust speed

and position to maintain safe flow..

Sign TypesWarning--Special Shapes

Sign TypesRoute Markers

Shared Left Turn Lane

Shared Turn Lane Reversible Lane Double Yellow

Pavement Markings

m™ Adjusting Speed

Module 4Adjusting SpeedModule 4

Adjusting Speed

DIP Concepts• Visibility and speed

• Surface conditions and speed

• Traffic and speed

• Driving distractions

Judgmental Abilities

Spatial relationshipsEstimation of speed Evaluation of roadway Prediction of other’s

actions

Risk Management

Increase response time

• Vehicle placement

• Speed adjustments

Increase vehicle control• Vehicle placement

• Speed reductions

Assessing the Level of Risk

Separate elements

Assessing the Level of Risk

Compromise

• Resolve possible responses to a single adjustment of speed or road position.

Driving when Traction is Poor

The three factors leading to loss of vehicle directional control, skidding, can be classified under one or combination of three headings. They are:•Condition of the roadway

•Condition of the vehicle

•Action of the driver

How Fast is Too Fast?

It is not how quickly you can get there if everything goes well, but rather how quickly could you respond if something goes wrong?

Turning Miles Per Hourinto Feet Per Second

MPH X 1.5 = FPS•60 MPH X 1.5 = 90 feet per second

The distance from first to second base

4-5 Second Stopping Zone

60 MPH = 90 feet per second x 4 secs. = 360 feet to stop or more than a football field

Stop or Steer

• 3-4 seconds following distance (minimum steering zone)

• 4-5 seconds stopping zone (minimum braking zone)

• 12-15 visual control zone

• 20-30 second scanning zone

Margin of Safety

Module 5

Margin of Safety

DIP concepts• Margin to the front

• Margin to the sides

• Margin to the rear

• Margins in special circumstances

A Margin of Safety

Ahead...Sides...Behind...Between

Visibility, Time and Space

Non-Motorized Users

Expect to be challenged

3 to 4 Second Minimum Following Distance

Measure between two fixed objects

3 seconds at lower speeds and heavy traffic

Response Time

Factors Affecting Reaction Time• Age

• Fatigue

• Inattention

• Medication

• Drugs/Alcohol

• Emotions

• Visibility

Reaction Time

Average .5Average .5

Range .2 to .9Range .2 to .9

Average 2.5Average 2.5

Range 1 to 7Range 1 to 7

Simple (motor response)

Complex (mental process)

Passing at Different Speeds

Passing Vehicle 40 MPH

Vehicle Being Passed 30 MPH Oncoming Vehicle 40 MPH

0 2 5 10 15 19 19 15 10 5 0 Seconds

0 500 1000 1500 1710 2000 2500 3000 3500 Ft

0 2 5 10 13 13 10 5 0 Seconds

0 500 780 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Ft

Passing Vehicle 60 MPH Oncoming Vehicle 60 MPHVehicle Being Passed 50 MPH

Passing Larger Vehicles

Oncoming Vehicle 60 MPH

Passing Vehicle 60 MPH Vehicle Being Passed 50 MPH

Crash at 24-26 seconds

0 2 5 10 15 20 25 Seconds

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 Ft

m™ Your Vehicle

Module 6Your VehicleModule 6

Your Vehicle

DIP Concepts• Pre-drive check

• Occupant protection

• Vehicle operation

• Safety technology and techniques

Pre-Drive Check

Fluids Body damage Tires Debris

Tire Inflation and Vehicle Control

For best control inflate tires to vehicle manufacturer’s recommended maximum

Driver Seat Position

Occupant Protection

Head 23 inches Chest 16 inches Pelvis 14.5 inches

Movement of belted occupant in 30 MPH crash

Based on 150-180 lb. male data

Occupant Protection

Seatbelts save lives

Over 54% of fatalities were not wearing seat belts

Occupant Protection

Wear lap belt low and snug on hips

Shoulder belt should cross over shoulder

Occupant Protection

Everyone buckles up

Children under 13 ride in back

Occupant Protection

Infant to 1 year and 20 pounds•Rear facing

Over 1 year and up to 40 pounds •Must be in an approved

child seat 4 to 8 years and up to 80

pounds •Should be in an

appropriate booster seat

Ejection Fire and immersion Protect a child by holding on your lap Move away from point of impact

Control and Information Devices

Motor Vehicles

Vehicle Attributes

• Airbags

• Seatbelts

• Safety glass

• Power seats

• Color

• Size

• Head restraints• Door locks• Antilock brakes• Radial tires• Tinted windows• Daytime running

lights

• Electrochromatic mirrors

• GPS

• Traction control

• Night vision device

• Telematics

Over a 15 Year PeriodVehicle Maintenance Data

Problem Defective Percent

Battery 27,135 20.4%

Lights 31,962 24.1%

Emissions 33,168 25.0%

Drive Belts 38,446 28.9%

Fluids 39,406 29.7%

Tires 56,168 42.2%

Driving Emergencies

Module 7

Driving Emergencies

DIP concepts

• Mechanical failure

• Refueling safety

• Off-road recovery

• Loss of traction

Off-Road Recovery

Ease off accelerator and Stay Off the Brake•Why ease off accelerator?

•Is it OK to brake if vehicle has ABS on all four wheels?

Hold steering wheel firmly

Off-Road Recovery

Line vehicle up with, and 12-to-18 inches from, road edge•What could happen if driver allows tires to scrub against road

Check oncoming and following traffic

Off-Road Recovery

If traffic is clear, the shoulder is relatively smooth and the difference between the pavement and the shoulder is no more than four inches, return to pavement two wheels at a time. Turn steering wheel 1/8 to 1/4 of a turn back toward pavement.

Off-Road Recovery

Why is it important to immediately counter-steer as the front tire touches the pavement edge?

Why not return all four wheels to the pavement in one movement?

Off-Road Recovery

As front off-road tires touch the pavement, immediately counter-steer 1/4 to 1/2 turn and immediately back to center steer. Repeat steering procedure if all four wheels were off road.

Skid Control

Natural Forces Affecting Driving

Friction/adhesion Gravity Inertia

Kinetic energy Impact

Three Stages of Traction

Static Rolling Sliding

Suspension System and Vehicle Control

The tire with the least amount of weight will most likely lock up and skid

Importance of good shocks

Vehicle Suspension Balance

Over 50% of occupant fatalities occur as a result of single vehicle crashes

Crashes involve improper steering or braking

Vehicle suspension balance – distribution of vehicle weight or the chassis

Maintaining Vehicle Balance

Driver seating position/driver hand position

Changing vehicle load

Vehicle Traction

Courtesy of Goodyear and ADS

Vehicle Balance (Tire Patch)at Rest or No Acceleration

Changing Vehicle Balance Front to Rear (Tire Patch), Acceleration Straight Ahead,. 3G

Changing Vehicle Balance Rear to Front (Tire Patch), Braking Straight Ahead, .3G

Changing Vehicle Balance to the Sides (Tire Patch), No Acceleration, .3G

Braking Distance

Threshold Braking Technique

Antilock Braking System

Stabbing/Jabbing Brake Method

Locked Brake Method

Traditional Pumping Method 180-200

150-180

120-130

110-120

BRAKING

DISTANCE

@ 60 mph

Dry, level surface comparisons

130-150

Skid Control

Look and steer where you want to go

Do not shift to neutral, steer, threshold brake

Push-Pull Steering: 8 & 4 or 7 & 5

Push-Pull Techniques1) Push up while the

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